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Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruh penyalahgunaan narkoba adalah kebiasaan merokok. Risiko terhadap penyalahgunaan narkoba cenderung meningkat pada seseorang yang memiliki kebiasaan merokok dan minum alkohol. NAPZA merupakan singkatan dari Narkotika, Psikotropika dan Bahan Adiktif berbahaya lainnya. Salah satu jenis NAPZA yaitu amphetamine. Amphetamine dapat berupa bubuk putih, kuning, maupun coklat, atau bubuk putih kristal kecil dan dapat juga berbentuk sediaan farmasi (tablet). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara perilaku merokok dengan penggunaan NAPZA jenis amphetamin dari urin mahasiswa perhotelan di Perguruan Tinggi Kota Denpasar Tahun 2019. Perilaku merokok dianalisa dari hasil wawancara menggunakan kuesioner dan kandungan amphetamine dari urin di uji dengan menggunakan metode rapid diagnostic test. Jumlah sampel yang urin yang dianalisa sebanyak 27 mahasiswa perhotelan Perguruan Tinggi di Kota Denpasar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, uji statistic Chi-Square diperoleh p-value tidak ada data statistik yang dihasilkan karena penggunanan NAPZA jenis amphetamine konstan. Hal tersebut berarti tidak ada hubungan antara perilaku merokok dengan penggunaan NAPZA jenis amphetamin pada urin mahasiswa perhotelan di Perguruan Tinggi Kota Denpasar Tahun 2019.

Background and aims Results from a recent study among 750 heroin users in three Mexico's northern border cities revealed an increase in white powder availability (also known as China white) and preference for this product among heroin users, as well as a general perception of increased overdose cases among this population. Here, we questioned whether those findings reflect an increased presence of heroin laced with fentanyl, which is associated with greater risks of overdose but that, until now, has not been described in Mexico. Design We tested fentanyl using highly sensitive test strips in syringe plungers, metal cookers and drug wrappings associated with heroin use. Setting Three injection sites in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Participants Eighty-nine heroin users who interchanged paraphernalia for new syringes. Measurements We tested 59 residues of 'pure' white powder. The rest were white powder with black tar (n = 5) or white powder with crystal meth (n = 9), black tar with crystal meth (n = 1), black tar only (n = 13) and crystal meth only (n = 2). Findings Users believed that they consumed either white powder heroin, white powder heroin with crystal meth, white powder with black tar heroin or black tar heroin only. Analyses revealed that 93% (n = 55) of the 'pure' white powder samples had fentanyl. All (n = 9) the white powder samples mixed with crystal meth and 40% (n = 2) of the white powder with black tar were also laced with fentanyl. Conclusions In a sample of 89 heroin users in Mexico, most white powder heroin users were unknowingly exposed to fentanyl, with fentanyl detected in 93% of white powder samples.

One of the most-used man-made materials is concrete, a mixture of cement, sand, aggregates, water, and admixtures. It can be seen everywhere: in tunnels, bridges, and high-rise buildings. Ever since concrete was rediscovered two centuries ago, it has been studied in detail in order to optimize the material and to solve its inherent problems. Most people know that concrete is gray, hard, and strong, and expect it to last decades and even centuries. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. Concrete is a material which can cope with high compressive forces but when it is subjected to tensile forces, it may crack. This cracking is based on several environmental and loading conditions, but the fact that concrete is prone to crack is a big issue. When cracking occurs and potentially harmful substances enter the interior of concrete, the concrete matrix may be damaged and even be destroyed. That is the reason why a lot of maintenance and repair works are due in order to increase the durability and lifetime of structures in civil engineering. One way of dealing with these issues is the modification of the material itself, making it less prone to cracking and the durability-related consequences. An example is the use of reinforcements, coping with the tensile forces when concrete cracks. Cracks are not harmful but intruding substances may trigger the corrosion of the iron rebars leading to structural failure, which is again unwanted. In consequence, along the history, different materials were investigated and added to concrete to solve the previous adverted problems. So, why not try adding the white powder superabsorbent polymers in the cementitious material in order to solve these issues?

N-Ethylhexedrone [2-(ethyloamino)-1-phenylhexan-1-one; α-ethylaminohexanophenone (NEH)] is one of the most recent synthetic cathinones that appeared on the illegal market in late 2015. The majority of information concerning the model of consumption of NEH and its impact on the body originates only from self-reports from gray literature websites and drug forums. There are only limited data associated with the concentrations of NEH in blood samples available in the literature. This article presents a case of fatal NEH intoxication and a method for the determination of this substance in whole blood. A 21-year-old man without any diagnosed diseases was admitted to the hospital due to disorientation, aggression and finally loss of consciousness. Hyperthermia (>41°C), tachycardia (>160 beats per minute), tachypnea (20 breaths per minute), blood pressure (110/60 mmHg) and acute kidney failure were diagnosed. After a few hours of hospitalization, the patient died. A plastic bag with a white powder was found in his underwear. Analysis of the powder by another laboratory revealed cocaine hydrochloride; however, no cocaine or its metabolites were found in the biological material upon testing in our laboratory. Therefore, re-analysis of the powder was performed, and NEH was identified. Liquid–liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis were used for the determination of NEH in blood. The validation parameters were as follows: calibration range 1–250 ng/mL, accuracy 106.5–109.9%, precision 3.5–6.3%, recovery 90.1–96.9%, limit of detection 0.07 ng/mL and limit of quantification 1 ng/mL. NEH was quantified in the blood at a concentration of 145 ng/mL. Additionally, amphetamine at low concentrations and 11-nor-9-karboksy-Δ9-tetrahydrokannabinol (THC-COOH) were detected. Our study provided information on the possible lethal concentration and toxidrome that clinicians can observe for NEH-intoxicated patients and can be helpful during the preparation of toxicology analysis reports for a court of law for proper data interpretation.

