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A key challenge for realizing mobile device-based on-the-spot environmental biodetection is that a biosensor integrated with a fluid handling sensor cartridge must have acceptable accuracy comparable to that of conventional standard analytical methods. Furthermore, the user interface must be easy to operate, technologically plausible, and concise. Herein, we introduced an advanced smartphone imaging-based fluorescence microscope designed for Hg2+ monitoring by utilizing a biosensor cartridge that reduced user intervention via time-sequenced passive fluid handling. The cartridge also employed a metal-nanostructured plastic substrate for complementing the fluorescence signal output; this helped the realization of high-accuracy detection, in which a ratiometric dual-wavelength detection method was applied. Using 30 samples of Hg2+-spiked wastewater, we showed that our device, which has a detection limit of ∼1 pM, can perform analytical assays accurately. The detection results from our method were in good linearity and agreement with those of conventional standard methods. We conclude that the integration of a simple-to-use biosensor cartridge, fluorescence signal-enhancing substrate, dual-wavelength detection, and quantitative image data processing on a smartphone has great potential to make any population accessible to small-molecule detection, which has been performed in centralized laboratories for environmental monitoring.

Background It is widely accepted that cervical interlaminar steroid injection (CIESI) is more effective in treating radicular pain than axial neck pain, but without direct comparison. And the differences of effect after CIESI according to MRI findings are inconsistent. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the therapeutic response of CIESI according to pain sites, durations, MRI findings, and other predictive factors altogether, unlike previous studies, which evaluated them separately. Methods The medical records of 128 patients who received fluoroscopy guided CIESI were analyzed. We evaluated the therapeutic response (more than a 50% reduction on the visual analog scale [VAS] by their second visit) after CIESI by (1) pain site; neck pain without radicular pain/radicular pain with or without neck pain, (2) pain duration; acute/chronic (more than 6 month), and (3) findings of MRI; herniated intervertebral disc (HIVD)/spinal stenosis, respectively and altogether. Results Eighty-eight patients (68%) responded to CIESI, and there were no significant differences in demographic data, initial VAS score, or laboratory findings. And there were no significant differences in the response rate relating to pain site, pain duration, or MRI findings, respectively. In additional analysis, acute radicular pain with HIVD patients showed significantly better response than chronic neck pain with spinal stenosis (P = 0.04). Conclusions We cannot find any sole predictive factor of therapeutic response to the CIESI. But the patients having acute radicular pain with HIVD showed the best response, and those having other chronic neck pain showed the worst response to CIESI.

* Department of Maritime Administration, National Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 606-791, Korea** Professor in Public Administration Dept., Youngsan University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 626-790, Korea*** Institute of International Maritime Affairs, National Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 606-791, Korea요 약 : 본 연구에서는 한국 항만과 연안해역 수로측량의 변천과 현황, 기존의 문제점을 살펴보고, 문헌연구와 해양선진국 수로측량 사례분석을 통해 잠정기준을 도출하였다. 그리고 전문가 집단에 대한 설문조사 및 분석을 통해 잠정기준의 우선순위와 상대적 중요도를 분석하였다. 연구의 결과, 주요 항만과 연안해역의 수로측량 우선순위로는 해저지형 변화, 해상교통량, 기존 수로측량 실적, 이해당사자 또는 이용자의 요구, 해양사고, 해양환경 및 생태자원 보존 등으로 나타났다. 이러한 기준의 우선순위에 따른 계량모형을 설정하여 한국 주요 무역항에 대한 수로측량 상대적 순위도 도출하였다. 본 연구가 제시한 정량적이고 과학적인 방법에 의한 수로측량의 필요성과 방향은 앞으로 한국 수로측량의 선진화와 해상교통안전의 확보에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.핵심용어 : 항만, 연안해역, 우선순위, 수로측량, 핵심기준Abstract : This study is based on deductions from analysis of historical changes in hydrographic surveys, the problems with the existing system in Korea and analysis of the literature, including foreign cases. Using these criteria, we created and administered a survey of marine professionals of Korea, and based on the results, established an order of priority for hydrographic surveys, as follows: changes in the seabed, quantities of marine traffic, existing performance data from hydrographic survey, consumer’s demand, marine accidents, conservation of oceanic environment, and natural resources. The study also deduced, based on a survey of experts, the relative importance ranking of the major ports in South Korea and suggests policy implications and a priority decision model to conduct future hydrographic surveys in a more scientific and systematic way.Key Words : Port, Costal Waterway, Priorities, Hydrographic survey, Key criteria

