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Background The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on breastfeeding women and to identify predictors of maternal mental health and coping. Methods Mothers aged ≥ 18 years with a breast-fed infant ≤ 18 months of age during the COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing, China, completed a questionnaire. Descriptive analysis of lockdown consequences was performed and predictors of these outcomes were examined using stepwise linear regression. Results Of 2233 participants, 29.9%, 20.0% and 34.7% felt down, lonely, and worried, respectively, during the lockdown; however, 85.3% felt able to cope. Poorer maternal mental health was predicted by maternal (younger age, higher education) and infant (older age, lower gestation) characteristics, and social circumstances (husband unemployed or working from home, receiving advice from family, having enough space for the baby, living close to a park or green space). Conversely, better maternal mental health was predicted by higher income, employment requiring higher qualifications, more personal space at home, shopping or walking > once/week and lack of impact of COVID-19 on job or income. Mothers with higher education, more bedrooms, fair division of household chores and attending an online mother and baby group > once/week reported better coping. Conclusion The findings highlight maternal characteristics and circumstances that predict poorer mental health and reduced coping which could be used to target interventions in any future public health emergencies requiring social restrictions.

Objectives: Emerging research interest focused on mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) as a complementary approach for the treatment of problematic eating behaviors. This systematic review aims t...

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare mothers' attitudes toward infant feeding and infant eating behavior in different countries, and their associations with infant feeding at 3 and 6 mon...

Dysfunction of the circadian rhythm is one of most common nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the molecular role of the circadian rhythm in PD is unclear. We here showed that inactivation of brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1) in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice resulted in obvious motor functional deficit, loss of dopaminergic neurons (DANs) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), decrease of dopamine (DA) transmitter, and increased activation of microglia and astrocytes in the striatum. Time on the rotarod or calorie consumption, and food and water intake were reduced in the Bmal1-/- mice after MPTP treatment, suggesting that absence of Bmal1 may exacerbate circadian and PD motor function. We observed a significant reduction of DANs (~35%) in the SNpc, the tyrosine hydroxylase protein level in the striatum (~60%), the DA (~22%), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid content (~29%), respectively, in MPTP-treated Bmal1-/- mice. Loss of Bmal1 aggravated the inflammatory reaction both in vivo and in vitro. These findings suggest that BMAL1 may play an essential role in the survival of DANs and maintain normal function of the DA signaling pathway via regulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in the brain.

Background The COVID-2019 pandemic has placed extensive pressure on health systems and posed a severe public health challenge worldwide. Lockdown measures implemented in many countries have delayed virus spread. However, a considerable number of people have faced unprecedented pressure, especially the pregnant and breast-feeding women, because face-to‐face professional support has been reduced during the lockdown in many countries. Objectives To compare the delivery and infant feeding experiences of women who delivered before (BL) versus during (DL) the Covid-19 pandemic in Beijing, China. Methods Women aged ≥ 18 years with an infant ≤ 18 months of age completed an anonymous survey. Information/links were shared online and via local clinics in Beijing. Logistic regression was performed to assess predictors of breastfeeding during the first 6-months. Results 2233 women provided data; BL 1241 (55.6%), DL 992 (44.4%). The 6-month mostly breastfeeding (MBF, mainly breastfeeding with few non-formula fluids added) rate was significantly higher in the DL mothers (71.6%), compared to the BL mothers (60.6%). MBF was predicted by delivery during the lockdown period (OR1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.06, 1.90), younger maternal age, discussing infant feeding in a feeding support group, and getting support from friends or relatives. Moreover, relative to those little affected by COVID, those who were much affected were less likely to MBF. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures influenced mothers’ planned birth location and breastfeeding intention. However, breastfeeding practice was maintained during the pandemic. The reported breastfeeding rates were high and our results highlight the importance of feeding support as well as potential beneficial effects of increased mother-infant contact during the lockdown period which is relevant even under normal circumstances.