In this study, two fatalities associated with the synthetic opioids AH-7921 and MT-45 are reported. Within the last few years, both compounds have emerged on the recreational drug market and are sold as "research chemicals" on the internet. In the first case, a 22-year-old woman was found dead in the bedroom of her apartment by two of her friends. A plastic bag labeled "AH-7921" was found in the apartment and the two friends stated that the deceased had consumed AH-7921 prior to her death. The woman was a known drug addict. In the second case, a 24-year-old man was found dead in his room by his mother. The deceased was sitting on a chair in front of his desk slumped over. Several bags of white powder labeled "MT-45", "Methoxmetamine" and "Methoxphenidine" were found in his room. Toxicological analyses of femoral blood, heart blood, liver, pericardial fluid, urine, vitreous humor and stomach content of the deceased were performed using liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Time-of-flight mass spectrometry was carried out on an LC-Triple TOF 5600 system (AB Sciex) with electrospray ionization operated in positive mode. In the first case, additional hair analysis was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and LC-QTOF-MS. In both cases, the relevant synthetic opioid could be detected in all analyzed samples. The concentration of AH-7921 was determined to be 450μg/L in femoral blood. MT-45 was present at a concentration of 2900μg/L in femoral blood. Besides methoxmetamine which could qualitatively be detected in femoral blood, urine and stomach content no methoxphenidine was found. In summary, deaths of the young individuals could be, by exclusion of other causes of death, attributed to the consumption of an overdose of AH-7921 and MT-45, respectively.

Being one of the useful and robust forensic evidence, fingerprints have been widely recognized as the primary human identification tool in forensic investigations. Latent or invisible fingerprints are commonly found at the scenes of crime and thus require the use of visualization methods. Among the established routine operational visualization method is the use of commercially available fingerprint black/white powder dusting. However, although the method is relatively fast, simple and cheap, such a method may poses harmful threats and health hazards towards the users due to the use of fine particles like titanium dioxide, lead- and mercury-based powders. This study proposes a cheap and relatively greener fingerprint powder from gambir plants. The findings revealed that gambir powder is capable of visualizing latent fingerprints on dry, non-porous surfaces. Further study revealed that the quality of gambir-visualised fingerprints were influenced by the particle size of finely ground gambir powder, as well as the types of non-porous surface used. While relatively coarse gambir powder (0.250mm) was more suitable for fingerprints on glass slides and transparent plastics, finer particles of 0.125mm was considerably better for plastic cups, compact discs and aluminium foils. Hence, the findings reported here may serve as stepping stones for future study exploration into greener fingerprint visualization technology.

Among other products made at its plant in Rheinfelden, Evonik manufactures AEROSIL®, which is used in many everyday products such as toothpaste, paints and coatings, and LED lamps. AEROSIL® improves the properties of these products and in many cases makes them more energy-efficient, e.g. as a component of heat-insulating refrigerator doors. AEROSIL® is a white powder and chemically speaking a kind of sand that is produced in a combustion process. This fumed silica is produced from hydrogen, the chemical compound chlorosilane and dehumidified air. Previously, Evonik produced the hydrogen needed for this process using natural gas in the so-called steam reforming process. However, this gives rise to specific CO2 emissions.

The ringing woke him up. It was years ago, but Tom R. Slezak still remembers. The Lawrence Livermore National Lab scientist didn’t normally get phone calls in the middle of the night telling him he was needed at work. And he didn’t normally jet off aboard a military transport after arriving at the lab. When he did fly, he normally knew where he was going, how long he’d be gone, and why he was leaving. But this was October 2001. Nothing was normal in America. The weeks following the Sept. 11 attacks unleashed a new terror on the U. S. Hours before Slezak got his call, a photo editor in Florida died from anthrax caused by white powder containing Bacillus anthracis spores sent in the mail. More anthrax cases would follow, caused by letters tainted with spores from a potent strain of the bacterium and addressed to prominent politicians and

Levamisole is an imidazothiazole chemical most frequently used as an antihelminthic agent in cattle. Over the last decade, levamisole has been increasingly encountered as an additive in both powder and crack cocaine. A white powder with a “fish scale” appearance, the chemical is physically similar to powder cocaine. In vivo, levamisole is metabolized to aminorex, a compound with amphetamine-like psychostimulatory properties and a long half-life; a priori, this property allows levamisole to potentiate and prolong the stimulatory effects of cocaine while bulking up the drug to increase profit for the dealer. As use of cocaine cut with levamisole becomes more prevalent, complications directly attributable to the chemical are increasingly being recognized.