This study diagnosed the innovation capability of SMEs by utilizing the VIQ(Value Innovation Quotient)and deduced the innovation strategy. VIQ is the diagnosis tool for measuring the innovation capability of the SMEs focusing on the value innovation. SMEs can utilize this tool for diagnosis and deduce the innovation strategy. Thisstudy selected the high-growth venture company- K company and analyse it and deduced the innovation strategy. Innovation strategy can be as follows; Firstly, agile strategy formulation tool such as business intelligence and scenarioplanning should be adopted for the flexible business planning. Secondly, speedy decision making process should bemade. Thirdly, open communication and empowerment process should be made. This paper can present the methodof evaluating and diagnosis of value innovation capability of SMEs and innovation strategy formulation process. Key Words : Value Innovation Quotient, Diagnosis of Innovation Capability, Innovation Strategy

This paper studies the technology management strategy for activating the industry-academia cooperationin open innovation environment. For this, the importance and concept of technology management balancing the internal innovation and utilization of external innovation resources, and industry-academia cooperation were theoretically reviewed. For the successful technology management in open innovation environment firms should adopt the industry-academia cooperation strategy. The technology management strategy for activating the industry-academia cooperation of the firm can be summarized as follows; Firstly, technology strategy for academia-industry cooperation utilizing the strategic technology roadmap should be prepared and executed. Secondly, the firm should adopt the open innovation system and transform their NIH(Not-Invented-Here) culture for open culture. Finally, for activating the networking with various innovation actors, industry-academia cooperation supporting system should be prepared.요 약

Background: Gabapentin is a safe and well-tolerated anticonvulsant with a wide therapeutic index, and it is used for neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to compare previous dosing methods with the administration of four different doses of gabapentin while maintaining the same maximum daily dose for the safe administration of high doses of the medication. Methods: The subjects were outpatients with various neuropathic pain syndromes, with at least two of the following symptoms: allodynia, burning pain, shooting pain, or hyperalgesia. The TID group received equal doses of gabapentin 3 times per day, while the QID group received 4 different doses of gabapentin per day. The pain score, frequency of breakthrough pain (BTP), severity and the duration of pain, sleep disturbance due to nocturnal pain, and adverse effects were recorded each day. Results: The average daily pain score and sleep disturbance were significantly reduced in the QID group between days 3 and 10 of the experiment. The adverse effects of the medication were also reduced in the QID group. However, the frequency of BTP and severity and duration of pain were not significantly different between two groups. Conclusions: Administration of 4 different doses of gabapentin during the initial titration in outpatients with neuropathic pain resulted in a significant reduction in awakening from breakthrough pain and a reduction in the adverse effects of the medication. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2013; 65: 48-54)

This paper proposes a new low-cost current detection method to implement vector-controlled inverter of 3-phase induction motor or permanent-magnet synchronous motor using 2 shunt resistors instead of expensive Hall current sensors. The proposed method can detect perfect phase currents without current-immeasurable area in all operating conditions of motor. This method uses 2 shunt resistors in Hall current sensor positions conventionally used to detect phase currents. Therefore, it requires accurate analog differential amplifiers to detect voltages across shunt resistors at high electric potential to ground. We show the good solutions which are implemented by voltage-divider resistors networks and the instrumentation amplifiers using several Op Amps at cheap price. Computer simulations and experiments were performed to confirm the effectiveness of proposed method. These results show that proposed method can perfectly detect phase currents without current-immeasurable area in all operating conditions of motor.

This study is about the major determinants for the successful implementation of technology roadmap in the technology intensive organization. For this study, I defined the concept of the Strategic Technology Roadmap and its characteristics. I also studied the key processes of the Strategic Technology Roadmap and the major success factors for the implementation of it. The study was performed based on the theoretical study and related qualitative case study approaches. In this study, the Smart Grid Technology Roadmap implementation process was deeply analyzed. From the initial adoption stage of the roadmap development to the actual utilization of it was scrutinized. Through the case study the major determinants for the adoption of the smart grid technology roadmap can be summarized as follows; the top management support for the implementation of the Strategic Technology Roadmap, the relevance - the goodness of the fit - of the Roadmap, the organizational capability among the functional teams such as strategy planning team, marketing team, R&D Project teams. This study regarding the adoption of the Strategic Technology Roadmap can be the good reference for the Technology organization which is willing to adopt and utilize the Strategic Technology Roadmap in the future.  Index Terms—strategic technology roadmap, implementation, smart grid.