As a type of stress, maternal separation (MS) has been one of the most widely used models in neuropsychiatric research. An increasing number of studies has found that MS not only affects the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and hippocampal 5-hydroxytryptamine system, but also causes dysfunction of the central dopamine (DA) system and increases the susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to pathogenic factors of Parkinson's disease (PD), for instance, 6-hydroxydopamine, thus impairing motor function. We reviewed the impact of MS on the DA system and its correlation with PD and found the following: (1) discrepant effects of MS on the DA system have been reported; (2) MS is a good model to study the impact of stress on the occurrence and development of PD, however, unified modeling criteria of MS are required; (3) correlation between MS and PD may involve the impact of MS on the DA system, which however is not the only connection; (4) intervening measures can block pathways between MS and PD, which provides reference for the prevention of PD in specific populations such as left-behind children.

Background Breastfeeding is of great importance for infant health both short and long term, especially for those born preterm. Apart from the socio-economic and cultural factors which may influence a mother’s decision on breastfeeding, lactation performance is also influenced by maternal physiological and psychological condition, as well as infant behavioural factors. The aim of this project is to investigate physiological, psychological and anthropological aspects of ‘signalling’ between mother and infant during lactation in a stressful situation, following late preterm delivery, using an experimental approach. Method A single blind parallel randomised controlled trial will be conducted in Chinese primiparous mothers who deliver a infant (34 0/7–37 6/7) weeks and plan to exclusively breastfeed. Mothers will be recruited from four local community clinics attached to Beijing Children Hospital. Two home visits will be arranged at one week and eight weeks postpartum. Participants will be randomly assigned to either intervention arm or control (no intervention) before the first home visit. Mothers from the intervention group will be asked to listen to an audio recording with relaxation meditation daily during breastfeeding. Maternal stress and anxiety will be measured at one week and eight week postpartum using Chinese version of Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Infant weight and length gain (as SD scores) from one to eight week will be measured using anthropometry. Milk volume will be measured using 48-h test-weighing method. Breast milk samples and mother and infant’s stool samples will be collected to measure macronutrient and microbiome content. Anthropometric measurements (weight, length and head circumference) will be performed during all home visits. Discussion Primary outcomes of this study will be the effect of the intervention on maternal psychological state, and infant growth. Other outcomes will include the effect of the intervention on milk production, infant behaviours, and the microbiome composition in breastmilk and maternal and infant’s gut. Results of this study will provide greater understanding about maternal-infant factors which influence the success of breastfeeding, and which may then be useful targets for future interventions. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03674632. Registered 14 September 2018.

To compare the effects of different relaxation techniques on physiological outcomes and perceived relaxation in primiparous Chinese mothers breastfeeding their healthy term infant.Twenty primiparous mothers who were breastfeeding were enrolled into a within-subject study, and attended six treatment sessions in randomized order (relaxation meditation tape [RM], music tape [M], relaxation lighting [L], combined RM+L, and combined M+L, and control session with no intervention), with a washout period of 1-3 days between sessions. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), fingertip temperature, and perceived relaxation were assessed before and after each session.Compared with the pretest state, significant changes for all outcomes (p 0.05) were observed for RM, RM+RL, M+RL treatments, whereas differences for all outcomes apart from SBP were observed for treatment M. Compared with the control, significant changes were found in all outcomes for RM treatment, and in fingertip temperature and perceived relaxation for all treatments.Our findings suggest that simple relaxation techniques can reduce both perceived and physiological markers of stress in breastfeeding mothers. Overall, the RM was the most effective technique compared with the control state, considering the number of outcomes affected, effect sizes, and simplicity, suggesting this merits further research in this population.

Depression is one of the strongest predictors of quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite the high prevalence of depression, there is no clear guidance for its treatment in PD because the evidence for the efficacy of most antidepressants remains insufficient. Pramipexole, a dopamine agonist, is one of the few drugs that has proven to be clinically useful. However, the underlying mechanisms of antidepressive effects of pramipexole are still unknown. A 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model, dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and D3 receptor (DRD3) knockout mice were used in our study. Compared with other dopamine D2-like receptor agonists and madopar, pramipexole improved depression-like behavior and alleviate bradykinesia in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. Pramipexole significantly improved depression-like behavior in DRD2−/− mice but not in DRD3−/− mice. These results demonstrate that the antidepressive effect of pramipexole is mediated by DRD3 but not DRD2. Our findings highlight the need to develop novel dopamine agonists specifically targeting DRD3 for the treatment of depression in PD in the future.