Two young males were hospitalized with miosis and respiratory dysfunction after exposure to a white powder obtained from a foreign source by mail. A few days later, one of the males was found dead at his home. A serum sample from one of the hospitalized patients and a blood sample from the deceased contained ortho-fluorofentanyl in concentrations of 2.5 and 2.4 ng/mL, respectively. It was concluded that death was caused by ortho-fluorofentanyl.

Background: The interaction between the offender and the victim produces visible or latent prints on objects and utensils. The study of lip prints has reportedly stayed away from the basic cinematic concept of the lip-to-surface relationship. Materials and Methods: Three regular powders were used to reveal the latent lip prints on a typical metallic straw called bombilla, and the revealed prints were photographed, preserved, and analyzed. Results: Better definition was observed in the lower lip print, and nine anatomical patterns were identified, but a higher definition of wrinkles was observed with indestructible white powder. Conclusion: Knowledge of labial dynamics, the real value of the processed surfaces, and the need for testing in field conditions are discussed.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was developed in 1928 and was first marketed under the name of ‘Plexiglas’. Since then, PMMA has been used in a huge number of applications, including transparent glass substitutes in windows, semiconductor research, and for the bodies of electric guitars. PMMA has a good degree of biocompatibility, which has made it an important component of replacement intraocular lenses, dentures, and dental filling composite materials. In orthopaedic surgery, PMMA bone cement is used to affix implants and to remodel lost bone. The medical orthopaedic use of PMMA is universally credited to Sir John Charnley, who was inspired by his dentist to use dental acrylic for prosthetic fixation in total hip replacement (THR) procedures in 1957. In 1965, he began to use bone cement (CMW Bone Cement TM ) that was developed specifically for THRs rather than dental acrylic. Bone cement is now routinely used in a variety of orthopaedic procedures. The microscopic structure of bone cement comprises two substances glued together. The so-called ‘pearls’ in bone cement consist of small particles of pre-polymerized PMMA, which are present as white powder. The second substance is a liquid monomer of methyl methacrylate (MMA). Both substances are mixed together in theatre after the addition of a catalyst that initiates the polymerization of the monomer fluid. When the bone cement hardens, the individual pearls are entrapped and glued within the net of the polymerized monomer, but no chemical binding occurs between the pearls and the polymerized

During a routine inspection of a large pump motor at power plant, white powder was found on the surface of the stator end windings. Visual inspection and high voltage insulation diagnosis was performed to determine whether this motor is available. The purpose of this paper is to understand the insulation properties of white powder found on high voltage stator and to know prevention of insulation weakness.

It’s not uncommon for David DiGregorio and his team to get called in when first responders find a substance they can’t identify at a scene. A suspicious white powder in the restroom of a fast-food ...

Gout is a disease caused by the abnormal accumulation of uric acid in the body, which can result in sodium urate crystals forming tophi at joints, with associated erosion of bone and cartilage. Only two examples of tophi have been reported from archaeological individuals, and the diagnosis of gout based on dry bone manifestations can be difficult. This paper presents preliminary results of a new technique to aid the diagnosis of gout in palaeopathology, namely high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Five archaeological skeletons with suspected gout (diagnosed using visual and radiological analysis) and three controls were analysed. Two of the gouty individuals had a white powder in their erosive lesions. HPLC showed the presence of uric acid in bone in four of the five individuals with evidence of gouty arthritis and was negative for uric acid in bone from the three controls. The white powder was also positive for uric acid. With reliance on the presence of articular erosions, cases of gout will be missed in archaeological human bone. HPLC measurement of uric acid could prove useful in the differential diagnosis of erosive arthropathy in archaeology. It may also be useful in identifying individuals with an increased body pool of uric acid, linked to conditions included in the term ‘metabolic syndrome’. As a result, HPLC uric acid measurement also has the potential to provide additional information on health and lifestyle in past communities. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In a hazardous materials event in 2002, the unannounced presentation of 3 symptomatic, contaminated patients to an emergency department (ED) resulted in secondary contamination of 2 ED personnel who experienced skin, eye, and respiratory irritation. The material that caused these injuries was o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, a white powder with a peppery odor used largely as a tear gas and riot-control agent. Secondary contamination can cause adverse symptoms and injuries in ED personnel, further contaminate the ED, and potentially lead to costly ED closures and evacuations. To prevent secondary exposure, EDs can educate their staff about the potential for secondary contamination, implement a team approach for handling contaminated patients, establish decontamination protocols, ensure proper selection of and training in the use of personal protective equipment, and simulate drills for receiving contaminated patients.

