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Introduction: Recently, toothpastes containing herbal antimicrobial ingredients have gained popularity due to their reduced side effects. This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of two herbal toothpastes and a nonherbal type on pathogens responsible for caries and periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: Full and 1:3 concentrations of two herbal toothpastes (Himalaya® and Herbex®) and a nonherbal type as the positive control (Crest® cavity protection) were prepared. Sterile distilled water was considered as the negative control. Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus casei, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) were cultivated on agar plates and incubated after adding toothpaste preparations. The diameter of the inhibition zone was measured in millimeters. Two-way analysis of variance and Tukey Post-hoc tests were applied at P < 0.05. Results: The mean margin diameter was higher in full concentration than the diluted 1:3 formula for all examined toothpastes (P < 0.001). All three toothpaste types exerted a significant antimicrobial effect compared to the negative control (P < 0.05). The antimicrobial effect of Herbex® on S. sobrinus was significantly lower than the positive control, and it was significantly less effective against S. mutans compared to Himalaya (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the efficacy of Himalaya® on L. casei and A.a was significantly lower than the positive control (P < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed in other pair comparisons. Conclusion: Considering the observed efficacy of herbal toothpastes against cariogenic bacteria and periopathogens, they potentially qualify as complementary agents for self-care oral hygiene procedures.

Introduction: This study assessed the effect of apical size and taper on the efficacy of root canal disinfection with LED photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunct to irrigation with sodium hypochlorite. Methods: A total of 126 extracted human mandibular molars were divided into 4 groups. The mesiobuccal canal was prepared to size 25/4% in group 1, 25/6% in group 2, 30/4% in group 3, and 30/6% in group 4 using the iRaCe rotary system. A 21-day Enterococcus faecalis biofilm was prepared and used for inoculation of the canals. Each group was randomly divided into 3 subgroups for canal disinfection with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite plus LED PDT and saline (positive control). Samples from the root canals were obtained with rotary files and cultured. Microbiologic data were analyzed using the Poisson regression test. Results: The bacterial count significantly decreased following disinfection with sodium hypochlorite with/without PDT in all sizes and tapers of preparation compared with the control group (P0.05). However, the apical size and PDT had a significant effect on the number of residual bacteria (P

This study aimed to assess the viability, distribution and penetration of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) into three types of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) membranes. HGFs (HGF1-PT1 cell line) were seeded and cultured onto three types of ADM membranes, namely medium-thickness and thick Regen, SureDerm and one collagen matrix (Mucoderm). Viability and proliferation of HGFs on membranes were assessed at 24, 48 and 72 h and seven days using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Distribution and morphology of cells were assessed qualitatively at 24 h and seven days using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Penetration of HGFs on day seven was assessed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Viability of HGFs was not significantly different on the four types of membranes at 24 or 48 h (P > 0.05). At seven days, viability on SureDerm was higher than that in other groups and cell viability on thick Regen was less than that in other groups (P

Introduction. Pemphigus is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease which can cause blisters and mucocutaneous erosions. ABO secretor refers to those who secrete ABO blood group antigens based on their blood type in body fluids such as saliva, sweat, tears, semen, and serum. Previous studies showed that nonsecretor people are more prone to certain autoimmune diseases. Aim. The aim of this study was to determine the ABO secretor status in the saliva of patients with pemphigus vulgaris. Materials and Methods. This case-control study was conducted on 35 patients with pemphigus vulgaris and 35 healthy controls. The two groups were matched for age and gender. Pemphigus vulgaris diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology and direct immunofluorescence microscopy. ABO blood grouping was done, and 5 ml of unstimulated saliva was collected to determine secretor status. Secretors were recognized from nonsecretors by the Wiener agglutination inhibition test. Results were extracted by using statistical chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Results. 16 male and 19 female patients aged 49.43 ± .12.37 years were compared with 16 male and 19 female controls aged 46.43 ± 11.88 years. The most frequent blood group among case and control groups was O (54.3% and 60%, respectively). There was no significant difference in blood groups (P=0.73). 90% of the samples were ABO secretors. The patient group included 31 (88.6%) and the control group included 32 (91.4%) ABO secretors; there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=1.000). Conclusion. In this study, we observed that the people with nonsecretor status in comparison with the people with secretor status are not more susceptible to develop pemphigus vulgaris.

Sustainable development requires scheduling and implementation of projects by considering cost, environment, energy, and quality factors. Using a robust approach, this study investigates the time-cost-quality-energy-environment problem in executing projects and practically indicates its implementation capability in the form of a case study of a bridge construction project in Tehran, Iran. This study aims to take into account the sustainability pillars in scheduling projects and uncertainties in modeling them. To model the study problem, robust nonlinear programming (NLP) involving the objectives of cost, quality, energy, and pollution level is applied with resource-constrained. According to the results, as time diminished, the cost, energy, and pollution initially decreased and then increased, witha reduction in quality. To make the model close to the real world by considering uncertainties, the cost and quality tangibly improved, and pollution and energy consumption declined. We applied the augmented \begin{document}$ \varepsilon $\end{document}-constraint method to solve the proposed model. According to the result of the research, with regard to the time-cost, time-quality, time-energy, and time-pollution charts, as uncertainty increases, the cost and quality will improve, and pollution and energy will decrease.The proposed model can be employed for all industrial projects, including roads, construction, and manufacturing.