In the pursuit of sustainable development and the mitigation of climate change, shallow geothermal energy has been widely recognized as a type of clean energy with great potential. Accurate estimation of thermal ground properties is needed to optimally apply shallow geothermal energy technologies, which are of growing importance for the heating and cooling sector. A special challenge is posed by the often significant heterogeneity and variability of the geological media at a site.As an innovative investigation method, we focus on the actively heated fiber optics-based thermal response test (ATRT) and its application in a borehole in Changzhou, China. A copper mesh heated optical cable (CMHC), which both serves as a heating source and a temperature sensing cable, was applied in the borehole. By inducing the electric current to the cable at a relatively low power of 26 W/m, the in-situ heating process was recorded at high depth resolution. This information serves to infer the thermal conductivity distribution along the borehole. The presented field experience reveals that the temperature rise in the early phase of the test should not be used due to initial heat accumulation caused by the outer jacket of the CMHC. The comparison of these results with those of a conventional thermal response test (TRT) and a distributed thermal response test (DTRT) in the same borehole confirmed that the ATRT result is reliable (with a difference less than 5% and 1%, respectively). Most importantly, this novel method affords much less energy and testing time.Additionally, to estimate the uncertainty and limits associated with the method, a 2D axisymmetric numerical model based on COMSOL Multiphysics® has been developed. The results indicate that an accurate calculated thermal conductivity requires heating duration to be in the range of 90~400 min considering test efficiency and cost. Our study promotes ATRT as an advanced geothermal field investigation method and it also extends the applicability of the thermal response test as a downhole tool for measurement of soil hydraulic properties.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a skin stretching technique with adjustable external fixators in treating skin defects. Eighteen patients treated with a skin-stretching technique with adjustable external fixators for skin defects from April 2017 to October 2019 were included. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores were collected during therapy. The skin defects gradually became smaller until they were completely resolved according to the blood flow of the affected limb and wound skin (the color, temperature, elasticity, and capillary response). The defect sizes ranged from 4 cm × 2 cm to 20 cm × 6 cm. The 18 adjustable external fixators were dismantled in 2 to 9 days (mean, 4.05 days) after the operation, and the defects were completely closed and the sutures were removed after 2 to 3 weeks. The average VAS score was 5.97. The follow-up period was 4 to 12 months (mean, 6.3 months); 17 patients healed well with linear small scar, and no infections or patients of necrosis were observed. Sensory recovery was assessed using the Medical Research Council scale, and all the sensation scores were S3+. Eight patients were healed after the first stage. Nine patients were closed totally while small sinus or skin defect were observed after sutures were removed; 3 patients were healed after the second debridement, and 6 patients finally healed after the dressings were changed. Patellar osteomyelitis recurred in 1 patient who was transferred to the Orthopedic Department for further treatment, and a flap graft procedure was performed. The operation was simple and obviously reduced the course of the disease, the costs, and the damage to the donor site, and it is also significantly superior to skin graft or flap transplantation procedures in terms of the resulting skin sensation, color, texture, elasticity, and appearance.

It has been reported that Cavin1 deficiency causes lipodystrophy in both humans and mice by affecting lipid metabolism. The ablation of Cavin1 in rodents also causes a significant deviation from Mendelian ratio at weaning in a background‐dependent manner, suggesting the presence of undiscovered functions of Cavin1. In the current study, the results show that Cavin1 deficiency causes neonatal death in C57BL/6J mice by dampening the storage and mobilization of glycogen in the liver, which leads to lethal neonatal hypoglycemia. Further investigation by electron microscopy reveals that Cavin1 deficiency impairs the fenestration in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and impacts the permeability of endothelial barrier in the liver. Mechanistically, Cavin1 deficiency inhibits the RhoA‐Rho‐associated protein kinase 2‐LIM domain kinase‐Cofilin signaling pathway and suppresses the dynamics of the cytoskeleton, and eventually causes the reduction of fenestrae in LSECs. In addition, the defect of fenestration in LSECs caused by Cavin1 deficiency can be rescued by treatment with the F‐actin depolymerization reagent latrunculin A. In summary, the current study reveals a novel function of Cavin1 on fenestrae formation in LSECs and liver glycogen metabolism, which provide an explanation for the neonatal death of Cavin1 null mice and a potential mechanism for metabolic disorders in patients with Cavin1 mutation., Cavin1 deficiency causes severe hypoglycemia, dampens the storage and mobilization of glycogen in mouse liver, and results in neonatal death in C57BL/6J mice. Mechanistically, by inhibiting the dynamics of actin cytoskeleton, Cavin1 deficiency reduces the fenestrae in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, which impairs bilateral flow between liver glycogen and blood glucose.

The provision of breast pumps is a potential strategy to increase breastfeeding duration. This trial compared the effectiveness and acceptability of two breast pumps in mothers exclusively breastfeeding (EBF) their healthy term infant. It also tested whether provision of pumps versus vouchers of equivalent value influenced breastfeeding or attainment of mothers' goals at 3 and 6 months. Mothers were randomised at 3‐ to 4‐week post‐partum (Beijing [n = 30], Moscow [n = 34], London [n = 45], New York [n = 3]) to groups A (Philips single‐electric pump, Natural bottle), B (Medela Swing single‐electric pump, Calma bottle), or C (Control; vouchers). At 6 weeks, group A and B mothers expressed for 10 min/breast; milk weight and opinions of pump/bottle were recorded. Feeding practices were assessed using questionnaires at 3 and 6 months. Milk weight/flow pattern did not differ between groups. Pump A scored significantly better for ease‐of‐use, cushion‐feel, need‐to‐lean‐forward, pleasant, comfort. At 3 and 6 months, %EBF or meeting their goal was not significantly different; (3 months: 86%, 85%, 84%; 6 months: 20%, 15%, 26%; meeting goal 24%, 17%, 27% for A, B, and C). Expressed breast milk (EBM) provision was higher in groups A and B (3 months: 76%, 76%, 24% (p

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the world. Apart from motor deficits, PD reduces patient’s quality of life through sleep disturbances, cognitive impairment and emotional disorders. However, it’s unclear whether bad life habits such as stay up late exacerbate the patient’s cognition and emotional disorders. Thus we investigated the consequences of sleep deprivation (SD) on memory and emotions using a rotenone-based zebrafish model of PD. Behavioral assays, using locomotor activity assay, showed that rotenone treated zebrafish exhibited PD-like symptoms, whereas sleep deprivation didn’t exacerbate the progression of them. The object discrimination task exhibited that the short-term cognitive deficits of rotenone group are more serious than the sham group after SD. Light-dark box test showed that rotenone treated fish are more dysphoric than the sham fish after SD. Dopamine and DOPAC significantly reduced in rotenone treated fish compared with the sham fish. However, this DOPAC reduction recovered after SD. The expression of D2 and D3 in rotenone treated zebrafish elevated compared with sham group and SD group. However, the rotenone treated zebrafish manifested a decrease level of D2 and D3 after SD. D1 did not show any significantly changes among the four groups. Our findings suggest that zebrafish treated with rotenone may have a more severe damage of memory and emotional function after SD, which may be related to the changes in the DA systems.

Due to the charge at the interfaces between the silicon substrate and its outer region, the admittance of the through silicon vias (TSVs) near the edge and at the corner of the silicon is different from that of the centre case, which is hardly calculated by conventional empirical formulas. Utilising the method of moment combined with the image method in this study, those admittances can be easily extracted. The difference on the admittance between edge/corner and centre cases is discussed with the frequency and the wave propagation mode. The influence of the distance to the silicon-outer region interfaces and pitches of the TSVs on the admittance are also evaluated and compared in edge and corner cases. The scope of the conventional empirical formulas is also given for the admittance calculation of TSVs in edge/corner case, in order to offer help for the TSVs design.