This research focused on the strategy formulation for the Innopolis as a Global Innovation Cluster. The study was performed based on both theoretical study and qualitative study approaches. Particularly, scenario planning as a foresight method was used for the strategy formulation. The major determinants for the success of the Innopolis can be summarized as follows; the enhancement of the host institution for the development of the innovation cluster, the relational capability of the Innopolis among daedeok, gwangju, daegu and the alignment and cooperation of the International Science & Business Belt. In terms of the needs of times, this study regarding the strategy for the formation of the Innopolis as the global innovation cluster is anticipated to be a good reference for policy makers and researchers in coming years.

This research focused on the cluster analysis for the vitalization of the innovation cluster, Gwanggyo Technovalley. The study was performed based on both theoretical study and quantitative and qualitative study approaches. Particularly, questionnaire survey was performed for the cluster analysis of the innovation cluster. The major determinants for vitalization of the innovation cluster, Gwanggyo Technovalley can be summarized as follows; the strategy formulation for the development of the innovation cluster, the enhancement of the host institution capability and gradual enlargement of the role of the host institution. In terms of the needs of times, this study regarding the cluster analysis for the vitalization of the innovation cluster, Gwanggyo Technovalley is anticipated to be a good reference for the R&D organizations and technology cluster participants in coming years.

This research focused on the strategy formulation for the development of the innovation cluster in Gyeonggi Province - 'Pankyo & Gwanggyo Technovalley'. The study was performed based on both theoretical study and quantitative & qualitative study approaches. Particularly, questionnaire survey was used for the diagnosisof the developmental stages of the innovation clusters. The major determinants for the development of the innovation cluster in Gyeonggi Province can be summarized as follows; the establishment of S&T based host institution, the gradual enlargement of the role of host institution and the enhancement of the network capability of innovation clusters. In terms of the needs of times, this study regarding the strategy for the development of the innovation clusters is anticipated to be a good reference for the R&D organizations and technology cluster participants in coming years. Key Words : Innovation cluster, Pankyo & Gwanggyo Technovalley

In this paper, I review current status and development strategies in Korean innovation cluster. In particular, I compared the innovation clusters of Daejeon and Gyeonggi - do, and examined the differences and ways of cooperation. Among Daejeon and Gyeonggi-province innovation clusters, the DaedeokInnopolis is focused on R & D and pursues technology commercialization in connection with venture companies. Pangyo Techno Valley is a state-of-the-art IT technology centered on high technology companies. If wide-scale cooperation measures are established between Daejeon and Gyeonggi-do clusters, which are different from each other in the process of formation and complexity, a great synergy will be created at the national level. The future development strategy will be derived by examining the representative innovation cluster in Korea. The first strategic direction is to set up a vision of 'loosely coupled' between the Daejeon and Gyeonggi-do innovation clusters. The second strategic direction is to promote 'loosely coupled' wide-area cooperation programs between clusters. The third strategic direction is to foster an open innovation venture ecosystem.

Otogenic pneumocephalus is a condition of intracranial air originating from the middle ear or mastoid air cells. This communication between the intracranial cavity and the pneumatic cavities is usually associated with trauma after cranial fractures or iatrogenic trauma. We present a rare case of otogenic pneumocephalus arising in the left posterior fossa from wellpneumatized mastoid air cells. The patient complained of roaring tinnitus that developed 29 months after ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion due to brain tumor surgery. High resolution computed tomography scan of the temporal bones revealed a large pneumocephalus below the left tentorium, and a bony dehiscent route was clearly identified in a sagittal view. A left mastoidectomy with preservation of the posterior wall of the external auditory canal was performed, and the expected bony dehiscent site was identified in the posterior fossa dura plate, just posterior to the posterior semicircular canal, below the Donaldson's line. This communication was sealed with a temporalis muscle plug from the deep temporalis muscle fascia and bone dust. Pneumocephalus may be caused by negative intracranial pressure in a patient with very well-pneumatized mastoid bone, and it can be a possible cause of 'wind-like' sound in the ear.

Background Recent studies show that transcriptional activation of GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) is significantly involved in the development and persistency of pain symptoms. We thus hypothesize that neuropathic pain may be attenuated by down-regulation of GCH1 expression, and propose a gene silencing system for this purpose. Results To interrupt GCH1 synthesis, we designed a bidirectional recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding both a small hairpin RNA against GCH1 and a GFP reporter gene (rAAV-shGCH1). After rAAV-shGCH1 was introduced into the sciatic nerve prior to or following pain-inducing surgery, therapeutic efficacy and the underlying mechanisms were subsequently validated in animal models. The GFP expression data indicates that rAAV effectively delivered transgenes to DRG. Subsequently reduced GCH1 expression was evident from immunohistochemistry and western-blotting analysis. Along with the down-regulation of GCH1, the von Frey test correspondingly indicated a sharp decline in pain symptoms upon both pre- and post-treatment with rAAV-shGCH1. Interestingly, GCH1 down-regulation additionally led to decreased microglial activation in the dorsal horn, implying an association between pain attenuation and reduced inflammation. Conclusion Therefore, the data suggests that GCH1 levels can be reduced by introducing rAAV-shGCH1, leading to pain relief. Based on the results, we propose that GCH1 modulation may be developed as a clinically applicable gene therapy strategy to treat neuropathic pain.

This research focused on the major determinants for the technology roadmap utilization of the R&D project after the adoption of the technology roadmap in the R&D intensive organization. The study was performed based on both theoretical study and qualitative case study approaches. The results of this study are summarized as in cases where the R&D project team has higher organizational capability - specifically, relation and research capability, even more technology roadmap is used. In terms of the needs of times, this study regarding the technology roadmap utilization is anticipated to be a good reference for the R&D-oriented organizations and technology-related studies in coming years.

In the endless hot rolling process, defects should be controlled to improve quality and productivity. Camber is one of the most significant defects which cause decreasing of quality and productivity of steel. To handle the camber, the process that measures the camber exactly should be preceded. For measuring the camber of the strip, the whole image of strip is necessary. If the camera of the measurement system can only capture the part of the strip, we should stitch the consecutive partial images from the camera to obtain the whole image of strip. In this case, the partial consecutive images are consist of two parts which are overlapped region and new additional region. To stitch the partial images properly, we should know the length of new additional region. This paper proposes a novel algorithm to obtain the length of new additional region of each images based on the cross-correlation approach which has fast computational speed and high accuracy. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

A flexible ultraviolet (UV) photodetector based on ZnO nanorods (NRs) as nanostructure sensing materials integrated into a graphene (Gr) field-effect transistor (FET) platform is investigated with high performance. Based on the negative shift of the Dirac point (VDirac) in the transfer characteristics of a phototransistor, high-photovoltage responsivity (RV) is calculated with a maximum value of 3 × 10(8) V W(-1). The peak response at a wavelength of ∼365 nm indicated excellent selectivity to UV light. The phototransistor also allowed investigation of the photocurrent responsivity (RI) and photoconductive gain (G) at various gate voltages, with maximum values of 2.5 × 10(6) A W(-1) and 8.3 × 10(6), respectively, at a gate bias of 5 V. The UV response under bending conditions was virtually unaffected and was unchanged after 10,000 bending cycles at a bending radius of 12 mm, subject to a strain of 0.5%. The attributes of high stability, selectivity, and sensitivity of this flexible UV photodetector based on a ZnO NRs/Gr hybrid FET indicate promising potential for future flexible optoelectronic devices.

Cholinergic urticaria with acquired generalized hypohidrosis, and its pathophysiology is not well known. Autoimmunity to sweat glands or to acetylcholine receptors on sweat glands has been mentioned as one of the possible etiologies. Systemic steroid therapy, antihistamines, anticholinergics, and avoidance of the stimulatory situations are recommended for treatment. We experienced a case of cholinergic urticaria with acquired generalized hypohidrosis in a patient who had no other associated disease, and the symptoms eased after repeated bilateral stellate ganglion block. Stellate ganglion block normalized the elevated sympathetic tone and may relieve symptoms in patients with this condition.