Background: Periostin acts as a necessary protein for tissue integrity and maturity and has a key role as a modulator of periodontal ligament hemostasis. It has been shown that periostin acts as a supportive protein. The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of periostin in the saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: In this case–control, cross-sectional study, a total of 45 individuals (25 patients with chronic periodontitis and 20 healthy controls) were evaluated. Whole saliva samples were collected, and periostin levels were evaluated by standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results were analyzed by SPSS and Mann–Whitney analysis. Results: The results of this study showed that the level of periostin in saliva in patients with periodontitis was significantly lower than healthy controls (P < 0.05). Periostin was detectable in all samples. Conclusion: The results show that there is a significant relationship between the level of periostin in saliva and chronic periodontitis. Periostin may be considered as an inflammatory marker in periodontal disease. However, further studies are needed to confirm this finding.

Objectives Chronic periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease of the oral cavity that causes destruction of periodontal tissues and bone around the teeth. Sclerostin is a protein encoded by the SOST gene. In this study, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of sclerostin in patients with chronic periodontitis were compared with those of healthy subjects. Materials and Methods In this case-control study, a total of 40 subjects were enrolled and divided into the healthy group (n=23) and chronic periodontitis group (n=17). GCF samples were collected, and the concentration of sclerostin was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Comparison of significance between groups was assessed using Mann-Whitney U test. Results Sclerostin concentration was significantly higher in the chronic periodontitis group compared with the healthy group (P

Background: Regarding the prevalence and importance of periodontal disease and the potential of salivary biomarkers for the early diagnosis of these diseases, this study was conducted to compare salivary concentrations of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and Interleukin-18 (IL-18) in patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: The present research was a descriptive–analytical and also a cross-sectional study. Unstimulated saliva with full-mouth clinical periodontal recordings were obtained from 20 healthy individuals and 20 individuals with chronic periodontitis. The concentrations of salivary IL-17 and IL-18 were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The nonparametric Mann–Whitney U-test was used for statistical analysis of the findings. Alpha level was set at 0.05. Results: The mean salivary concentration of IL-18 in patients with chronic periodontitis was 143.10 pg/mL, which was higher than the same concentration in healthy controls (78.33 pg/mL), (P = 0.035). The mean salivary concentration of IL-17 in patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy controls was 3.51 and 4.57 pg/mL, respectively, and there was no difference between the two groups (P = 0.283). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, it may be suggested that an elevated salivary IL-18 level in chronic periodontitis patients has the potential to be a biomarker for periodontal tissue destruction.

Background: Gingival Overgrowth (GO) is a well documented and unwanted side effect that occurs mainly as a result of certain antiseizure, phenytoin. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of phenytoin on proliferation and production of IL1β and PGE2 in cultured human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) of children and adults. Materials and Methods: Normal HGFs were obtained from 4 healthy children and 4 adult and then were cultured with phenytoin (20 mg/ml). MTT test was used to evaluate the proliferation and ELISA to determine the level of IL1β and PGE2 production by HGFs. Analysis of proliferation were assessed by Independent T-Test and ANOVA analysis was used to assess the level of IL1β and PGE2 production with an a error level less than 0.05. Results: The proliferation of HGF was not affected significantly by phenytoin in both cultured fibroblast sources (P > 0.05). Phenytoin induced a significantly higher formation of IL1β and PGE2 in child’s HGFs as compared to adult’s HGFs (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that different inflammatory responses and cytokine formation by child’s and adult’s HGFs are the probable key elements that cause different reactions of phenytoin therapy. More advanced and systematic studies are needed to verify these findings.

Background and Aim: Human gingival fibroblasts cultured on collagen membrane as an alternative treatment method used in tissue regeneration can lead to improved results in root coverage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the human gingival fibroblast proliferation and adhesion cultured on three types of collagen membranes. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, first-line human gingival fibroblast cells (HGF1-RT1) prepared and cultured on three membranes, including porcine pericardium (PP) (Jason, Botiss dental), human pericardium (HP) (Regen, Faravardeh Baft Iranian), and glutaraldehyde cross-linked (GC) (BioMend Extend, Zimmer Dental). Cell survival was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) after 24, 48, and 72 h and 7 days. Furthermore, morphology and adhesion of cells on the membrane were evaluated after 1 and 7 days by electron microscopy (scanning electron microscopy [SEM]). Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Based on the results of MTT, cell survival on HP and PP membranes after 7 days significantly increased (P < 0.001), but for the GC membrane, it was reduced after 7 days (P = 0.031). Cell survival on HP and PP membranes did not differ (P = 1) and was more than GC (P < 0.001). SEM images showed that the adhesion of cells was better on HP and PP membranes than GC. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that natural collagen membranes (HP and PP) similarly support proliferation and adhesion of gingival fibroblasts. Survival and adhesion of gingival fibroblasts on cross-linked collagen membrane was less than two other membranes.

The original online version of this article (Vahabi, S., Moslemi, M., Nazemisalman, B. and Yadegari, Z. (2014) Phenytoin Effects on Proliferation and Induction of IL1β and PGE2 in Pediatric and Adults’ Gingival Fibroblasts. Open Journal of Stomatology, 4, 452-462. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojst.2014.49061) was published without one of the coauthor mistakenly. To reflect the contribution and responsibility of the fifth author as well as the affiliations of the authors at the time of the study, we revised authorship and author affiliations of the article. The author wishes to correct the errors to: Surena Vahabi1, Masomeh Moslemi2, Bahareh Nazemisalman3*, Zahra Yadegari4, Faranak Mahjour5 1Periodontics Department, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2Pedodontic Department, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3Pedodontic Department, Dental School, ZUMS, Zanjan, Iran 4Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran 5Dental Research Center, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran