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BACKGROUND Both midline catheters (MCs) and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) can cause venous thromboembolism (VTE), but the prevalence associated with each is controversial. OBJECTIVE To compare the risk of VTE between MCs and PICCs with a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS The Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, the Cochrane Library and ProQuest were searched from inception to January 2020. All studies comparing the risk of VTE between MCs and PICCs were included. Selected studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Downs and Black checklist. Two authors independently assessed the literature and extracted the data. Any different opinion was resolved through third-party consensus. Meta-analyses were conducted to generate estimates of VTE risk in patients with MCs versus PICCs, and publication bias was evaluated with RevMan 5.3. RESULTS A total of 86 studies were identified. Twelve studies were recruited, involving 40,871 patients. The prevalence of VTE with MCs and PICCs was 3.97% (310/7806) and 2.29% (758/33065), respectively. Meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of VTE with MCs was higher than that with PICCs (RR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.33-1.76, p

Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to explore the safety of peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) replacement every 96 h compared to that of clinically indicated catheter removal. Methods: A prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted. A random number table method was used. Six hundred patients treated with PIVC intravenous infusion in 10 nursing units of a hospital from September to October 2019 were selected. Sixty were collected from each nursing unit, including 30 in the clinically indicated replacement group and 30 in the routine replacement group. The incidence of phlebitis, catheter-related infection (CRI), occlusion, infiltration, and any form of infusion therapy failure were compared between the two groups. SPSS 23.0 software was used. Results: The dwelling times of PIVC in the clinically indicated replacement group and routine replacement group were significantly different (hours) (83.62 ± 50.08, 69.75 ± 25.54, t = 3.021, p = 0.003). The incidence of any form of infusion therapy failure (RR = 4.448, 95% CI: 3.158–6.265, p Conclusion: Replacement of PIVC every 96 h is safer than clinically indicated.

Background Both midline catheters (MCs) and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) can cause catheter‐related bloodstream infection (CRBSI), but the prevalence associated with each is not clear. Objective To compare the risk of CRBSI between MCs and PICCs with a meta‐analysis. Methods The Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, The Cochrane Library and ProQuest were searched. All studies comparing the risk of CRBSI between MCs and PICCs were included. Selected studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Downs and Black checklist. Two authors independently assessed the literature and extracted the data. A fixed effects model was used to generate estimates of CRBSI risk in patients with MCs versus PICCs. Publication bias was evaluated, and meta‐analyses were conducted with RevMan 5.3. Results A total of 167 studies were identified. Ten studies were collected, involving 33,322 patients. The prevalence of CRBSI with MCs and PICCs was 0.58% (40/6,900) and 0.48% (127/26,422), respectively. Meta‐analysis showed that the prevalence of CRBSI was not significantly different between MCs and PICCs (RR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.50–1.17, p = .22). While the result showed that the prevalence of CRBSI with MCs was lower than that with PICCs (RR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33–0.92, p = .02) after poor‐quality studies were removed. The sensitivity analysis shows that the results from this meta‐analysis are fair in overall studies and non‐poor‐quality studies. All studies have no significant publication bias. Conclusions This study provides the first systematic assessment of the risk of CRBSI between MCs and PICCs and provides evidence for the selection of appropriate vascular access devices for intravenous infusion therapy in nursing. The prevalence of CRBSI was not significantly different between them.

Metal nanoclusters (NCs) as a new type of fluorescent material have attracted great interest due to their unique electronic structure and outstanding optical properties. However, limited success has been achieved in the preparation of water-soluble NCs with high luminous intensity. In this article, the significant luminescence properties of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (H2mba)-capped Ag NCs induced by hydrochloric acid (HCl) through self-assembly strategies were reported and the water-soluble protonated silver nanoclusters (Ag-H-NCs) can be obtained. The original non-luminescent Ag NCs exhibit stable and bright luminescence resulting from aggregation-induced emission (AIE) by forming an ordered nanorod structure after assembly. Optical analysis allows for the establishment of relationships between ordered alignment and emission of Ag NCs components and it can be concluded that the ordered nanostructures are constructed by non-covalent interaction (hydrogen bond, π-π stacking, etc.) which effectively inhibits the intramolecular vibration and rotation of the ligand, thereby increasing the emission intensity of Ag NCs. Due to the outstanding optical behavior of the aqueous solution of Ag-H-NCs, it can be used as a rewritable fluorescent platform and a white light emitting diode (LED). The pH-guided strategy enriches the supramolecular self-assembly of novel noble metal NCs, which makes them a good candidate for optical materials.