Avascular necrosis of the metacarpal head is a rare disease. We herein report a case with varying degrees of lesions in the third and fourth metacarpal heads of the right hand and the third metacarpal head of the left hand. The patient was a 37-year-old male right-handed mechanical worker who presented with persistent dull pain in the right hand after labor work for more than a year. The 3 lesions in this patient were treated differently based on their clinical imaging manifestations. The neurologic function of the right hand recovered by the 18-month follow-up; only a slight limitation remained in the right middle finger. This is the first report of 1 patent who received 2 different treatment methods simultaneously and both provided a satisfactory clinical result.

Sulforaphane (SFN) is a dietary component with multiple bioactivities; however, its role in obesity-related metabolic derangement remains unclear. Here, the effect of SFN on the glucose intolerance of obese mice and the underlying mechanism were determined. C57B/6J male mice were randomly divided into two groups, having free access to water and a normal-fat diet (ND, n = 6) or a high-fat diet (HFD, n = 33) for 8 weeks; thereafter twelve mice having the greatest weight gain among the HFD-fed mice were considered as obese mice. These obese mice were randomly divided into two groups and treated orally for 6 weeks with or without SFN (100 μmol per kg bw, 3 times per week). During this period the animals were continuously maintained on a ND or a HFD. Blood glucose and serum insulin were examined; then glucose tolerance and insulin resistance were evaluated. In addition, the expression of insulin signaling pathway-related genes in the muscle was determined. Our data showed that the obese mice presented a marked insulin resistance and glucose intolerance as compared to the control group, while SFN treatment exerted a prominently protective effect. In addition, the SFN-treated obese mice had a significantly increased insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) protein level (P < 0.05), markedly elevated Akt activation, as well as dramatically enhanced phosphorylation of PDK-1 (P < 0.05) when compared with the SFN-untreated obese mice. Moreover, the SFN-treated obese mice exhibited a significantly enhanced translocation of GLUT4 (P < 0.05) to the plasma membrane in the muscle compared to the obese mice without SFN treatment. In conclusion, our results support the notion that SFN acts as a promising agent to improve glucose tolerance through the up-regulation of insulin signaling mainly involving the IRS-1/Akt/GLUT4 pathway in the muscle.

Achilles tendon is one of the most commonly injured tendons. Mechanical force is regarded as a major causative factor. However, the biomechanics of Achilles tendon and mechanical mechanism of the injuries are unclear. Lubricin expresses at regions exposed to sliding motion and shear force in a number of tissues. This study investigated the distribution and concentration of lubricin in human Achilles tendons for better understanding the biomechanics of Achilles tendon. Achilles tendons were harvested from nine cadavers. Lubricin was extracted from various locations proximal to the calcaneal insertion and quantified with ELISA. The distribution of lubricin was investigated with immunohistochemistry. Lubricin was mainly identified at the interfaces of tendon fascicles, especially in the mid-portion of the tendon. The concentration of lubricin in Achilles tendons varied by individual and the distance from its calcaneal insertion. The distal portion of the tendon had a higher concentration of lubricin than the proximal regions of the tendon. This study suggests the presence of intratendinous sliding motion of fascicles and shear force at interfaces of fascicles in human Achilles tendon. Shear force could be an important mechanical factor for the development of Achilles tendinopathy and rupture. (c) 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:932-937, 2015.

We report the case of a 60-year-old man with 4 concurrent primary cancers: thyroid papillary carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, gastric stromal tumor, and nodular goiter. A minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy with 3-field lymph node resection played a major role in the diagnosis and resection of all primary tumors in the same sitting. Multiorgan primary cancers are not uncommon but pose challenges in diagnosis and treatment. The mechanism of development is unknown but exposure to the same carcinogens in multiple organs has been implicated.