“Rave parties”, all-night dance parties based on “techno” music, represent an increasing phenomenon in France. “Rave drugs” refers to a wide variety of drugs used by the young participants owing to their hallucinogenic or stimulant effects. Uncertainties about the sources of these substances, the possible contaminants and the multiplicity of the associations make it difficult to evaluate the toxic consequences that might be expected in this particular context. This report presents toxicological cases documented by analytical findings in which two pharmacological agents abused in “rave parties” in South-West of France were found.The day following a party, a 17 year-old girl showed a confused state with drowsiness and hallucinations. She confessed having consumed a white powder sold as “ecstasy”, that sample analysis identified as pure ketamine. Ketamine is an anaesthetic agent primarily used in veterinary medicine and paediatrics. This drug seems to be abused, mainly by the intranasal route, owing ...

IntroductionThe trans-3;4-dichloro-N-(2-(dimethylamine) cyclohexyl) labelled as U-47700 has a high affinity with the selective receptor, considered to have 7.5 times the binding affinity of morphine; as a result, it is sold as a recreational drug because of its analgesic and euphoric effects. Several toxicity cases and some fatalities have been reported during 2016.ObjectivesTo describe the presence of trans-3;4-dichloro-N-(2-(dimethylamine) cyclohexyl) in samples delivered to Energy Control during 2016 in Barcelona.MethodsFrom January 2016 to October 2016, 4031 samples were delivered and only those samples containing trans-3;4-dichloro-N-(2-(dimethylamine) cyclohexyl) were studied, 6 of them were analysed as U-47700 (0.148%). Samples were analysed by energy control, a Spanish harm-reduction NGO that offers users the possibility of analysing the substances they intend to consume. Analysis was done by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.ResultsFrom the 6 samples that were analysed as trans-3;4-dichloro-N-(2-(dimethylamine) cyclohexyl), the presentation of 4 of them was white powder and the rest were not described. The procedence of the samples was Canada (2), USA (1), Sweden (1), Holland (1) and the remaining sample was not described. All samples were received during 2016.ConclusionsThe use of trans-3;4-dichloro-N-(2-(dimethylamine)cyclohexyl) is progressively increasing in Barcelona. Its harmful effects are being reported in recent medical literature and consumption represents an emerging issue, gaining popularity among recreational opioid users. It is potentially lethal when mixed with depressants like alcohol or benzodiazepines and overdose risk is higher compared to other opioids. This drug is not being detected by routine in medical test.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Current stand-off hyperspectral imaging detection solutions that operate in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR), nominally 2.5 – 5 μm spectral region, are limited by the number of absorption bands that can be addressed. This issue is most apparent when evaluating a scene with multiple absorbers with overlapping spectral features making accurate material identification challenging. This limitation can be overcome by moving to the long wave IR (LWIR) region, which is rich in characteristic absorption features, which can provide ample molecular information in order to perform presumptive identification relative to a spectral library. This work utilises an instrument platform to perform negative contrast imaging using a novel LWIR optical parametric oscillator (OPO) as the source. The OPO offers continuous tuning in the region 5.5 – 9.5 μm, which includes a number of molecular vibrations associated with the target material compositions. Scanning the scene of interest whilst sweeping the wavelength of the OPO emission will highlight the presence of a suspect material and by analysing the resulting absorption spectrum, presumptive identification is possible. This work presents a selection of initial results using the LWIR hyperspectral imaging platform on a range of white powder materials to highlight the benefit operating in the LWIR region compared to the MWIR.

An 1876 engraved bird's-eye view of Adelaide, the Calvert Panorama, was submitted to conservators after large quantities of loose white powder were noticed on the surface of the print and the overlying glazing. Previous conservation treatment had occurred in 1972, but no detail was given of the treatment processes. To establish what past treatments may have been applied and to prevent possible exposure to toxic materials, scientific analysis of these solids was performed. As described in this article, micro-Raman spectroscopy was employed to characterize the solid particles that composed the bloom. The unparalleled high spatial resolution (approximately 1 μm) of the technique ensured individual compound identification from a mixture of 4–60 μm-sized particles. No sample preparation was required. The analysis revealed that the bloom was predominantly paratoluenesulfonamide (the residue of chloramine-T, a chemical popular for bleaching paper in the 1960s and 1970s) and calcite, arising from the orig...

In a white powder scenario, there are a large number of field-deployable assays that can be used to determine if the suspicious substance contains biological material and warrants further investigation. This report summarizes commercially available technologies that are considered hand portable and can be used by first responders in the field. This is not meant to be an exhaustive list, nor do the authors endorse any of the technologies described herein. Rather, it is meant to provide useful information about available technologies to help end-users make informed decisions about biodetection technology procurement and use.

The research project reported on in this chapter began with a pledge: No new data. But asking me and my long-time collaborators Sidney Verba and Henry Brady not to collect new data is akin – to paraphrase Calvin Trillin – to suggesting that the customs official exhibit no curiosity about the plastic bag containing the white powder. We soon broke that initial vow and now find ourselves with an extensive database of Washington pressure participants – organizations that have sought policy influence in Washington – assembled to serve as the complement to individuallevel data in a study of inequalities of political voice in American democracy.1 In this chapter, I address the twin tasks of explaining how the findings from the data set inform the objectives of our inquiry and suggesting lessons from the massive challenge of data gathering that might assist those conducting subsequent efforts in this vein.