Aims To compare the risk of phlebitis between midline catheters and peripherally inserted central catheters in infusion therapy with a meta-analysis. Design This was a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Data sources Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, CNKI, WanFang, VIP and SinoMed were searched from inception to May 2020. Review methods All studies comparing the risk of phlebitis between midline catheters and peripherally inserted central catheters were included. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two authors independently assessed the literature and extracted the data. Meta-analyses were conducted to generate estimates of phlebitis risk in patients with midline catheters verse peripherally inserted central catheters, and publication bias was evaluated with RevMan 5.3. Results A total of seven studies were collected, involving 1377 participants. The incidence of phlebitis with midline catheters and peripherally inserted central catheters was 1.52% and 3.41%. Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of phlebitis has no significant difference between midline catheters and peripherally inserted central catheters. The sensitivity analysis shows that the results from this meta-analysis are fair in overall studies. All studies have no significant publication bias. Conclusion This study provides the first systematic assessment of the risk of phlebitis between midline catheters and peripherally inserted central catheters. The incidence of phlebitis has no significant difference between them. There are many factors to consider when choosing vascular access devices.

Objective. To study the association between sleep duration and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of T2DM through a meta-analysis. Methods. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and SINOMED were searched from their inception until May 2020. All cohort studies on the relationship between sleep duration and T2DM in adults were included. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two authors independently assessed the literature and extracted the data. Metaregression and publication bias were evaluated, and sensitivity and meta-analyses were conducted with RevMan 5.3. Results. A total of 17 studies were collected, involving 737002 adults. The incidence of T2DM was 4.73% in short sleep duration (SSD) ( t ≤ 6 h ), 4.39% in normal sleep duration (NSD) ( 6 h < t < 9 h ), and 4.99% in long sleep duration (LSD) ( t ≥ 9 h ). The meta-analysis demonstrated that SSD increased the risk of T2DM compared with NSD ( RR = 1.22 , 95% CI: 1.15-1.29, P < 0.001 ), LSD increased the risk of T2DM compared with NSD ( RR = 1.26 , 95% CI: 1.15-1.39, P < 0.001 ), and the risk of T2DM has no significant difference between SSD and LSD ( RR = 0.97 , 95% CI: 0.89-1.05, P = 0.41 ). The sensitivity of each study was robust and the publication bias was weak. Conclusion. SSD or LSD can increase the risk of T2DM.

Purpose There are multiple approaches described to access the zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures: lateral eyebrow, upper blepharoplasty, coronal, subciliary, subtarsal, infraorbital, transconjunctival, and transoral. All these approaches have their advantages, disadvantages, and indications according to location of fracture, degree of displacement, and surgeon's experience with a specific technique. However, there is not a good approach for treating the zygomatic arch or body fracture. In this paper, the authors described a supra-temporalis approach to treat the zygomatic arch or body fracture. Patients and methods Eight patients with traumatically ZMC fractures who received open reduction and internal stable fixation with supra-temporalis approach were retrospectively reviewed. A minimized supra-temporalis incision and trans-temporalis fascia access was used. Blunt dissection was performed perpendicularly to the fractured zygomatic arch and body. The open reduction and internal fixation of ZMC fractures were performed. After confirming that the fracture was fixed rigidly, the incision was closed layer by layer. Results Using this approach, the zygomatic arch, body, frontozygomatic suture, and fracture stumps were exposed perpendicularly. No extensive incision was needed and minimal invasion was realized. Postoperative CT scan showed that the fractures been repositioned and fixed in the normal position. Facial asymmetry was reconstructed and keep in the follow-up. Conclusions Supra-temporalis approach gave an optimal view of the bony field, which allowed surgeons to work perpendicularly to the fracture, and facilitated the reduction of the displaced fractured stumps. It was regarded as an ideal and valuable alternative in this potentially complicated procedure.

Hypertension remains the most important cardiovascular risk factor in Poland. May Measurement Month is a global initiative organized by the International Society of Hypertension aimed at raising awareness of hypertension and the need for blood pressure (BP) screening and demonstrating the potential of the opportunistic BP measurements. An opportunistic cross-sectional survey of volunteers aged ≥18 was carried out in 146 sites in May 2018. Blood pressure was measured in 6450 subjects (mean age: 41 ± 15 years; 59% females). After multiple imputation, the age and sex standardized systolic and diastolic BP was 126.7/78.4 mmHg in the whole analysed group, 132.8/81.3 mmHg in subjects taking antihypertensive drugs, and 125.7/78.0 mmHg in those not taking any antihypertensive drugs. After multiple imputation, the proportions of subjects with high BP (systolic ≥140 mmHg or diastolic ≥90 mmHg or on treatment for raised BP) were 22.2% in the whole analysed group, 39.2% in subjects taking antihypertensive drugs, and 18.6% those not taking any antihypertensive drugs. Overall, hypertension was present in 32.8% of participants, among them 38.7% were not aware of the disease, 53.1% were taking antihypertensive drugs, and 32.3% had BP controlled to target (

