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Study design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Objective To investigate the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of spine-related malpractice claims in China in a 2-year period. Methods The arbitration files of the Chinese Medical Association (CMA) were reviewed for spine-related malpractice claims. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were conducted on claim characteristics, clinical data, plaintiff’s main allegations, and arbitration outcomes. Results A total of 288 cases of spinal claims filed in the CMA between January 2016 and December 2017 were included. Most claims were found in lumbar degenerative disorders (59.4%), lumbar trauma (13.2%), and cervical degenerative disorders (11.8%). The most common adverse events (AEs) leading to claims were new neurologic deficit (NND) (47.6%), infection (11.5%), and insufficient symptom relief (10.4%). The most common patient allegation was surgical error (66.0%), although the main arbitrated cause of AEs was disease/treatment itself (49.0%), while providers were judged as mainly responsible in only 47.3% cases. In multivariate regression analysis, cervical spine, misdiagnosis/mistreatment, and unpredictable emergency correlated with more severe damage to patients; minimally invasive surgery was predictive of judgment in plaintiff’s favor, while claims in the eastern region and unpredictable emergencies were predictive of defendant’s favor; only NND was associated with being arbitrated as surgical error in surgical cases where surgeons accepted major liability. Conclusion The current study provided a descriptive overview and risk factor analysis of spine-related malpractice claims in China. Gaining improved understanding of the facts and causes of malpractice claims may help providers reduce the risk of claims and subsequent litigation.

In order to investigate the mechanism of financial technology on big data industry, this paper selected the relevant data of 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China from 2013 to 2018 to establish a dynamic panel data model to measure the impact of financial technology on big data industry; and then used the mediating effect test method to test the action path of financial technology on big data industry through big data enterprise financing constraints. The results show that the regression coefficient of financial technology to big data industry is significantly positive at the significance level of 5%, it indicates that the financial technology can directly promote the development of big data industry. In the control variables, the regional technological innovation ability and the degree of opening to the outside world play a significant role in promoting the big data industry. In addition, the big data enterprise financing constraints have a partial mediating effect, the mediating effect account for 12.27% of the total effect, it indicates that the financial technology can indirectly promote the development of big data industry by alleviating the big data enterprise financing constraints.

Objective. To assess the effectiveness and safety of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) for the treatment of chronic low back pain (CLBP). Methods. This was a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) designed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis statement standard. We identified relevant studies by searching multiple electronic databases, trial registries, and websites up to April 30, 2021, and examining reference lists. We selected RCTs that compared ESWT, in unimodal or multimodal therapeutic approaches, with sham ESWT or other active therapies. Two investigators independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias and quality of the evidence. The main outcomes were pain intensity and disability status, examined as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The risk of bias was assessed by using Cochrane Back and Neck (CBN) Group risk of bias tool and Jadad score, and GRADE was applied to determine the confidence in effect estimates. Heterogeneity was explored using sensitivity analysis and meta-regression. Results. Ten RCTs, including a total of 455 young to middle-aged individuals (29.2–55.8 years), were identified. Compared with control, the ESWT group showed lower pain intensity at month 1 ( SMD = − 0.81 , 95% CI −1.21 to −0.42), as well as lower disability score at month 1 ( SMD = − 1.45 , 95% CI −2.68 to −0.22) and at month 3 ( SMD = − 0.69 , 95% CI −1.08 to −0.31). No serious shockwave-related adverse events were reported. Conclusion. The use of ESWT in CLBP patients results in significant and quantifiable reductions in pain and disability in the short term. However, further well-conducted RCTs are necessary for building high-quality evidence and promoting the application of ESWT in clinical practice.

Process tomography (PT) techniques have been developed rapidly for visualizing the internal behavior of industrial processes, e.g. multi-phase flow measurement. Most of tomography systems employ a single measurement technique, such as computerized tomography (CT), optical tomography (OT), electrical resistance tomography (ERT) or electrical capacitance tomography (ECT). It is now possible to fit two or more tomographic systems to an industrial process. Detailed information from different modalities can be gained by inspection of separate tomographs, and the advantage of the strongest features provided by each unit can be taken. A combined tomogram can be produced of superior quality to any of the separate tomograms. To maximize the information available from the combined tomographic system, data fusion is the better option. In this paper, a dual-mode tomography system based on capacitance sensor and gamma sensor was developed to capture oil–gas two-phase flow. The two modalities can work at the same time. Two fusion methods, namely image fusion method and data fusion method, are proposed. Both simulation and static experiments for oil–gas two-phase flow were conducted. The reconstruction results of different fusion methods and modalities were compared and discussed.