This is a case report of a 30-year-old man found dead in his flat lying on the floor with multiple stab wounds over the body, surrounded by an extensive volume of blood. Examination of the scene of death showed a secure flat, locked from inside. A blood-stained knife was present close to the body and two unstained notes left on the sofa at the locus. A small plastic bag containing white powder (which following toxicological examinations appeared to be cocaine) and an almost full bottle of beer were present on a table. Autopsy revealed more than 40 stab wounds to neck, chest, and abdomen arranged in isolated groups within which the wounds showed similar directions and had a transverse orientation. Together with hesitation marks located on the neck and wrists these characteristics allowed to interpret this case as a suicide.

AT 5.00 am one Friday morning a 19-year-old woman was brought into the Accident & Emergency (A&E) department following a head on collision with a van. The young woman had sustained severe head injuries, along with a fractured pelvis and a ruptured spleen. Following resuscitative surgery, the patient was taken to the intensive care unit, where she remained unconscious following her head injury. Two patients from the van were admitted to A&E with minor injuries, and were discharged home mid-morning. When staff checked the woman's belongings and listed them in a property book, they discovered white powder in a small twist of white paper, which amounted to about the size of a pea. Staff present listed the substance in the property book and then locked it in the cd cupboard. Six hours later, following discussion with senior staff, two nurses disposed of the substance by flushing it down the toilet and recorded their actions with a witness signature from a senior nurse and pharmacist. Was this the best course of action from the viewpoint of the seriously injured patient and the other two involved in the van? What opinion would a police officer have?

Between September 2005 and April 2007, 350 fentanyl intoxication deaths were investigated and certified by the Cook County Medical Examiners Office. Investigations revealed that the majority of these fatalities were by intravenous injection of a white powder followed by a rapid collapse. The fentanyl was clandestinely produced in a lab in Toluca, Mexico and sold by the Mickey Cobra street gang. The term "Drop Dead" was coined for this "tainted heroin." Postmortem samples were screened by ELISA and confirmed by standard GC-MS methods. Fentanyl fatalities peaked at 47 per month in May and June 2006. Fifty-two percent were single fentanyl intoxications, with the remainder accompanied by either cocaine, morphine from heroin, or alcohol. This epidemic stressed the limited resources of the toxicology laboratory and autopsy service of the Medical Examiners Office. The clandestine lab was terminated, distributing gang members and leaders arrested, and the epidemic ceased in April 2007.

Hyperhidrosis is the poor man’s detection method for determining where to inject botox: 1. Paint the area (e.g., axilla) with betadine solution (a betadine wipe will do) 2. Allow the betadine to dry 3. Apply a thin layer of cornstarch or fine talc powder over the betadine 4. Shine a handheld spotlight with a 100 W bulb directly on the area 5. The areas of hyperhidrosis will be stimulated and the moisture will cause the betadine to “bleed” through the white powder or cornstarch 6. Photograph the area for documentation 7. Apply a layer of a topical anesthetic (e.g., betacaine, EMLA, etc.) 8. Inject Botox into the dermis in a grid pattern in the targeted area with approximately 1 cm between injections 9. Use 2.5 units in 0.05 cc per injection site

Background Blinding is a pre-requisite to high standard clinical trials of medicinal products (CTIMPs), but this requirement, can on occasions, present complex challenges in placebo matching and delivery. OBS2 is a trial evaluating the effectiveness of early fibrinogen administration in the management of complex postpartum haemorrhage. Fibrinogen concentrate is a white powder that froths distinctively on reconstitution and a suitable placebo, that could match these characteristics, could not be identified during the trial design stage.

En este trabajo se analiza y valora la información sobre las características y riesgos del uso de clorhidrato de clembuterol (CCL) por su potencial efecto tóxico, debido a su inclusión en la alimentación animal (bovinos, cerdos, ovinos y aves) con la finalidad de mejorar parámetros productivos-reproductivos, pero que descuidan la inocuidad alimenticia. Por eso es necesario revalorar los peligros potenciales que puede ocasionar al emplearse tanto en medicina humana como en veterinaria. El CCL es un β-adrenérgico sintético, polvo blanco, anhidro, muy soluble en agua y altamente estable a temperatura ambiente. Es utilizado en forma clandestina en animales de engorde destinados al consumo humano. Terapéuticamente, se utiliza como un medicamento broncodilatador (pacientes con asma); en competencias deportivas se ha detectado su uso ilegal (dopaje), y en fisicoculturismo es utilizado por su efecto anabólico. Su administración en el ganado para abasto modifica e incrementa el crecimiento de masas musculares, y disminuye la acumulación de grasa; se acumula en diferentes órganos. En personas con antecedente del consumo de hígado de bovino contaminado con CCL se ha registrado temblor, dolor muscular, mareos, cefalea y taquicardia. En México, de manera ilegal y clandestina, hay distribución, comercialización y uso de CCL; sin embargo, el trabajo de las organizaciones ganaderas para el registro de unidades de producción libres de esta sustancia garantizará el consumo de los productos cárnicos. Proponer el uso de otras sustancias de las cuales hasta el momento no se tiene indicios de toxicidad propiciará una productividad sustentable, segura e inocua en las unidades de producción pecuaria.