In this work, the reference model modification strategy for vehicle stability control based on driver's intention recognition under emergent obstacle avoidance situation was proposed. First the conflicts between the driver's emergency alignment (EA) intention and vehicle response characteristics were analyzed in critical emergent obstacle avoidance situation. Second combining steering wheel angle and its speed, the driver's EA intention was recognized. The reference model modification strategy based on steering operation index (SOI) was presented. Then a LQR model following controller with tire cornering stiffness adaption was used to generate direct yaw moment for tracking modified reference yaw rate and reference sideslip angle. Finally based on the four-in-wheel-motor-drive (FIWMD) electric vehicles (EV), double lane change and slalom tests were conducted to compare the results using modified reference model with the results using normal reference model. The experimental tests have proved the effectiveness of the reference model modification strategy based on driver's intention recognition.

The fault diagnosis of hydro-turbine governing system is important to the operation of the hydropower station and the stability of the power grid. In order to improve the diagnostic accuracy and efficiency, a novel fault diagnosis method based on nonlinear output frequency response functions and a novel identification method of nonlinear output frequency response functions have been proposed and applied to the problem of hydro-turbine governing system fault diagnostics. First, the nonlinear model of hydro-turbine governing system is built. And the fault diagnosis principles based on nonlinear output frequency response functions are also introduced. Then, the disadvantages of the traditional identification method are discussed, and a novel identification method is proposed for nonlinear output frequency response functions according to the operation characteristic of hydro-turbine governing system. Finally, simulation verification and experimental studies have been presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed fault diagnosis method. The results indicate that the proposed method is simple and practical for fault diagnosis of hydro-turbine governing system.

Our aim was to investigate whether polymorphisms in the interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene are associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in a Chinese Han population. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-4 were genotyped by Agena MassARRAY in 248 CRC patients and 463 healthy controls. The association of IL-4 polymorphisms with CRC risk was assessed by genetic models, linkage disequilibrium, and haplotype analyses. The results suggested that the CC genotype of rs2243250 confers a lower risk of CRC in the recessive model [odds ratio (OR) = 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.19-0.92, P = 0.020]. Similarly, rs2227284 GG was associated with a reduced risk of CRC in the codominant (OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.04-0.82, P = 0.027) and recessive (OR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04-0.83, P = 0.008) models adjusted for age. Our findings suggested that rs2243250 and rs2227284 in IL-4 are associated significantly with reduced CRC risk, which may facilitate the identification of CRC patients in Chinese populations.

Power distribution operation involves the supervision and control of the operating states of a large distribution power grid. This technology includes several features, e.g. an abundant amount of application nodes, diversity of communication channels, etc. To accelerate the construction of State Grid-electric Internet of things and to guarantee the security of power grids data network and to consider the feature of power grids, a synthetic key management system is proposed. In the first section of this paper, from the perspective of maturity and practicality of related technology, the feasibility of combining quantum private communication and automatic power grid key management system is analyzed and demonstrated. In the next section, a key-management method, which is designed to combine quantum private communication technology and interaction with encryption devices, is designed and implemented. In the concluding section, to guarantee the integrity and atomicity in key storage processes and to achieve the quantum key storage, rollback mechanism of large-capacity quantum key storage is studied and discussed.

Aims Raised blood pressure (BP) is the biggest contributor to mortality and disease burden worldwide and fewer than half of those with hypertension are aware of it. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global campaign set up in 2017, to raise awareness of high BP and as a pragmatic solution to a lack of formal screening worldwide. The 2018 campaign was expanded, aiming to include more participants and countries. Methods and results Eighty-nine countries participated in MMM 2018. Volunteers (≥18 years) were recruited through opportunistic sampling at a variety of screening sites. Each participant had three BP measurements and completed a questionnaire on demographic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg, or taking antihypertensive medication. In total, 74.9% of screenees provided three BP readings. Multiple imputation using chained equations was used to impute missing readings. 1 504 963 individuals (mean age 45.3 years; 52.4% female) were screened. After multiple imputation, 502 079 (33.4%) individuals had hypertension, of whom 59.5% were aware of their diagnosis and 55.3% were taking antihypertensive medication. Of those on medication, 60.0% were controlled and of all hypertensives, 33.2% were controlled. We detected 224 285 individuals with untreated hypertension and 111 214 individuals with inadequately treated (systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg) hypertension. Conclusion May Measurement Month expanded significantly compared with 2017, including more participants in more countries. The campaign identified over 335 000 adults with untreated or inadequately treated hypertension. In the absence of systematic screening programmes, MMM was effective at raising awareness at least among these individuals at risk.