Monoclinic Gd2O3 transparent ceramics with spherical shape were successfully fabricated by a laser heating method. A simple model was used to describe the heating depth and cooling rate during the laser scanning process. The XRD analysis shows that these microspheres exhibit monoclinic structure which is room temperature thermodynamically unstable but kinetically possible due to the fast cooling rate. The SEM images show that these micro-spheres are polycrystalline and composed of randomly oriented Gd2O3 grains about 10 μm in particle diameter. No cracks, pores or secondary phase were observed at the grain boundary or inside the grains. A close-packed Gd2O3 spheres single layer was designed and prepared, and the in-line transmittance of this layer is about 44% in the visible light range. Pore-free monoclinic Gd2O3 can be transparent due to the slight difference between its ordinary and extraordinary refractive index (n e and n o). Another reason for its transparency is the small amount of grain boundaries though which light pass. Medical radiograph needs scintillators with small volume size (to increase the image lateral resolution and minimize optical cross-talking) and good transparency (to avoid severe light scattering and increase signal intensity). Transparent ceramic spheres may provide the possibility to meet those criterions.

The CTOD (Crack Tip Opening Displacement) evaluation and control for HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) toughness of welded joints are the most effective measures to the security of steel structures. This paper address the problem of the newly developed offshore structure steel API 2W 50Z with heavy thickness of 100mm. In accordance with the American Petroleum Institute standard Recommended Practice 2Z (API PR 2Z), the CTOD tests of two critical positions of HAZ in three kinds of heat inputs were carried out in low temperature (-10°C). All of these CTOD testing and assessments are finished under the witness of American Bureau of Shipping (ABS). The result shows that all of the CTOD values are greater than the required value (0.38mm) in API RP 2Z. This indicates that the newly developed offshore structure steel (API 2W 50Z) meet the requirement of the toughness. Further, the CTOD testing and assessments in several international standards about weld joints of steel plates are also compared and discussed in this paper.

In the cast-resin dry-type transformer design, the determination of winding hottest-spot temperature rise is very important. It determines the safe and cost of transformers. In this paper, a thermal model for analysis of the hottest-spot temperature distribution of cast-resin dry-type transformer has been introduced. The model is based on electrical analogy method and a current source is used to represent the thermal flow source of windings, and a nonlinear resistor is used to represent the effect of air in duct. A 500kVA cast-resin dry-type transformer has been selected and experiment is carried out to demonstrate the model

As a new field in the service industry, logistics is growing rapidly and is regarded as a fundamental industry in a national economy. Its development is an important symbol of a country’s modernization and national strength. It also works as an accelerator in economic development. At the initial stage of transforming traditional logistics service to a modern logistics service in China, logistics enterprises have encountered many difficulties and problems including an imbalanced supply and demand, distempered industrial structure, faultiness of serving process and backwardness of logistics technology since 2005.Compared with developed countries, there is a great gap between Chinese logistics enterprises and advanced countries’ in the aspects of service concepts, model, and content and techniques. Therefore, based on the service innovation driving model theory, the authors analyze the integrated innovation model of logistics enterprises, logistics technology and network model, and the value-added service model. The authors select Shenzhen China Overseas Logistics Co. LTD (COL) as the empirical object to analyze its operation of technology and non-technology innovation and summarize its inner and outer driving force on promoting service innovation.

The expression of resistin protein in normal human abdominal, thigh, pregnant women abdominal, non-pregnant women abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and placenta and the relationship between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), pregnant physiological insulin resistance (IR) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was investigated. The expression of resistin protein in normal human abdominal, thigh, pregnant women abdominal, non-pregnant women abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and placenta was detected by using Western blotting method. Fasting serum glucose concentration was measured by glucose oxidase assay. Serum cholesterol (CHOL), serum triglycerides (TG), serum HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined by full automatic biochemical instrument. Fasting insulin was measured by enzyme immunoassay to calculate insulin resistance index (IRI). Height, weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF%). Resistin protein expression in pregnant women placental tissue (67 905±8441) (arbittary A values) was much higher than that in subcutaneous adipose tissue in pregnant women abdomen (40 718±3818,P

Fourier ptychography (FP) is a newly developed imaging technology, which can reconstruct high-resolution (HR) wide-field image from a series of low-resolution (LR) images. The limitation of FP is its long acquisition and reconstruction time due to the numerous LR images that are needed and the low illumination intensity of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) which lead to long exposure time of imaging sensors. Many researches have been done to speed up FP. The available speeding-up methods with single LED illumination are still constrained by low illumination intensity of LED. Although multi-illumination methods can improve illumination intensity, they are time-consuming during spectrum decomposition. In this paper, we demonstrate a new efficient method, termed symmetric Fourier ptychography (SFP). For thin samples irrespective of phases, two center-symmetric illuminations generate the same intensity distribution, so that two center-symmetric LEDs used in FP can be lit up simultaneously and the illumination intensity is doubled. Spectra have central conjugate symmetry in Fourier domain so that only half of spectra need recovering, then, the processing time can be reduced by about 50%. Simulations are conducted with the Cameraman image as input amplitude. The LR images are generated based on the FP simulation process and then the LR images generated by LEDs from two center-symmetrical positions are summed. Furthermore, HR images are recovered by using FP reconstruction algorithms. It is found that root-mean-square-error of SFP is almost the same as that of traditional FP, which indicates that the SFP can achieve the same performance as that of traditional FP. Then, central conjugate symmetry is adopted in Fourier domain, where only half of spectra are recovered and the other half of spectra are obtained from conjugate symmetry. It proves that HR images can be recovered based on central conjugate symmetry in Fourier domain and 50% of processing time is saved. For imaging experiments of USAF target and biological samples, two LEDs of central symmetry are lit up simultaneously, and 113 LR images are gathered in contrast with 225 ones of traditional FP. It is also found that SFP can achieve the same resolution as that of the traditional FP. In the meantime, SFP can reduce about 50% LR images and save about 70% acquisition time without increasing the complexity of FP system and algorithms. In addition, SFP can be combined with other methods to further speed up the speed of FP, and its feasibility is proven by the experimental results of combination with adaptive Fourier ptychography. All results in this paper indicate that the proposed method has the potential to improve the application of FP in real-time imaging.