Based on terahertz time domain spectroscopy, a false-color imaging system is demonstrated by experiments. Three frequency ranges are defined as color ranges for three primary colors (red, green and blue). The mixture of the spectral integral values in each color range presents the final color of each pixel on the false-color THz image. Since the absorption frequencies of different materials are different, the spectral integral values in defined ranges are different, leading to different color on the false-color THz image. The false-color THz images of two kinds of white powder which are lactose and 4-aminobenzonic acid are obtained from the imaging system with two different definitions of color ranges. From the first color range definition, the absorption frequency of lactose lies in the green range, so only the green light is absorbed, and the color of lactose is magenta. In the meanwhile, there are two absorption frequencies for 4-aminobenzonic acid lying in the green and blue ranges, so both green and blue light are absorbed, and the color of 4-aminobenzonic acid is red. They can be told easily by different colors on the false-color THz image. From the second color range definition, the colors of two kinds of powder are more different. Both false-color THz images can present the cuvette and two kinds of powder clearly. By comparing the THz imaging with grayscale images, false-color THz imaging can display different materials by different colors in one image, instead of the requirement of many grayscale images. It is no need to generate grayscale images at each frequency, making false-color THz imaging consume less time. The false-color imaging is clearer and more efficient, which is more suitable for recognition in a rapid security check. In the situation of complex materials, more false-color THz images can be generated by different color range definitions to assist the detection. The spatial resolution of the imaging system is also investigated. The resolution of imaging system is investigated by imaging home-made standard sample plate. For the frequency range that is higher than 0.3 THz, the resolution can reach 0.4 mm, which is larger than enough for most practical applications.

The Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Survey (BPRS) was a survey of Ohio local health departments' capacity to respond to bioterrorism. Soon after completion of the BPRS, the events of September 11 occurred, followed by the human cases of anthrax. The Ohio Response to Bioterrorism 2001 Survey (ORB) identified bioterrorism preparedness issues related to the suspected anthrax incidents. The BPRS measured capacity before September 11, 2001, and the ORB measured Ohio communities' response to white powder incidents. The BPRS and ORB provided independent and outcome measures related to the 2001-bioterrorism events. The significant bioterrorism response issues were: monitoring critical or unexplained deaths and clusters or symptoms; training on bioterrorism agents; integration of medical and criminal investigations of bioterrorism incidents; development of bioterrorism emergency response plans to include agencies to be contacted, management strategies for implementing mass vaccination, prophylaxis, treatment distribution and administration; and participation in a bioterrorism field or tabletop exercise. These results are confirmed and extended by studies by the US General Accounting Office, the Rand Corporation, Trust in the Future of America's Health foundation, and a follow-up survey of issues during a simulated covert smallpox attack.

The main purpose of this study is to establish radiation-safe scanning of passersby at high security areas, such as airports and customs. The stomach was selected as the organ to be analyzed. In order to determine whether a substance found inside a human body as wrapped in a plastic bag is filled narcotics or not, many substances in white powder form including morphine-HCL were inspected. Inspection was carried out with on-ionizing radiation by irradiating stomach tissue with laser light. Optical transmittance of lamb stomach tissue was analyzed at different wavelengths. We showed that detection by 650-nm diode laser irradiation would be suitable for such a radiation-safe scan. Different materials were also investigated for absorptive properties, and closed system Raman studies were performed. The spectrum of a molecule found inside white powder placed behind the lamb stomach tissue was detected as a fingerprint. This allowed the detection of target substances without any physical contact or damage to the biological tissue.

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006

The desire to periodically alter consciousness by using psychoactive substances is an innate drive similar to hunger, thirst or sex. WHO has defined various substances, psychoactive or otherwise which may potentially be abused. An innovative method of intake was observed while evaluating a patient under our care. An 18-year-old boy was brought for consultation with a history of multiple substance use and anti-social personality traits. On interviewing, patient reported of the use of a white powder in the form of a snake bite. Patient described the technique of the snake bite and his experience following the bite. There have been two previous reports of patients resorting to snake bites for recreational purposes and this unique and extreme mode of undergoing a psychoactive experience needs to be studied further.

MANUFACTURERS OF sodium bicarbonate, the white powder typically found in the yellow box at the back of the refrigerator, are anticipating a jump in use for a very different application. Makers of the common household compound, also known as baking soda, expect coal-fired power plants and other industrial facilities to embrace it as a means of treating harmful air emissions such as sulfur dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the gases in the same way it reacts with acid in a person’s stomach. Earlier this month, the Environmental Protection Agency set the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide at 75 parts per billion over a one-hour period. Until that takes effect in 2012, the current standard is 500 ppb for a three-hour window, says Chad Daniel, senior environmental scientist with Stanley Consultants, an engineering and environmental services firm in Iowa. Modifications to the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants and other environmental regulations set ...