Objective: Bar code recognition is widely used. This paper introduces a method of using digital image algorithm to complete the identification of stain bar code. Methods: firstly, the barcode image was binarized and positioned; secondly, the pixels in the barcode image were stacked on the abscissa axis by projection technology to remove the barcode stains; finally, the barcodes were effectively identified by the center distance algorithm. Results: the experiments show that the barcodes with different degrees of pollution are well recognized by our method, which is better than the traditional recognition algorithm. Conclusion: This paper proposes a new barcode recognition algorithm, which can quickly and accurately identify the bad barcode

Evaluating the pressure-settlement response of a composite foundation at a specific site is important for supporting the safety of superstructures in the design process to determine the bearing performance of the foundation. The uncertainties in the power law regression parameters stem from a significant scattering of pressure-settlement curves when a series of static load tests are conducted for the composite foundations composed of cement–fly ash–gravel piles at a particular site. Thus, in this work, a probability density contour (PDC) of these regression parameters is constructed using a bivariate distribution, which offers great flexibility in fitting the marginal distributions and the dependency between the two regression parameters. Based on an intuitive evolutionary geometry of the PDCs in the original physical space of two dependent random variables, a reliability index is defined as a distance ratio of two PDCs, i.e., the dispersed PDC that just touches the limit state curve and the one standard deviation PDC. These bivariate PDCs are discretized with several segments that adapt to the different spreads of the asymmetric data. Reliability indices are calculated based on the geometric reliability analysis, which offers great transparency for engineers in evaluating the safety of the composite foundation at a site-specific level. By using this reliability technique, the effects of uncertain regression parameters are explicitly explored at six sites consisting of 280 static loading tests.

Objective: To conduct survey on cognition of clinical nurses on knowledge of high-alert medication and propose relevant strategies for effective improvement. Methods: One hundred twenty clinical nurses were randomly selected from medical staff in our hospital from July 2016 to February 2017, and the results were analyzed and evaluated by questionnaires. Results: The results showed that, the total score of clinical nurses on knowledge of high-alert medication was 14-37 points, averaging 26.8 ± 3.32 points. The cognition of high-alert medication knowledge was significantly different among nursing staff with different age, service age, technical title and educational level (P

This paper regarded CNP1000 power plant system as the research object, which is the second-generation half Nuclear Reactor System in our country, and tried to set Westinghouse AP1000 passive residual heat removal system to the primary circuit of CNP1000. Then set up a simulation model based on RELAP5/MOD3.2 program to calculate and analyze the response and operating characteristic of passive residual heat removal system on assumption that Station Blackout occurs. The calculation has the following conclusions: natural circulation was quickly established after accident, which removes core residual heat effectively and keep the core safe. The residual heat can be quickly removed, and during this process the actual temperature was lower than saturation temperature in reactor core.

In order to reduce the computation amount and to ensure to compute environmental vibrations caused by ground rail traffic load comprehensively and accurately, calculating depth of the model for the ground was researched. The ground is simplified to a single layer elastic half-space model, and the dynamic Green's function of vertical displacement on the surface of the model was derived by using transfer matrix within frequency wave-number domain. vibration displacement amplitude in the range of 10 to 60 m away from the surface of the model to the vibration center were compared with different thickness of model and the elastic half-space model caused by the ground rail traffic load. It showed that the calculation results are quite different with different cover thickness, but with the increase of the cover thickness of layer, the results of single layer elastic half-space model approached the elastic half-space model. When the cover lager thickness reached to 25m, the difference of the magnitude was less than 5%.

in the 3D-geological modeling, there will be new wells added. This would require the modification of the structure model, the traditional method is to modify all the places that is in inconformity with the newly-added well stratified data in the 3D structural model according to the well point stratified data. If the number of the newly-added well is large, this method is more than just energy-consuming, the shape of the adjusted 3D-model is also very ugly and unnatural; the author has summarized a set of simple model construction method for the newly-added well point. This new method is less energy-consuming, meanwhile, the surface of the generated structure is natural and smoothing. This new method is applied to a oilfield ,which has achieved good results

The stress drop during a earthquake is deal with by many papers, but has not been estimated very well yet at present. In order to study its influence on synthesized motion, the motions at two rock sites where records were obtained during the Wenchuan earthquake are synthesized by a hybrid source model from two stress drop values, 30 bar and 85 bars respectively. The result shows that the acceleration time histories, response spectra and mean peak values of motions from 85 bar are comparable to the records, but those of motions from 30 bar are much smaller than the records. It means that the way to inverse the regional parameters simultaneously from regional small quake records is acceptable.