Node movement feature of Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) closely resembles with that of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) but its high speed mobility and unpredictable movement characteristics are the key contrasting feature from that of MANET. The similarity nature suggests that the prevailing routing protocol of MANET is very much applicable to VANET. However, on the same line, the dissimilarity characteristics result in frequent loss of connectivity. This necessitates upgradation of the existing routing protocols to adapt itself into VANET scenario. The key parameter that needs to be fed into these protocols is a realistic mobility model which contains criterion linked to speed, road intersections, traffic light effect etc. In this paper, we compare performances of reactive routing protocols named Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Ad hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) in VANET using different Mobility Models provided in VanetMobiSim framework. The performances are evaluated by varying mobility, number of sources and node speed while packet delivery fraction, end to end delay and normalized routing load are used as performance metrics. The simulations have shown that AOMDV performs comparatively better than DSR and AODV in different mobility models in terms of end to end delay as performance metric.

The conventional routing protocols developed for Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) show low performance result when they are adapted in Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) which has more unstable channel features such as short communication time, low packet delivery ratio, frequent link breakage, and rapidly changed topology caused by high mobility. Therefore, applications on VANET environment require a specific routing protocol to maintain stable communication between vehicles. Previous VANET routing protocols have been mainly designed by using vehicle position and/or digital map information which require installations of related devices onto all vehicles on the road. In this paper, we introduce a new routing protocol supporting high mobility over VANET without using additional physical installations on the vehicles, which is using hopcounts and relative velocity between vehicles to find the best routing transmission path. We can notice that digital vehicle velocity can be easily obtained from vehicles on the road nowadays. By exchanging vehicles' relative velocities, the more stable and reliable paths are searched as compared to traditional MANET protocols using only hop count information at the time of routing path set-up. To evaluate proposed routing protocol, we compared original ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) with proposed routing protocol through NS2. Simulation results showed that proposed routing protocol achieves better performance from about 10% to 50% in terms of normalized routing overhead and packet delivery ratio.

Objectives Our aim was to verify neural regulation of submucous gland mucus secretions in the Eustachian tubes of guinea pigs. Study design Prospective animal study. Methods Eustachian tubes harvested from 12 guinea pigs were used for this study. For real-time resolution of pure glandular secretion, we used a modified method of single-gland optical measurement. Secretory monitoring was undertaken after each preparation with phenylephrine, isoproterenol, forskolin, and substance P. To confirm the viability of each tissue, we examined glandular secretion after treatment with carbachol. Secretory effects of each agonist were evaluated by comparing with basal secretion using a Student's t test (p Results The Ca-elevating agonists carbachol and substance P showed greater effects on submucous gland secretions of the Eustachian tube than the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-elevating agonists forskolin and isoproterenol. However, phenylephrine, although it belongs to the Ca-elevating agonist group, did not show any significant secretory effect. Conclusion The optical measurement method used in this study had the merit of real-time resolution of submucous glandular secretion. Submucous glandular secretion in the Eustachian tube was regulated by both Ca- and cAMP-elevating agonists, and Ca-elevating agonists seemed to be more potent than cAMP-elevating agonists except phenylephrine. Our results suggest that not only the autonomic nerve system but also the neuropeptides such as substance P are closely related to glandular secretion in the Eustachian tube, and beta-adrenergic receptors seem to be more related to submucous glandular secretion of the Eustachian tube in guinea pig than alpha-adrenergic receptors.

Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of thousands of sensor nodes with low power, low memory, and low computational capabilities. Therefore, energy issues have to be taken into considerations while designing WSN applications and protocols. Routing protocols such as LEACH and LEACH-C have been proposed for energy conservation in WSN. However, these typical protocols have drawback of unequal energy depletion in cluster heads (CHs) due to the different transmission distance from each CH to the base station (BS). In order to minimize the energy consumption caused by large distance of CHs from the BS, we propose dynamic clustering and distance aware routing protocol (DDAR) for WSN which takes into account of node distance for selecting CH, dynamic approach of selecting the CH nodes, and two level hierarchy of clustering with super cluster head (SCH) node near to the BS. Simulation results show that the proposed DDAR protocol consumes about 15.5% less energy than conventional LEACH protocol.