Reported cases of death due to oral ingestion of lidocaine are rare. We report the case of a known cocaine dealer who died after swallowing a small packet of white powder, thought to be cocaine, during a relatively routine arrest. The authors describe how the deceased differed from the usual "body packer" and alert the forensic community to be wary of what may first appear to be another "garden-variety" cocaine death. Language: en

Over the past 30 years, with the advent of computers and digital imaging, many automated systems have been introduced for the purpose of air-void characterization. The majority of the systems employs a contrast-enhancement procedure where a polished cross-section of concrete is darkened with paint, and white powder is forced into the depressions left by air-voids. The system described here follows the same approach and uses a flatbed scanner to collect a single digital image of the entire sample. For all of the systems based on contrast enhancement, the first step is to select a threshold level. Image pixels brighter than the threshold level represent air and image pixels darker than the threshold level represent non-air (i.e., paste or aggregate). Further digital processing steps may be employed but the initial selection of threshold level exerts a strong influence on whether a pixel in the final data set is classified as air or non-air. A systematic approach for threshold determination has been proposed based on an iterative procedure that compares automatically determined air-void parameters to manually determined air-void parameters from a set of training specimens. The calibration procedure finds a single optimum threshold level for the automated system that is to be used for all subsequent analyses. The approach was tested on a population of 88 specimens with manually determined air-void parameters, with the goal of determining an appropriate value for the number of training specimens.

THE ANTHRAX ATTACKS OF October 2001 have had one salutary effect: Congress was better prepared for the recent ricin scare that harmed no one and only temporarily closed three Senate office buildings. On Feb. 2, a white powder was discovered in Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist's Dirksen building mail room. Analyses of the powder identified the potentially lethal poison ricin, aplant protein. Officials have not released information on the "purity, formulation—whether other chemicals were added—or particle size" of the ricin used, says Jonathan B. Tucker, abioweapons expert with the Monterey Institute. "The fact that no one has become ill suggests that the material was crude and not particularly dangerous." Unlike anthrax, ricin is not infectious and "is not a good mass casualty agent," says David R. Franz, a senior biological scientist at Midwest Research Institute and former commander of the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). It makes a good terror weapon, ...

Editor,—“Ecstasy” (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)) is an amphetamine derivative classified as a class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. It is a recreational drug and can be bought under a variety of names (XTC, Adam, E, yellow burger, etc). The drug is a white powder and comes in coloured tablets or capsules. Usual doses are from 30 to 150 mg. A patient is described who developed retinal haemorrhage after taking one ecstasy capsule. A 22 year old white woman took an ecstasy capsule while sitting down in a night club. After 30 minutes she felt the effects of the ecstasy. During this time she had sat at a table and had not exerted …

The technique that we use for conserving bone homografts requires the chemical substance 2-(ethyl 1-mercuro-mercapto)-5-benzoxazole-carbonate-sodium, known commercially as Cialit. This white powder carbonizes when heated, without melting; it is used in water solution with bidistilled water in various dilutions. Bone segments are placed into air-tight glass containers filled with a solution of Cialit (1: 5000) stored at +4 °C and sheltered from light. After 15 days the bone can be used for grafts. The solution must be changed regulary every 15–20 days. The maximum period of conservation advised by its manufacturers is about 12 months. The only caution necessary when using segments in Cialit is that they should be thoroughly washed in a physiological solution before clinical use so as to eliminate completely the conversation solution.

Summary An outbreak of illness is described in a group of experimentally-housed ferrets fed exclusively on raw meat which was accidentally contaminated with a zinc compound, The condition was manifested by nephrotoxicity, and zinc poisoning was diagnosed after autopsy and laboratory investigation. Of 25 ferrets being used for influenza virus investigation, 20 died of renal failure during the 2 weeks following a short uraemic crisis of less than 72 h. 2 months prior to the onset of the condition the galvanized-wire cages, which had previously been cleaned by heating at 60°C for 10 min, were sterilized weekly by steaming for 20 min at 82°C. This resulted in the wire-mesh of the cages becoming coated with a fine white powder. Raw meat was pushed through the wire cage or placed on the wire floor. The ferrets had access to tap water supplied from bottles. 5 of the affected ferrets were received for examination at the Veterinary Research Institute. They showed inappetence, muscular tremors, lethargy and, finally, coma followed by death. 5 survivors remained clinically normal for 3 months when housed in galvanized wire cages which had not been sterilized by any heat treatment.

THROUGHOUT the years, the otolaryngologist has been greatly concerned with the innumerable and varied complaints of patients following tonsillectomies. Taking this fact into consideration, we decided to use a potent anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic actions (oxyphenbutazone), in an attempt to determine its value in decreasing the morbidity after this surgical procedure. The effectiveness of this drug to control edema and pain in laryngectomies, adenotonsillectomies, facial fractures of different types, and sinusectomies has been widely demonstrated by many authors: Catalano and Rossi, 1 Connell et al, 2 Miller et al, 3 Neves Pinto, 4 and Pinto Zepeda. 5 Chemistry The chemical composition of oxyphenbutazone is 1-phenyl-2( p -hydroxyphenyl)-3, 5-dioxo-4-butylpyrazolidine-monohydrate. It is a white powder, soluble in the alkaline medium of the duodenum. It is supplied in round sugar-coated tablets of 100 mg and in suppositories of 250 mg. The absorption is rapid and complete in the duodenum and it

THE increased susceptibility of small infants to methemoglobin-forming agents is well known.1 2 3 4 5 The purpose of this paper is to report a case of methemoglobinemia in an infant after accidental ingestion of a common proprietary compound containing phenacetin, acetylsalicylic acid and caffeine, and to present studies of the mechanism of the disorder. Case Report K.T., a 10-week-old female infant of Irish-English-French ancestry, had been well until 6 hours before admission, when her mother noticed a white powder in and about the child's mouth and discovered that she had been given 3 tablets of the compound mentioned above by a 2-year-old sibling. . . .