Open source field operation and manipulation (OpenFOAM) is one of the most prevalent open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. It is very convenient for researchers to develop their own codes based on the class library toolbox within OpenFOAM. In recent years, several density-based solvers within OpenFOAM for supersonic/hypersonic compressible flow are coming up. Although the capabilities of these solvers to capture shock wave have already been verified by some researchers, these solvers still need to be validated comprehensively as commercial CFD software. In boundary layer where diffusion is the dominant transportation manner, the convective discrete schemes’ capability to capture aerothermal variables, such as temperature and heat flux, is different from each other due to their own numerical dissipative characteristics and from viewpoint of this capability, these compressible solvers within OpenFOAM can be validated further. In this paper, firstly, the organizational architecture of density-based solvers within OpenFOAM is analyzed. Then, from the viewpoint of the capability to capture aerothermal variables, the numerical results of several typical geometrical fields predicted by these solvers are compared with both the outcome obtained from the commercial software Fastran and the experimental data. During the computing process, the Roe, AUSM+(Advection Upstream Splitting Method), and HLLC(Harten-Lax-van Leer-Contact) convective discrete schemes of which the spatial accuracy is 1st and 2nd order are utilized, respectively. The compared results show that the aerothermal variables are in agreement with results generated by Fastran and the experimental data even if the 1st order spatial precision is implemented. Overall, the accuracy of these density-based solvers can meet the requirement of engineering and scientific problems to capture aerothermal variables in diffusion boundary layer.

The ground motions at two rock stations where motions were recorded during the great Wenchuan earthquae are randomly synthsized for 10 times. The mean response spectrum and mean PGA of each synthesis and the general mean spectrum and PGA after each synthesis are calculated. The result shows the fact that the general mean spectrum after 10 syntheses, and the general mean PGA could be improved just a little. It means that it is not necessary to synthsize ground motion many times for an engineering site in practice, if the mean spectrum and PG are taken from the syntheses by 30 source models.

Result of seismic response analysis of a large span cable based bridge with inconsistent inputs is presented in a conjugated paper and is further deal with in this paper. The results from synthesized motions for the same earthquake source and same distance to the rupture show a large difference. They are compared with characteristics of the inputs in this paper. The effect of the motion amplitudes and the coherency between the input motions at the two ends of the main girder on the maximum response displacements and internal forces are pointed out.

Seismic response of a large span cable based bridge with inconsistent inputs is analyzed in this paper. The bridge model is built by the function of finite element software ANSYS. The free vibration characteristics of the bridge are analyzed by Lanczos Vector Iterative method. The first and the twentieth free vibration frequencies are 0.06808 Hz and 0.54392 Hz respectively. A set of motions of consistent, traveling wave and synthesized (inconsistent) are adopted as inputs at the two supports. The lengthwise, lateral and vertical displacements at the span center and quarter span of the main girder, at the tops of the supporting towers, and the internal forces in the girder and at the base of the towers are calculated. The result shows obviously the necessity to take into account inconsistent input in seismic response analysis of large span bridge.

In seismic analysis of large span bridge, inconsistent ground motions in three directions, lengthwise, lateral and vertical are required to input at the base of each of the two main girder piers. In order to adopt synthesized motion field for the inputs, a simple way to prepare the vertical motion is introduced for improvisation at this moment in this paper, since the synthesis in general consists of two parts, the low frequency ground motion calculated by a numerical method, like FEM, and the high frequency motion synthesized by random approach, and the result of the former is in three dimensional, while that of the latter has just horizontal component. The vertical acceleration time histories proposed in the paper show the way is available.

Ground motions of the great Wenchuan earthquake were simulated using stochastic simulation technique with an improved source spectral model. In the model, the corner frequency for each subfault is determined based on a basic value calculated from the total seismic moment of the entire fault and an increment depending on the seismic moment assigned to the subfault. The model also includes a slip-based scaling factor accounts for the difference of the radiated energy from each subfault. The simulated ground motions were compared to those from using the source spectral model with dynamic corner frequency in terms of the mean spectral ratio over the 52 stations amd to the observation in terms of 5% damped response spectra. Based on the comparison, the effects of the slip-based corner frequency and the scaling factor on the simulation were discussed.

An hybrid slip model combining asperity model and k square model was outlined. In the model, both the global and local source parameters follow a trancated normal distribution. The hybrid slip model was then applied to generate finite fault models for the great Wenchuan earthquake, where the fault plane was assumed to have two segments, a reverse segment on the southwestern of the fault and a right-lateral strike-slip segment on the northeastern of the fault. The location of the asperities on each segment was determined considering the results from inversion and field investigation. 30 different finite fault models were obtained, and the one which generates the ground motion best fitting the average spectrum was picked out using spectral deviation evaluation. Finally, ground motion at six near field stations were simualted based on the best-fit fault model and compared to the records.

The mechanism of local amplifying on attenuation of ground vibration from urban rail traffic is deal with by Zheng et al (2011). The vertical vibrations on ground points of a model with single soil layer overlaid on elastic half-space is calculated with transfer matrix method in frequency domain. The results show that the amplification could be simulated well by the calculation, and the location and degree of the amplification are governed by the ratio between shear modulus of the the overburden layer and the half space , the thickness and damping ratio of soil layers. It is further pointed out in this paper that the most significant factor is the impedance ratio at the buried velocity interface. Then the mechanics is explained as the meeting of the directly arriving surface wave and the reflected and refracted waves from the interface.

