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Oral food challenges (OFCs) are becoming more important because of the move toward early food introduction, as well as the practice of offering low-dose OFCs to infants before starting daily ingestion of a small amount of food protein.1 Both approaches aim to promote and accelerate the development of oral tolerance in infants and toddlers.2 Our previous study revealed that the median times of onset of allergic symptoms following single-dose milk and egg challenges were 20 and 50 minutes, respectively.

Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder (AMG) is characterized by mucosal hyperplasia leading to invagination through the thickened muscle layer, which is relatively common in adults, but is rare in childhood. We report a 12-year-old boy with adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder combined segmental and fundal type. This combined type is rare in adults and is first reported here in childhood. Although initial imaging with computed tomography (CT) suggested the presence of a circular solid mass-like lesion because of its rare morphology, repeated ultrasonography (US) was useful for leading to a correct diagnosis.

Several studies have shown that brain hypothermia therapy (BHT) after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) can improve neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, there have been no reports of the neurodevelopmental outcomes for the infant with a serum creatine kinase (CK) level above 20,000 IU/L in association with neonatal HIE. We report a female infant with a very high serum CK level (26,428 IU/L) associated with neonatal asphyxia. We diagnosed this infant with moderate HIE, and BHT was achieved by head cooling within 6 hours after birth to an esophageal temperature of 34.5°C. There were no significant adverse events during BHT, and the CK level spontaneously decreased. Although we report only the short-term outcomes for this case, she presents neurodevelopmental delays at the age of 18 months. It may be correlated between high serum CK level and long-term neurodevelopmental delays. Abbreviations: CK, creatine kinase; HIE, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; BHT, brain hypothermia therapy; NRFS, non-reassuring fetal status; CK-MB, creatine kinase-myocardial band; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CK-BB, creatine kinase-brain band.

The purpose was to review our experiences and determine if applying the sky blue method is reliable in confirming gastric tube (GT) placement in neonates.The study population consisted of 44 infants (55 placements) who were admitted to the Takeda General Hospital between April 2012 and March 2013 and who required GT exchange. The sky blue method using indigo carmine (IC) was indicated for planned tube exchange only. Diluted IC was injected into the gastric space via the old GT just before the tube exchange. The tube was exchanged using a standard method. Then, we checked whether the diluted IC could be collected through the new GT or not.The reasons for GT placement were a gestational age of35 weeks in 31 (56.4%), poor sucking or swallowing disorders in 17 (30.4%), and respiratory disorders in 7 (12.7%) of the 55 placements. GT placement using the sky blue method was considered successful in 52 placements (94.4%), with the remaining 3 placements (5.6%) considered to be failures due to the inability to obtain IC from the gastric space. No adverse events were observed during the tube exchange period.Based on the results, the sky blue method can be considered to be reliable method for the confirmation of GT placement. These results also suggest that the number of radiologic evaluations performed to confirm correct replacement of the GT in infants can be reduced in the future.

Because the role of eosinophils in neonates is not well understood, the clinical significance of eosinophilia in neonates is unclear. We encountered a rare case of cow's milk allergy in a premature male infant with severe eosinophilia in the neonatal period. The peripheral blood eosinophil count in this infant was 7,404/μL at birth, and he produced stools with fresh blood immediately after birth and prior to the first feedings with regular cow's milk. Although the patient's eosinophil count normalized without specific treatment within 6 weeks after birth, it is possible that the causes of the eosinophilia in this infant prior to the first feedings with regular cow's milk were different from those after the first feedings. Cow's milk allergy was diagnosed on the basis of the patient's positivity for this allergy in the challenge test and subsequent allergen-specific lymphocyte stimulation test performed at 6 months of age.