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The aim of this study was to develop population-specific regression equations for age estimation by investigating the correlation between chronological age and pulp–tooth volume ratios in three typ...

Piezoelectric sensors that can work under various conditions with superior performance are highly desirable with the arrival of the Internet of Things. For practical applications, a large piezoelectric voltage coefficient g and a high Curie temperature Tc are critical to the performance of piezoelectric sensors. Here, we report a two-dimensional perovskite ferroelectric (4-aminotetrahydropyran)2PbBr4 [(ATHP)2PbBr4] with a saturated polarization of 5.6 μC cm-2, high Tc of 503 K [above that of BaTiO3 (BTO, 393 K)], and extremely large g33 of 660.3 × 10-3 V m N-1 [much beyond that of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) ceramics (20 to 40 × 10-3 V m N-1), more than 2 times higher than that of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF, about 286.7 × 10-3 V m N-1)]. Combined with the advantages of molecular ferroelectrics, such as light weight, easy and environmentally friendly processing, and mechanical flexibility, (ATHP)2PbBr4 would be a competitive candidate for next-generation smart piezoelectric sensors in flexible devices, soft robotics, and biomedical devices.

Two-dimensional (2D) organic-inorganic perovskites (OIPs), with improved material stability over their 3D counterparts, are highly desirable for device applications. It is their considerable structural diversity that offers an unprecedented opportunity to engineer materials with fine-tuning functionalities. The isosteric substitution of hydrogen by an electronegative fluorine atom has been proposed as a useful route to improve the photovoltaic performance of 2D OIPs, whereas its valuable role in developing ferroelectricity is still waiting for further exploration. Herein, for the first time we applied fluorinated aromatic cations in extending the family of 2D OIP ferroelectrics, and successfully obtained [2-fluorobenzylammonium]2PbCl4 as a high-performance ferroelectric semiconductor. The failures in the nonferroelectric [4-fluorobenzylammonium]2PbCl4 and [3-fluorobenzylammonium]2PbCl4 demonstrate that the selective introduction of fluorine in correct structural positions is particularly essential. This work represents an unprecedented proof-of-concept in the use of fluorinated aromatic cations for the targeted design of excellent 2D OIP ferroelectrics, and is believed to inspire the future development of low-cost, high-efficiency, and stable device applications.

A new tin(IV)-based perovskite-type hybrid semiconductor, bis(trimethyliodomethylammonium) hexachloridostannate(IV) ([TMIM]2SnCl6), has been synthesized as a switchable dielectric phase transition ...

Piezoelectric materials are a class of important functional materials applied in high-voltage sources, sensors, vibration reducers, actuators, motors, and so on. Herein, [(CH3 )3 S]3 [Bi2 Br9 ](1) is a brilliant semiconducting organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite-type non-ferroelectric piezoelectric with excellent piezoelectricity. Strikingly, the value of the piezoelectric coefficient d33 is estimated as ≈18 pC N-1 . Such a large piezoelectric coefficient in non-ferroelectric piezoelectric has been scarcely reported and is comparable with those of typically one-composition non-ferroelectric piezoelectrics such as ZnO (3pC N-1 ) and much greater than those of most known typical materials. In addition, 1 exhibits semiconducting behavior with an optical band gap of ≈2.58 eV that is lower than the reported value of 3.37 eV for ZnO. This discovery opens a new avenue to exploit molecular non-ferroelectric piezoelectric and should stimulate further exploration of non-ferroelectric piezoelectric due to their high stability and low loss characteristics.

[C6N2H18][SbI5] (1), a novel metal halide semiconductor with dielectric relaxation behavior, has been successfully synthesized, in which the cavities between the one-dimensional [SbI5] n2- polyanions are occupied by 2-methyl-1,5-pentanediammonium (2-MPDA) cations. 1 undergoes a reversible solid-state phase transition at TC = 192.7 K and shows a step-like dielectric anomaly. Interestingly, above TC, distinct dielectric dispersion in a wide temperature range is also witnessed. Remarkably, the solid state UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrum of 1 exhibits a slightly gentler absorption edge at about 650 nm; that is, 1 adopts an indirect band gap with 1.92 electron volts. The combined narrow band gap, strong photoconductivity effect, and excellent dielectric relaxation might shed light on the exploitation of lead-free hybrid metal halide molecular materials with promising application prospects in thermoresponsive relaxation-type dielectric materials and photovoltaic conversion devices.

Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) are attracting tremendous interest for their great scientific and technological potential in photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Although the ferroelectricity in 2D HOIPs has been greatly developed, however, to date no phosphonium-based 2D HOIP ferroelectrics have yet been found. Meanwhile, electrostriction plays an important role in the electromechanical behavior of ferroelectrics, while it has never been reported for 2D HOIP ferroelectrics. Here, we present the first phosphonium-based 2D HOIP ferroelectric (EATMP)PbBr4 (EATMP = (2-aminoethyl)trimethylphosphanium) with a direct bandgap of 2.84 eV. Notably, (EATMP)PbBr4 possesses a high Curie temperature of 534 K, which is the highest among all reported 2D HOIP ferroelectrics. Moreover, it exhibits a large electrostrictive coefficient of about 3.96 m4 C-2 as well, far exceeding those of PVDF (1.3 m4 C-2) and inorganic ones (∼0.034-0.096 m4 C-2). With excellent ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties and the merit of easy fabrication, (EATMP)PbBr4 shows great potential in applications for future smart devices of actuators, transducers, and sensors.

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) with the general formula ABX3 hold phenomenal research interest for their great scientific and technological potential in photovoltaic, piezoelectric, and electroluminescent devices. It is their considerable structural diversity that offers a good opportunity to build a variety of HOIP structures with various functionalities. However, no organometallic-based HOIP piezoelectrics have yet been found, despite the structural diversity and functional richness of organometallic compounds such as the ferrocene-based family. Here, for the first time, we report an organometallic-based HOIP piezoelectric, [(ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium]PbI3. Benefitting from the stability of ferrocene-based cations, excellent piezoelectric performance, comparable to that of LiNbO3, can be obtained and optimized by tuning the anionic framework. The involvement of organometallic cations enables a narrow band gap of 2.37 eV, much lower than those of most HOIPs and some inorganic semiconductors. This work provides a new future direction for the study of perovskites and will inspire intriguing research on organometallic-based HOIP piezoelectrics.

For a century ferroelectricity has attracted widespread interest from science and industry. Inorganic ferroelectric ceramics have dominated multibillion dollar industries of electronic ceramics, ranging from nonvolatile memories to piezoelectric sonar or ultrasonic transducers, whose polarization can be reoriented in multiple directions so that they can be used in the ceramic and thin-film forms. However, the realization of macroscopic ferroelectricity in the polycrystalline form is challenging for molecular ferroelectrics. In pursuit of low-cost, biocompatible, and mechanically flexible alternatives, the development of multiaxial molecular ferroelectrics is imminent. Here, from quinuclidinium perrhenate, we applied fluorine substitution to successfully design a multiaxial molecular ferroelectric, 3-fluoroquinuclidinium perrhenate ([3-F-Q]ReO4), whose macroscopic ferroelectricity can be realized in both powder compaction and thin-film forms. The fluorination effect not only increases the intrinsic polarization but also reduces the coercive field strength. More importantly, it is also, as far as we know, the softest of all known molecular ferroelectrics, whose low Vickers hardness of 10.5 HV is comparable with that in poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) but almost 2 orders of magnitude lower than that in BaTiO3. These attributes make it an ideal candidate for flexible and wearable devices and biomechanical applications.

Since the associations of fermented dairy foods intake with risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remained inconsistent, we carried out this meta-analysis on all published cohort studies to estimate the overall effect. We searched the PubMed and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) databases for all articles within a range of published years from 1980 to 2018 on the association between fermented dairy foods intake and CVD risk. Finally, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria for this study, with 385,122 participants, 1,392 Myocardial infarction, 4,490 coronary heart disease (CHD), 7,078 stroke, and 51,707 uncategorized CVD cases. Overall, statistical evidence of significantly decreased CVD risk was found to be associated with fermented dairy foods intake (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.76-0.91). In subgroup analysis, cheese and yogurt consumptions were associated with decreased CVD risk (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.80-0.94 for cheese and OR = 0. 78, 95% CI = 0.67-0.89 for yogurt). Our meta-analysis indicated that fermented dairy foods intake was associated with decreased CVD risk.

Xiao-Gang Chen,1 Fu Hua,2 Shou-Guo Wang,1 Yong-Yi Xu,1 Hai-Tao Yue,1 Jin Sun1 1Department of Orthopedics, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu 223300, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Gynaecology, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu 223300, People’s Republic of China Background: Biosynthesis of leukotriene (LT) by arachidonic acid involves 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) as an important precursor. Here, we evaluated the role of pseudohypericin (PHP) for its postulated 5-LO inhibitory activity along with a Cys-LT receptor antagonist zafirlukast (ZFL) against inflammatory response and tissue injury in mice. Materials and methods: The spinal injury was induced by two-level laminectomy of T6 and T7 vertebrae. The inflammation was assessed by histology, inflammatory mediators by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, apoptosis by Annexin-V, FAS staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated UTP end labeling (TUNEL) assay and expression of Bax and Bcl-2 by Western blot. Effect on motor recovery of hind limbs was evaluated for 10days postinjury. Results: The spinal injury resulted in tissue damage, apoptosis, edema, infiltration of neutrophils with increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The spinal tissue showed elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and LTB4 and increased phosphorylation of injured extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2). The PHP, ZFL and combination decreased inflammation, tissue injury and infiltration of neutrophils. Treatment also decreased the levels of PGE2, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (pERK 1/2), LT, TNF-α and COX-2 with a marked reduction in apoptosis and improved the motor function. Conclusion: The present study confirmed 5-LO antagonist activity of PHP and established its neuroprotective role along with ZFL. Keywords: pseudohypericin, zafirlukast, 5-lipoxygenase, Cys-LT, mice

Bistable optical-electrical duplex switches represent a class of highly desirable intelligent materials because of their potential applications in the fields of next-generation flexible devices. However, controllable photoelectric switchable materials with high-performance dielectric-switching and optical-switching properties are still scarce, with triplex bistable switches being rarely reported. Herein, a novel optoelectronic triple-functional organic-inorganic material, 5-azonia-spiro[4,4]nonane tetrabromomanganese (1, [ASN]2[MnBr4], ASN = (CH2)4N(CH2)4), which undergoes a reversible solid-state phase transition around 327 K and exhibits a recognizable second harmonic generation (SHG) effect between SHG-on and SHG-off states, has been successfully synthesized and grown as block crystals. Intriguingly, the bromine-doped crystal can exhibit intense green luminescence with a high quantum yield of 13.07% under UV excitation, extending its application in the field of photoelectric seamless integration and/or flexible multifunctional devices.

Molecular optical-dielectric duple bistable switches are photoelectric (dielectric and fluorescent) multifunctional materials that can simultaneously convert optical and electrical signals in one device for seamless integration. However, exploring optical-dielectric duple channels of dielectric and photoluminescence is still a bigger challenge than single dielectric or photoluminescence bistable ones, which are hardly reported but probably will be heavily researched owing to the new generation artificial intelligence development needs in the future. Herein, a new optical-dielectric duple bistable switches material, [(CH3 )3 NCH2 CH3 ]2 MnCl4 (I), was obtained by a simple method for volatilization of solvents. Variable temperature single crystal X-ray analysis indicates that material I has a reversible bistable structure (order-disorder structure phase transition) corresponding to switching "ON'' and "OFF''. Unlike the single dielectric bistable structures that were previously reported, material I also own bistable features in terms of fluorescence property. This material enriches the specific examples of photoelectric duple function switch materials and facilitates the development of required devices.

Layered lead-halide organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have shown great application prospects in photovoltaics and optoelectronics because of their diverse structural assemblies and richness in physical properties. In this report, a rare corrugated layer lead bromide hybrid perovskite of (demethyltropinone)4Pb3Br10 was discovered undergoing a high-temperature reversible phase transition at 410 K, which is induced by the order-disorder transition of organic cation response to the variation of external temperature. The title compound exhibits prominent switchable dielectric behavior, coupled with semiconducting property and brilliant orange fluorescence under UV excitation. The integrated multifunction ability indicates the emergence of new promising materials and provides new fertile ground to discover more potentially useful materials.