The exciting source of ground vibration from urban rail generally consists two parts, a quasi-static load moving through the railway, and a dynamic interaction between wheel and rail. The latter is caused mainly from the wheel-rail unevenness, and usually described by a power spectral density function, PSD in brief. From the three dimensional point of view, this kind of exciting source can hardly be measured directly. A procedure is proposed to invert the source function from the ground vibrations observed at array. A dynamic coupled train-track-3D ground model is adopted to calculate the vibrations from given PSD. The Micro-Genetic Algorithm including the operators of the tournament selection, the uniform crossover and the re-initialization together with an elitist strategy is schemed to the inversion. The object function is designed as minimum of the sum of residua between calculated and observed ground vibration acceleration levels of 18 center frequencies, at 4 ground points and twice trains. The result shows that the ground vibration acceleration levels calculated from the obtained excitation source function agree with those from the observed data quite well, even for an additional point where the observed data have never been adopted in the inversion process.

A numerical case study is presented in this paper to demonstrate the feasibility of a finite element method with artificial boundary condition to simulate the wave in 3D ground soil. An unit centralized harmonic excitation at surface is adopted with four frequencies. The calculated vibration amplitudes are compared with the corresponding results by dynamic Green Function in frequency-wave number domain. The result shows a clear calculation error phenomena that the smaller mesh adopted, the smaller error is for a given frequency, and the lower frequency excited so the smaller error is for a given mesh size. A preliminary suggestion is presented as that the maximum mesh size of a 3D discrete grid must be no larger than 1/25 of the minimum wave length.

Lateral seismic action on retaining wall along the height is a key parameter in the design of the wall against earthquake. Seismic responses of 6 gravity retaining walls with heights from 7 to 25 meters are analyzed by finite element method with considering the soil-structure interaction. A formula of the action on retaining wall is summarized from the response results with input acceleration time histories simulated for Intensity Ⅵ, Ⅶ, Ⅷ and Ⅸ.

An energy transfer and conversion model for high-temperature solar cavity receivers has been developed using the transport behaviour of solar radiation as described by the spectral radiative exchange factors. A Monte-Carlo ray-tracing method coupled with optical properties was adopted, to predict radiation characteristics of the solar collector system by calculating radiative exchange factors. A cavity receiver with a plano-convexo quartz window was proposed, based upon the directional characteristics of the focal flux and the redistribution effect of the quartz window. Parametric studies on the windowed receiver provided a more uniform flux distribution, higher efficiency and lower loss than the windowless receivers. The predicted results serve as a design reference for the solar receivers or reactors in high-temperature applications.

For resolving the practical problem about bridge structures, according to the seismic damage regularity and the structural characteristics, the capacity design method of bridge structure was introduced. In order to account synthetically for the influence factors and convert the inelastic seismic design method into the pseudo-static method, which is easily accepted by engineers, the strength reduction factor was commonly used in seismic design of structures. Based on the principles of the inelastic spectrum established by using the relationship between the strength reduction factor R and ductility factor μ, the seismic demand spectra were obtained from the design spectrum of the Highway Engineering Seismic Design Code (JTJ 004-89). This will be beneficial to the earthquake-resistant capacity design in practical bridge structures.

For the past few years, Push-over analytical method was regarded as a new evaluation method for seismic resistance capacity of structure in some advanced countries. More available information can be obtained from Push-over analysis than from elastic static, even elastic dynamic analysis and the method is easy to be operated. The elastic spectrum from the Highway Engineering Seismic Design Code (JTJ 004-89) was improved in order to take the inelastic effect into account. The inelastic demand spectra were derived by means of Vidic's strength reduction factors. By comparing capacity curves of bridge structure with the demand elastic spectrum, the earthquake resistance of bridge structure can be estimated. Furthermore, it is applied to evaluate seismic resistance capacity of a real bridge example in this paper. The results show that Pushover method can replace inelastic dynamic history analysis method in some cases.

The general track spectrum of Chinese main railway lines (ChinaRLS) and the track spectrum of American railway lines (AmericaRLS) are compared in terms of character of frequency domain, statistical property of time domain samples and dynamic performance. That the wavelength range of the ChinaRLS, which is characterized by the three levels according to the class of railway line, is less than AmericaRLS at common wave band of 1~50m is calculated. Simultaneously, the mean square values of two kinds of track spectra are provided at the detrimental wave bands of 5~10m, 10~20m, and so on. The time-histories of ChinaRLS and AmericaRLS are simulated according to the trigonometric method, and the digital statistical nature of simulated time samples is analyzed. With inputting the two kinds of time-histories into the vehicle-railway system, the comparative analysis of the two kinds of dynamic performances for ChinaRLS and AmericaRLS is done in terms of car body acceleration, rate of wheel load reduction, wheel/rail force, and the dynamic responses of track structure. The result shows that ChinaRLS can characterize the feature of the Chinese track irregularity better than AmericaRLS, the track irregularity with the ChinaRLS of 200km/h is superior to the AmericaRLS, and the track irregularity with the ChinaRLS of 160km/h corresponds to with the sixth of AmericaRLS.