Background The pathogenesis of Monteggia injuries remains controversial. The current study biomechanically explored the pathological changes during Monteggia fractures using finite element analysis. Methods Two cadaveric forearm specimens underwent computed tomography in both the prone and supine positions. The images were imported to Mimics to construct three-dimensional images. The obtained models of the annular ligaments were assembled onto the bones. Two thin gaps were produced at the proximal third of the ulna to simulate a Monteggia fracture. The models were analyzed mechanically. The initial fracture process was simulated by constraining the distal portions of the radius and ulna and the dorsal fracture sites of the ulna. The mechanical changes of the annular ligament in the two positions were observed and compared. Results In the prone position, the maximum Z-axial displacement of the annular ligament was close to that along the Y-axis, although with a significant difference (P

This paper investigates the maximal achievable multi-rate throughput problem of a layered multicast session at the presence of network coding. Firstly formulated is the maximal achievable throughput problem with the assumption that the data layers are independent and layer rates are static. It is proved that the problem in this case is NP-hard. Meanwhile an upper bound of maximal achievable multi-rate throughput is presented.

In this paper, we introduced an adaptive cumulative layered multicast scheme, ACLM, to address multicast receivers’ heterogeneity in available bandwidth. ACLM uses an optimal layer rate allocation algorithm which can maximally satisfy each receiver’s available bandwidth. Through a novel feedback aggregate algorithm, ACLM dynamically determines the number of layers and the rate of each layer. Simulation results show that ACLM is adaptive and TCP-friendly. Meanwhile it can optimize overall throughput

With the development of IT technology, network brings new inspiration for education, so it has been regarded as one of important environments for learner and collaborative learning has become an important learning mode of network self-study. Based on the theory and method of knowledge management, the author selects tourism Electronic Commerce course as the empirical object to establish a new teacher-guided, students-oriented teaching system which is proved to effectively foster students' innovation, exploration and collaboration in learning under the settings of Blackboard.

Now the tourism information is overflow in the internet, but the useful information is had to find out. So, it takes the recommendation technology in common use as the research object, and adopts the comparison method to study different recommendation technologies, such as the association rules, collaborative filtering and item-based recommendation. The Apriori algorithm is discussed in the association rules first, therefore an improved Apriori method has been considered as an appropriate recommendation ways for tourism information service. Second, there are more and more evaluation record for those new or old tourist destinations or scenic spot by visitor can be found in internet, so it is easy to generate recommendation itemset. Then the collaborative filtering recommendation is selected as a promising recommend technology for tourism. Besides, the best feature of the item-based collaborative filtering recommendation is its expansibility so it is also a useful method for massive tourism information service. Lastly, the applicable tourism information recommendation method has been defined based on the user modeling.

Guangdong is rich in intangible cultural heritage with distinguishable characteristics. However, its protection is still at the stage of manual management. To reflect the history and dynamic development of live culture and to make intangible cultural heritage accord with its own trajectory and the evolution of social and historical environment, this paper presents the design of the management information system of Guangdong intangible cultural heritage based on GIS. With GIS technology we can centralize the management of culturally thematic data and geographic terrain data, and accordingly put forward the instructions and the key technical descriptions of its usage.

Theme park is the man-made landscape that is representative of a tourist area, because in the park there are have to be massive large-scale entertainment facilities, thus the facility management and the monitoring are extremely important in the theme park. This article take the Happy Valley, located at Shenzhen city of China, as the research object. According to on-the-spot investigation result, the study has completed the management information system plan and the design work. The primary coverage of the study includes: (1) Function demand analysis. (2) System and structural design. (3) System database design. (4) System development plan. This article discusses one kind of management information system construction strategy based on GIS. It suits in the large-scale entertaining theme park application. It will be beneficial to constructing and managing highly effectively to the standard and the sequencing in the next theme park informatization.

In the EDBMGIS (Embedded Database Based Mobile Geospatial Information Service) architecture application, the data of embedded database in the mobile terminal is duplicated from the server. After a period's system operation, data in both the mobile client and server will be changed. In order to keep the data consistency, the synchronization of data on both side is discussed in this paper. In addition, a tiered replication model which is put forward to solve the synchronization problem under 3-tier replication architecture (Mobile client- Synchronization Server - Database Server).This model utilizes a novel double timestamp strategy to promote the efficiency of synchronization. Besides, it ensures serializability and consistency of the mobile database system through transaction-level conflict reconciliation.