Targeted neutrophil inhibitory-hirulog (TNHH) is a novel hybrid glycoprotein that may be a potential drug candidate for acute ischaemic stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TNHH in healthy volunteers and thereby determine the dose range for future clinical studies. This randomized, placebo-controlled study was a single ascending dose design with dose levels of 0.05–1.8 mg/kg (n = 4–6 active, 2 placebos per cohort) in 68 participants. In the TNHH 0.2–1.8 mg/kg and control cohorts, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic blood samples were collected over 168 h after intravenous (IV) administration. TNHH occupancy in peripheral blood neutrophils and blood coagulation were evaluated as the markers of target engagement. Two subjects withdrew from the trial before administration of the study treatment, 66 subjects are included in the data analysis. TNHH was well tolerated in all dose regimens. In total, five mild, self-limiting adverse events (AEs) were observed in 4 of the 66 study subjects. Dose-proportional increases in maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC0–t) of TNHH were observed. Traces of TNHH were excreted in urine. The elimination half-life (t½) ranged from 0.6 to 1.3 h in the eight groups with ascending dose levels. TNHH combined with CD11b/CD18 quickly achieved > 90% receptor occupancy in groups with doses above 0.2 mg/kg. The Cmax and AUC of binding TNHH with CD11b/CD18 increased with the dose. A significant prolongation with dose was observed on thrombin time (TT), and weak influences were observed on prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). TNHH was well-tolerated following IV infusion. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of TNHH indicate that it merits clinical trials. It is recommended that the single dose of TNHH should be 1.0 mg/kg in future studies, and the expected effect may be achieved after 5–7 days of continuous administration. The study is registered at http://www.chictr.org.cn as ChiCTR-TQR-14004752.

To develop population - specific stature prediction equations from measurements of the lower limb bone in a contemporary Chinese. 303 individuals of Han group in Western China, including 201 females and 102 males were collected. The study sample was randomly divided into two subgroups. A calibration sample, which consisted of 171 females and 87 males, was used to develop the regression formula. A validation sample comprising the remaining 30 female and 15 male individuals was then used to test the predictive accuracy of the established formula. The regression equations were developed from intact bones and fragments of the femur, tibia and fibula, the maximum lengths of femur, tibia, and fibula were highly correlated with the stature. The maximum length of femur provide the most accurate result with the prediction accuracy of 3.84 cm for unknown sex, 4.00 cm in the male group, 3.45 cm in the female group, 3.61 cm in the group with age no more than 45, 3.45 cm in the group with age above 45. Moreover, the multiple regression equations were developed, and they portray a more accurate stature in instances in which the femur, tibia and fibula are available. This paper provides indications that the femur, tibia and fibula are important bones for stature estimation and they could be effectively used in forensic cases.

A novel material with coexisting switchable nonlinear optical (NLO) and dielectric properties, [trimethylchloromethyl ammonium]2[ZnCl4] [(TMCM)2-ZnCl4], which undergoes two reversible solid state phase transitions at 337 K (Tc1) and 258 K (Tc2), respectively, has been successfully synthesized and grown as block crystals. Exceptionally, variable-temperature X-ray single crystal structural analyses of (TMCM)2-ZnCl4 reveal that the unusual space group changes from P212121 at 223 K to P21/c between Tc2 and Tc1 to Pmcn above Tc1. As expected, the dielectric value of (TMCM)2-ZnCl4 exhibits two remarkable step-like enlargements around Tc1 and Tc2, indicating that it exhibits a low dielectric state, an intermediate dielectric state and a high dielectric state. In particular, the second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency shows a sharp step-like increase from almost zero to 0.47, and its SHG activities in a high-NLO state can be recovered after several cycles without any attenuation. The transitions of (TMCM)2-ZnCl4 could be intrinsically ascribed to the sequential order–disorder transformations of both the cations and anions. All these results demonstrate its potential application as a switchable and tunable molecular dielectric and NLO material.

3D ABX3 organic-inorganic halide perovskite (OIHP) semiconductors like [CH3 NH3 ]PbI3 have received great attention because of their various properties for wide applications. However, although a number of low-dimensional lead-based OIHP ferroelectric semiconductors have been documented, obtaining 3D ABX3 OIHP ferroelectric semiconductors is challenging. Herein, an A-site cation [CH3 PH3 ]+ (methylphosphonium, MP) is employed to successfully obtain a lead-free 3D ABX3 OIHP ferroelectric semiconductor MPSnBr3 , which shows clear above-room-temperature ferroelectricity and a direct bandgap of 2.62 eV. It is emphasized that MPSnBr3 is a multiaxial molecular ferroelectric with the number of ferroelectric polar axes being as many as 12, which is far more than those of the other OIHP ferroelectric semiconductors and even the classical inorganic perovskite ferroelectric semiconductors BiFeO3 (4 polar axes) and BaTiO3 (3 polar axes). MPSnBr3 is the first MP-based 3D ABX3 OIHP ferroelectric semiconductor. This finding throws light on the exploration of other excellent 3D ABX3 OIHP ferroelectric semiconductors with great application prospects.