A case study on evaluation of seismic fortification intensity by cost-benefit analysis is presented in this paper. Three bridges designed with intensities VI, VII and VIII are modeled and their seismic responses are calculated by push-over approach, and the damage indices are estimated by a stiffness degradation model. The vulnerability matrices are built from a set of probability density functions and the damage results. In seismic risk cost assessments of the bridges, both direct and indirect losses are taken into account by ratios to the original construction costs. The fortification intensity is evaluated from the minimum sum of the original cost and seismic risk cost in bridge life -cycle. The result shows that the most effective intensities at three sites with different hazards are close to those with exceeding probability 10 % in 50 years, except that intensity VIII is little bit better at a site in intensity VII zone.

In order to offer theoretical basis for the vibration prevention and noise reduction for the area along urban rail traffic line, the propagation laws of environmental vibration are summarized by analyzing observation data in time and frequency domain based on actual field observation data in Beijing. The mathematical statistics method under the criterion of least-squares has been used to study the vibration propagation and to establish the empirical formula of vertical ground vibration. The results obtained from the empirical formulas proposed agree with the results of field observation well. The vertical ground vibration level is much higher than that of horizontal. So the vertical ground vibration level is the most important aspect when evaluating ground environmental vibration level. The field response near the rail depends on the high frequency vibration caused by moving train and that far from the rail is dominated by the natural vibration frequency of train and the field vibration. The response amplitude of environmental vibration would be changed when load changed.

Objective: There has been an increasing interest in recent years in the role of stem cells. With an extensive understanding of their biology, a major role for stem cells in the malignant process has been proposed and the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been confirmed in hematopoietic malignancies and solid organ malignancies including brain cancer, breast, prostate, colon, and pancreatic cancer. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in most large cities of China. It is possible that lung cancer contains cancer stem cells responsible for its malignancy. The aim of this study is to identify, characterize and enrich the CSC population that drives and maintains lung adenocarcinoma growth and metastasis. Methods: Side population (SP) cell analysis and sorting were applied on human lung adenocarcinoma cell line and an attempt to further enrich them by preliminary serum-free culture before fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was done. Stem cell properties of SP cells were evaluated by their proliferative index, colony-forming efficiency, tumorigenic potential, bi-differentiation capacity and the expression of common stem cell surface markers. Results: Lung cancer cells could grow in a serum-free Medium (SFM) as non-adherent spheres similar to neurospheres or mammospheres. The proportion of SP cells in cell spheres was significantly higher than that in cells grown as monolayers. SP cells had a greater proliferative index, a higher colony-forming efficiency and a greater ability to form tumor in vivo. SP cells were both CCA positive and SP-C positive while non-SP cells were only SP-C positive. Flow cytometric analysis of cell phenotype showed that SP cells expressed CD133 and CD44, the common cell surface markers of cancer stem cells, while non-SP cells only expressed CD44. Conclusion: SP cells existed in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and they could be further enriched by preliminary serum-free culture before FACS sorting. SP cells possessed the properties of cancer stem cells.

This paper deals with the multiuser MIMO downlink beamforming scenario. In this scenario, a popular approach for designing the beamformer is the weighted minimum mean square error (WMMSE) approach for sum rate maximization. This work considers the WMMSE method from an implementation perspective, where we take into account practical factors — such as linear receivers (rather than successive interference cancellation receivers, which are implicitly assumed in some existing works but are more complex to implement) and imperfect channel knowledge at the transmitter — for deployment in systems such as long term evolution (LTE). A modified WMMSE algorithm that incorporates such factors is proposed. We evaluate the performance of the proposed WMMSE algorithm using a time division duplexing (TDD) LTE simulation platform, and show that our practice-oriented design can improve the system throughput by 3 ∼ 30% in comparison with the conventional WMMSE algorithm.

A random synthesis procedure based on finite fault model is adopted for near field strong ground motion simulation in this paper. The fault plane of the source is divided into a number of sub-sources, the whole moment magnitude is also divided into more sub-events. The Fourier spectrum of ground motion caused by a sub-event in given sub-source, then can be derived by means of taking the point source spectrum, attenuation with distance, energy dissipation, and near surface effect, into account. A time history is synthesized from this amplitude spectrum and a random phase spectrum, and being combined with an envelope function. The ground motion is worked out by superposition of all time histories from each sub-event in each sub-source, with time lags determining by the differences between the triggering times of sub-events and distances of the sub-sources. From the example of simulations at 21 near field points in a scenario earthquake with 4 dip angles of the fault plane, it is illustrated that the procedure can describe the rupture directivity and hanging wall effect very well. To validate the procedure, the response spectra and time histories recorded at three near fault stations MCN, LV3 and PCD during the Northridge earthquake in 1994, are compared with the simulated ones.

Purpose To examine effects of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training on depression, anxiety and length of hospital stay in Chinese female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy. Methods A total of 170 patients were randomly allocated to the intervention group ( n = 85) receiving music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training plus routine nursing care and the control group ( n = 85) receiving routine nursing care. Music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training were performed twice a day within 48 h after radical mastectomy, once in the early morning (6a.m.–8a.m.) and once in the evening (9p.m.–11p.m.), for 30 min per session until discharged from the hospital. Results A general linear model with univariate analysis showed that the intervention group patients had significant improvement in depression and anxiety in the effects of group ( F = 20.31, P F = 5.41, P = 0.017), time ( F = 56.64, P F = 155.17, P F = 6.91, P = 0.009; F = 5.56, P = 0.019). The intervention group patients had shorter length of hospital stay (12.56 ± 1.03) than that of the control group (17.01 ± 2.46) with statistical significance ( F = 13.36, P Conclusion Music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training can reduce depression, anxiety and length of hospital stay in female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy.

HM-3, an RGD-modified endostatin-derived polypeptide, is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor synthesized in our laboratory. This study investigated the HM-3 pharmacokinetics of intravitreally administered in mice eyes as an anti-angiogenesis drug for age-related macular degeneration.A total of 288 C57BL/6J mice were evaluated and divided into four groups. Each mouse in different groups received single bilateral intravitreal injection with HM-3. The concentrations of HM-3 in choroid/sclera, retina and serum were determined by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.After intravitreal administration of doses of 0, 10, 20 and 40 μg/eye HM-3, the observed maximum concentration (Cmax) was 12.98 ± 1.42, 27.87 ± 3.64 and 55.96 ± 11.94 ng/mg, respectively; and the total area under the curve (AUCtot) was 739.23 ± 190.32, 1171.74 ± 528.75 and 1777.71 ± 511.64 h ng/mg; the elimination half-life (T1/2) in retina was 104.85 ± 36.90, 107.42 ± 35.25 and 101.12 ± 15.82 h; the mean residence time (MRT) was 172.46 ± 63.80, 164.70 ± 52.72 and 181.32 ± 26.01 h, respectively. In choroid/sclera, the Cmax was 5.29 ± 0.34, 6.29 ± 1.87 and 8.14 ± 0.71 ng/mg, respectively; AUCtot was 579.03 ± 56.50, 762.20 ± 201.09 and 720.91 ±243.87 h ng/mg; T1/2 was 54.04 ± 25.99, 59.33 ± 24.46 and 47.10 ± 10.00 h, respectively; MRT was 139.98 ± 23.93, 155.43 ± 17.81 and 136.45 ± 18.17 h, respectively. But in serum, the Cmax was 482.00 ± 38.97, 493.94 ± 97.64 and 1033.10 ± 276.33 ng/ml, respectively; AUCtot was 21128.55 ± 4683.68, 53444.57 ± 16963.99 and 53164.84 ±1535.06 h ng/ml; T1/2 was 48.39 ± 14.89, 47.96 ± 12.97 and 49.98 ± 30.07 h, respectively; MRT was 108.6 ± 47.17, 159.76 ± 18.82 and 125.33 ± 21.41 h, respectively.The pharmacokinetic profiles of intravitreal administration HM-3 provide the basis for the development of reasonable dosing regimens of clinical choroidal neovascularization (CNV) treatment. However, the vitreous and blood retinal barrier might be barriers to drug distribution and diffusion. In addition, fluid flow for the anterior transport and choroidal blood circulation might play important roles for multiple peaking. Carrying out the research into pharmacokinetics of HM-3 provides the information for laying down drug delivery scheme in mice model of CNV.

By introducing the concept of radiosity intensity to diffuse surfaces, the ray tracing method is improved to analyze the thermal emission of a disc body of gray semitransparent material. The two plane surfaces of the disc body are both specularly reflecting, and the flank surface is either diffusely reflecting or specularly reflecting. The apparent thermal emission from one plane surface is investigated with considering the influences of the characteristic optical thickness, the dimensionless radius, the refractive index of the material and the reflecting characteristics of the flank surface. The directional and hemispherical emissions show considerable differences under different reflecting characteristics of the flank surface. Moreover, in some cases, the emission not only varies with the viewing direction but also with the apparent emitting position on the plane surface. Some interesting results are presented and discussed.