Energy conservation is one of the most discussed issues in wireless sensor network (WSN) application and protocol designs. Conventional routing protocols such as LEACH, PEGASIS, and concentric clustering scheme (CCS) try to minimize energy consumption, but the consumed energy is still high because of redundant data transmission and various distances between head nodes and base station (BS). In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol, track-sector clustering (TSC) over WSN. In the proposed TSC scheme, we divide the network into concentric circular tracks and triangular sectors. This division of tracks and sectors helps to reduce the energy consumption by minimizing redundant data transmission and providing shortest distance between head nodes and the BS. For the formation of tracks and sectors in the network, the proposed TSC requires additional computations. However, all he computations for the formation of tracks and sectors are carried out in the BS just at the beginning of the network setup. Therefore, we can achieve the goal of energy efficiency without additional energy consumption of the distributed nodes after network setup process in our proposed TSC protocol. Our simulation results showed that the proposed TSC scheme is about 9 times, 2.5 times, and 2.3 times efficient in conserving energy as compared to LEACH, PEGASIS, and CCS respectively.

The growth of web has brought convenience for people accessing large amounts of information. Most people depend on the web for obtaining information. Generally, data on the web is updated and deleted by the web server manager, which results in much previous information disappearing from existence regardless of importance. For this reason, a web archive system is studied to efficiently manage valuable data produced over a long period of time. However, the existing web archive system doesn't support systematic processing and management of data before updating. In addition, storage systems are not efficient when storing large quantities of web information. In this paper, the proposed method uses a special crawler for collecting web history information. The crawler of WebBase can reduce overhead in web page collection. It can store deleting web information using a RCS. Thus, web history information can be stored and accessed efficiently.

In this paper, we describe two telematics applications that we developed based on TOPAZ platform. TOPAZ is a service-oriented open software infrastructure for telematics and U-city applications, currently under development by IBM Ubiquitous Computing Lab as a four year government project. We developed call taxi service and emergency rescue service for patient in u-health scenarios. Based on TOPAZ application services such as telemetry subscription service, spatio-temporal event detection service, content push service, etc and end-to-end application model, we could complete three different applications end-to-end within relatively short time period with minimal man power.

Current telematics services platforms are tightly integrated, relatively fixed-function systems that manage the entire end-to-end infrastructure of devices, wireless communications, device management, subscriber management, and other functions. This closed nature prevents the infrastructure from being shared by other applications, which inhibits the development of new ubiquitous computing services that may not in themselves justify the cost of an entire end-to-end infrastructure. Services-oriented computing offers means to better expose the value of such infrastructures. We have developed a services-oriented, specification-based, ubiquitous computing platform called TOPAZ that abstracts common ubiquitous computing functions and makes them accessible to any application provider through Web-service interfaces. The nature of the TOPAZ services, as enabling long-running sessions between applications and remote clients, presents peculiar challenges to the generic issues of service metering and resource management. In this paper we describe these challenges and discuss the approach we have taken to them in TOPAZ. We first motivate and describe the TOPAZ application model and its service set. We then describe TOPAZ's resource management and service metering functions, and its three-party session model that forms the basis for them.

TEA and XTEA are simple block ciphers consisting of exclusive-or, addition, and shift. Although their round functions are very simple and guarantee a little security, large number of 64 rounds have made them secure enough. It seems that the best result for TEA is the related-key attack [3], but it is less reasonable than such attacks for one key as differential and linear attacks. Impossible differential attacks on 12-round TEA and 14-round XTEA are best results except for related-key attack [5]. We suggest differential and truncated differential attacks on TEA and XTEA better than them. Our best results on TEA and XTEA are attacks on 17-round TEA and 23-round XTEA.