This study investigated the mechanisms responsible for the neuroprotective effect of sildenafil citrate (SFC) on ischemia-reperfusion spinal cord (SC) injuries. Balloon occlusion of the thoracic aorta was used to induce SC ischemia. The animals (n=30) were separated into three groups: sham, SC injury with saline, and SC injury with 5mg/kg i.p. SFC treatment (SFC). The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score was determined to assess neurological function at different time intervals after reperfusion. After 48h, histopathology of the SC was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and Nissl staining. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was estimated using an MPO assay kit. Western blot and ELISA assays were performed to estimate interleukin 1 & 10 (IL-1 & IL-10), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and nuclear factor (NF-kB) levels in SC tissue homogenates. The study results suggest that treatment with SFC significantly increased neurological function compared with the SC group. In addition, SFC treatment reduced MPO activity compared with the SC group, which subsequently inhibited the infiltration of neutrophils into the SC. There was a significant (p

Age estimation in living individuals is an area of increasing importance for both radiology and forensic medicine. Owing to a relatively late completion of maturation, the ischial tuberosity can offer a valuable alternative for assessing 18 years of age. However, the ossification of the ischial tuberosity has rarely been investigated with respect to forensic requirements. The aim of the study was to clarify how strong the chronological age relates to the ossification of the ischial tuberosity in the West China Han group. Our results indicated that the ischial tuberosity ossification appears to begin from 15.34 to 16.17 years for males, and from 14.39 to 15.64 years for females. The apophyseal cartilage begins to ossify from 18.50 to 19.17 years for males, and 18.73 to 19.44 years for females, and has fully ossified from 22.93 to 23.30 years for males, and 23.62 to 24.07 years for females. The present study offers a valuable alternative for age estimation.

Different of large volume concrete members strength will result in changes of its bearing capacity, thus affect form removal age of structure. In this paper for the large volume concrete members, calculated the strength of the component through the concept of maturity.

This paper studies respectively from the degree of prestress, the grade of concrete strength and the eccentricity, considers the different effects under the influence of different factors, at last gets the most reasonable material parameters.

According to the basic idea of the finite element method, using the finite element software ANSYS to establish the finite element model of the reinforcement FRP pipe concrete under axial compression, introducing the unit selection in the process of building model ,based on the principle of meshing boundary conditions and constitutive relations selected; The significant degree of the model verified by compare with the test results. Analyzed by finite element reinforcement ratio, concrete strength and other factors on the mechanical properties of concrete under axial compression reinforcement FRP pipe, the analysis of the results shows: The increase of reinforcement ratio to improve the point load of the specimens and improve the composite column ultimate bearing capacity, but the reinforcement ratio increase will reduce the binding effect of the FRP pipe; The whole component be improved the strength of concrete can improve the ultimate bearing capacity, but it reduces the mechanical properties of the specimens.

The effect of the modulation index of Mach-Zehnder modulator on single sideband (SSB) radio over fiber (RoF) system is investigated, and two different data modulation schemes are considered. The quantitative results suggest that there exist an optimum modulation index, and the system performance could be improved if the data signal is modulated on only optical carrier or sideband.

Analyzing intersection forms of two pipes and using the theory of analytic geometry,This paper establishs the mathematical model of two pipes intersection curve and designs a pipe intersecting curve cutting device.This device can control the rotary speed around the pipes and the movement speed of the pipes axial of the torch to cut pipes intersecting curve and ensuring that the torch does uniform movement. By two-axis linkage it can cut a certain scope diameter and various position intersection of the intersection of the two circular pipes intersecting curve and its structure is reasonable. It has good application value.

Wenchuan Earthquake occurred in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province, China, and numerous geo-hazards broke out simultaneously and landslides, collapse, debris flows pose a great threat to the security of life and property in earthquake hitting area. The post-earthquake geo-hazards, especially landslides will continue for years. Based on the North Mountain landslide triggered by Wenchuan earthquake in Fengxian, a new landslide monitoring principle that sliding force is greater than the anti-sliding force is the necessary and sufficient condition to occur the landslide is put forward, earthquake and rainfall condition also are take into consideration. According to the results of engineering geologic investigation and numerical simulation, the burial depth of potential sliding surface is determined, and the functional relationship between sliding force and perturbation force is set up. According to above analysis, two sets of Landslide remote monitoring systems (abbreviated SPRM-01) are installed on North Mountain Landslide, and around 15 months monitoring data are collected, based on these data two sets of monitoring curves are obtained, which can indicated the change feature of sliding mass and the analysis results provide scientific basis for the stability analysis and hazard assessment of sliding mass.

Wireless communication technology has been used widely, different technologies have different application range and applicability. In this study, several commonly used wireless communication technologies were comparatively analyzed on the transmission rate, use cost and power consumption, and so on. It is concluded that the characteristics of ZigBee technology accord with the research needs, and it has many advantages in landslide disaster remote monitoring applications. Wireless sensor network was established based on ZigBee technology, then planar landslide information acquisition transmission system was developed, and immediately applied in engineering fields. Application results show that the system runs stable, and its effect is really good, which provides powerful support for later promotion.

The main purpose of the research is to discuss the influence on ground water by NH4-N in polluted river and river bed. In the lab-scale experiment three kinds of natural sand were chosen as infiltration medium, and polluted rivers were simulated by domestic sewage, after 10-month sand column test it was found that NH4-N came to adsorption saturation on the 17th day in coarse sand and on the 130∼140th day in medium sand, then had a higher effluent concentration because of desorption. It is concluded that NH4-N easily moved to ground water. When the concentration of NH4-N in Liangshui River were 46.86, 26.95 mg/L, that in groundwater are less than 1.10 mg/L. It is found that Liangshui River have a little influence on groundwater because of bottom mud, thickness and character of the infiltration medium under the river bed and seepage quantity of river water. Clean water leaching test states that after the silt is cleared away and clean water is poured, NH4-N in the penetration media under the polluted river is obviously carried into ground water, and ground water is polluted secondly.

The performance of optical carrier suppression (OCS) radio over fiber (RoF) system is evaluated through tuning the modulation index of Mach-Zehnder modulator, and two different data modulation schemes are considered. The quantitative simulation results validate that there exist an optimum modulation index, and the system performance could be improved if the data signal is modulated on only one of two sidebands.

The criminal age estimation procedures have gained greatest significance to date, a reliable age diagnostics may depend on data of skeletal maturation from different socioeconomic status. In order to establish the iliac crest apophysis as a possible criterion for forensic age estimation in a different socioeconomic status, and to examine the pace of ossification for the iliac crest apophysis in Western Chinese, one thousand seven hundreds and seventy-seven conventional pelvic radiographs relating to West China Han group routinely taken between January 2010 and June 2012 have been sighted. The data was analysed with separation of the sexes. The results indicated that stage 2a was last observed in females at the age of 17.00 and in males at the age of 18.01, stage 3a was first achieved in females at the age of 14.46 and in males at the age of 15.31, stage 4 was observed between 17.95 and 25.98 years for male and between 18.36 and 25.95 years for female. By comparison with previous studies, our research indicated that Western Chinese presents a delaying development for the iliac crest apophysis. Furthermore, the present study with eight stages of ossification for the iliac crest offers a valuable alternative method of estimation of 18 years of age for Western Chinese.

The long-term electricity price series in power market are focused in this paper. The statistical fractal dimension in four domestic and foreign power markets is calculated respectively. The scale-frequency relationship and some statistical fractal characteristics such as negative power law similarity can be obviously observed. Therefore, the model of fractional Brownian motion is applied to mathematically describe electricity prices and its fluctuation. Using the method of R/S analysis, the Hurst exponents of electricity price series in power markets are respectively calculated. It can be discovered that electricity prices follow biased random walk, i.E. Brownian motion process. The distribution of electricity prices has long-term dependence and statistical autocorrelation. So electricity market satisfies the general laws of fractal market, and has the characteristics of fractal, which can provide a new pattern of describing electricity prices in power market. (6 pages)