A NUMBER OF REPORTS have appeared in the recent literature describing the clinical use of Renacidin in the treatment of urinary calculi. 1-6 Renacidin is described as a readily soluble white powder composed of a sterile mixture of the anhydrides, lactones, and acid salts of a group of multivalent food acids in a stabilizer. 5 The use of Renacidin as a solvent for urinary calculi has been investigated by a number of workers, most of whom report encouraging results. There have been, however, occasional toxic reactions. The complications which have been reported include obstruction of the irrigating catheter by debris, pain associated with plugging of the catheter, febrile reactions and, in one case, sloughing and necrosis of the renal epithelium. 4 This is a report of a patient with severe pyelonephritis, ureteritis, and chemical pyelitis, who was treated with Renacidin in an attempt to dissolve a renal calculus. Report of

Summary A quality control instrument to detect and count dark specks of diameter typically 100 micrometers in otherwise white powder is described. Inspection rate is 1,300 cm2 of powder per minute. The instrument will be suitable for automatic operation on a batch or continuous basis.

The symptoms of MDA intoxication exhibited by the decedent prior to death closely mimic those of acute amphetamine poisoning: profuse sweating, violent and irrational behavior, and stereotypically compulsive behavior. Therefore, if amphetamines are not detected in specimens from a person displaying classic symptoms of amphetamine poisoning, hallucinogenic amphetamine derivatives may be considered. In the case described, a divided dose of 850 mg of MDA ingested within 2 h and 15 min was sufficient to cause the death of a 24-year-old male, 4 h after the final dose. While the methaqualone may have contributed to the demise of the decedent, the authors think that the MDA itself was sufficient to cause death. Results of limited recovery studies of MDA extraction from blood and elution from TLC plates supported the observations of Cimbura [13]. Approximately 85% of MDA is extracted by the method described and its elution from TLC plates is quantitative. This case points out once again the dangers of false advertising in the illicit market. The decedent, himself a dealer in the illicit drug market, and all present at the party believed the ingested white powder to be a mixture of morphine, LSD, and amphetamine, hence MDA. They were totally unfamiliar with 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, MDA.

Poisoning by barium salts is comparatively rare, in view of the large number of barium meals given for fluoroscopic or roentgen-ray studies, and the frequent occurrence in the arts. Barium chlorid is used in the staining of wool, the nitrate and the chlorate in the green fires of the pyrotechnist, the carbonate and oxid in the manufacture of glass, and the carbonate as a rat poison. The sulphate is used as an adulterant of white powder and in white paints. The sulphid under various names is used as a depilatory. Most of the barium intoxications noted in the literature were due to mistakes or impurities in medicinal formulas, or carelessness in the labeling of the chemicals and compounding. Barium is found in the Harrogate to the extent of about three to six parts per hundred thousand. The poisonous character of the soluble barium salts was early recognized by James Watt

In recent years, the number of antisyphilitic drugs has increased to the extent that one can easily be misled as to the efficacy of an antisyphilitic agent. Voegtlin and Thompson 1 have suggested that all antisyphilitic drugs should be studied first on experimental syphilis in the laboratory before being placed in the hands of syphilologists. This study should bring out the merits of the drug. With this in view, it was undertaken to ascertain whether mercurosal possesses a spirocheticidal power in vitro and vivo on Spirochaeta novyi and Spirochaeta pallida and to determine the curative dosage. Mercurosal is a derivative from salicyl-oxy-acetic acid and mercury acetate, disodium mercurisalicyl-oxy-acetate. It is a white powder, soluble in water, slightly alkaline in reaction. It contains about 44 per cent, by weight of metallic mercury. Its solution does not precipitate protein in serum. Toxicity to rabbits, white rats and dogs 2 intravenously is about

The experiments of Schroeder reported in 1889, and confirmed by clinical observations made at Schroeder's suggestion, the same year by Gram, of Copenhagen, established the value of the alkaloid theobromine, a product of the seeds ofTheobroma cacao, as a diuretic of great power, acting by direct stimulation of the renal epithelium and lacking in the unpleasant effects upon the nervous system, tinnitus, restlessness, insomnia and delirium, attributed to its homologue caffeine. Gram, after trial of many compounds, overcame the disadvantage of the insolubility of the alkaloid by forming, by combination with salicylate of sodium, a double salt, sodium-theobromine-salicylate, which should contain at least 46.5 per cent. of the theobromine (Knoll's is said to contain 48 per cent.) and to which the name diuretin has been given. The therapeutic as well as commercial value depends upon its richness in theobromine. The compound occurs in the form of a white powder