Background: We investigated the correction methods following wrong-settings of emulsion concentrations of propofol as a countermeasure against erroneous target-controlled infusions (TCI). Methods: TCIs were started with targeting 4.0 μg/ml of effect-site concentration (C eff ) of propofol, and the emulsion concentrations were selected for 2.0% instead of 1.0% (FALSE 1-2 , n = 24), or 1.0% instead of 2.0% (FALSE 2-1 , n = 24). These wrong TCIs were corrected at 3 min after infusion start. During FALSE1-2, the deficit was filled up while injecting after equilibrium (n = 12), or while overriding (n = 12). During FALSE 2-1 , the overdose was evacuated while targeting C eff (n = 12) or targeting plasma concentration (C p ) (n = 12). The gravimetrical measurements of TCI reproduced the C p and C eff using simulations. The reproduced C eff at 3 min (C eff-3min ) and the time to be normalized within ± 5% of target C eff (T ±5% ), were compared between the correction methods. Results: During the wrong TCI, C eff-3min was 1.98 ± 0.01 μg/ml in FALSE 1-2 , and 7.99 ± 0.05 μg/ml in FALSE 2-1 . In FALSE 1-2 , T ±5% was significantly shorter when corrected while overriding (3.9 ± 0.25 min), than corrected after equi librium (6.9 ± 0.05 min) (P < 0.001). In FALSE 2-1 , T ±5% was significantly shorter during targeting C p (3.6 ± 0.04 min) than targeting C eff (6.7 ± 0.15 min) (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The correction methods, based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics, could ef fectively and rapidly normalize the wrong TCI following erroneously selections of the emulsion concentration of propofol. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2014; 66: 377-382)

This paper describes a grapheme-to-phoneme conversion method using phoneme connectivity and CCV conversion rules. The method consists of mainly four modules including morpheme normalization, phrase-break detection, morpheme to phoneme conversion and phoneme connectivity check. The morpheme normalization is to replace non-Korean symbols into standard Korean graphemes. The phrase-break detector assigns phrase breaks using part-of-speech (POS) information. In the morpheme-to-phoneme conversion module, each morpheme in the phrase is converted into phonetic patterns by looking up the morpheme phonetic pattern dictionary which contains candidate phonological changes in boundaries of the morphemes. Graphemes within a morpheme are grouped into CCV patterns and converted into phonemes by the CCV conversion rules. The phoneme connectivity table supports grammaticality checking of the adjacent two phonetic morphemes. In the experiments with a corpus of 4,973 sentences, we achieved 99.9% of the grapheme-to-phoneme conversion performance and 97.5% of the sentence conversion performance. The full Korean TTS system is now being implemented using this conversion method., Comment: 5 pages, uses colacl.sty and acl.bst, uses epsfig. To appear in the Proceedings of the Joint 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL'98)

In this paper, we introduce a new routing protocol supporting high mobility over VANET which is using hop counts and relative velocity between vehicles to find the best routing transmission path. By exchanging vehicles' relative velocities, the more stable and reliable paths are searched as compared to traditional MANET protocols using only hop count information at the time of routing path set-up. To evaluate proposed routing protocol, we compared it with original Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) on NS2. The simulation results showed that proposed routing protocol achieves better performance from about 10% to 50% in terms of normalized routing overhead and packet delivery ratio, when video sequences are transferred on channels. The proposed routing protocol can be useful for the Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) transmission of traffic monitoring data, audio, and video streaming services without the additional global position devices.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to detail clinical experiences with a type of tension-free herniorrhaphy using the prolene hernia system (PHS) and analyze the system’s usefulness. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 122 patients who underwent an inguinal hernia repair using PHS between March 2004 and August 2008. Results: There were 116 male and 6 female patients ages 14 to 99; 79 indirect, 33 direct, 10 pantaloon hernias. The right inguinal hernias were more frequent (64.7%). The mean operative time for inguinal hernia repair using PHS was 45.2±1.5 minutes and the mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.5±1.5 days (101±82.9 hours). The most frequent combined disease was hypertension. The most frequent complication of PHS repair was hematoma. The mean number of used analgesics was 3.1±3.3. There were no postoperative recurrences. Conclusion: Tension-free herniorrhaphy using PHS is thought to be a useful method of inguinal hernia repair in adults because it offers lower postoperative pain, shorter operation time and shorter postoperative hospital stay.

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is an uncommon condition characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. It is still a poorly understood phenomenon, considered to result from primary mucosal insult from varying causes. However, it is associated with various diseases, including gastroenteral obstructive and connective vascular diseases and even pulmonary or endocrine diseases. Authors report a case of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis with volvulus in the small intestine that developed in a 44-year-old man without history of any special underlying diseases.