We compared the mechanical force of tendon-to-bone repair techniques for flexor tendon reconstruction. Thirty-six flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons were divided into three groups based upon the repair technique: (1) suture/button repair using FDP tendon (Pullout button group), (2) suture bony anchor using FDP tendon (Suture anchor group), and (3) suture/button repair using FDP tendon with its bony attachment preserved (Bony attachment group). The repair failure force and stiffness were measured. The mean load to failure and stiffness in the bony attachment group were significantly higher than that in the pullout button and suture anchor groups. No significant difference was found in failure force and stiffness between the pullout button and suture anchor groups. An intrasynovial flexor tendon graft with its bony attachment has significantly improved tensile properties at the distal repair site when compared with a typical tendon-to-bone attachment with a button or suture anchor. The improvement in the tensile properties at the repair site may facilitate postoperative rehabilitation and reduce the risk of graft rupture.

There are many constrained optimization problems in engineering. Bio-inspired optimization algorithms have been widely used to solve various engineering problems. This paper presents a novel optimization algorithm called Lifecycle-based Swarm Optimization, inspired by biology life cycle. LSO algorithm imitates biologic life cycle process through six optimization operators: chemotactic, assimilation, transposition, crossover, selection and mutation. In addition, the spatial distribution of initialization population meets clumped distribution. Experiments were conducted on a Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows for demonstration the effectiveness and stability. The results demonstrate remarkable performance of the LSO algorithm on chosen case when compared to two successful optimization techniques.

In this paper, two novel bandpass three-dimensional frequency selective surfaces (3-D FSSs) based on the waveguide structure are proposed. The first 3-D FSS is composed of a square metallic waveguide with dumbbell slots which are loaded in all waveguide walls. This design can form dumbbell slot resonators and introduce a passband below the cutoff frequency of the waveguide. The second one is constituted with square coaxial waveguide unit cells, which provides coaxial and parallel plate waveguide paths. By the interaction between two propagation paths, a quasi-elliptic response takes place and improves the frequency selectivity. The results show that both of proposed 3-D FSSs exhibit dual polarized characteristics, and can provide good frequency stability for different incidence. In addition, using 3-D printing technology, these structures are easy for fabrication.

The electrical characteristic of AlGaInP and InGaN/GaN-based LEDs were measured and explored under optical and electrical excitation.One of the significant parameter of LED characteristic,n,was mainly taken into consideration under the two varied excitation styles.The results showed that both junction temperature and injecting intensity of carrier influenced n.The essential performance of devices was gained within injecting intensity range where the action of space-charge region plays the most important role on current transferring.We found n,obtained in different motivation conditions,is independent on the excitation ways.Therefore,optical excitation can be applied to take place of electrical excitation for the non-contact detection of n in LEDs.

In order to implement privacy-preserving, efficient and secure data storage and access environment of cloud storage, the following problems must be considered: data index structure, generation and management of keys, data retrieval, treatments of change of users? access right and dynamic operations on data, and interactions among participants. To solve those problems, the interactive protocol among participants is introduced, an extirpation-based key derivation algorithm (EKDA) is designed to manage the keys, a double hashed and weighted Bloom Filter (DWBF) is proposed to retrieve the encrypted keywords, which are combined with lazy revocation, multi-tree structure, asymmetric and symmetric encryptions, which form a privacypreserving, efficient and secure framework for cloud storage. The experiment and security analysis show that EKDA can reduce the communication and storage overheads efficiently, DWBF supports ciphertext retrieval and can reduce communication, storage and computation overhead as well, and the proposed framework is privacy preserving while supporting data access efficiently.

Background:Flexor tendon injury is common, and tendon reconstruction is indicated clinically if the primary repair fails or cannot be performed immediately after tendon injury. The purpose of the current study was to compare clinically standard extrasynovial autologous graft (EAG) tendon and intrasy

With reducing feature size of transistors and increasing of cores on a single chip, to overcome poor scalability and bandwidth limitation on a single bus, Network-on-Chip (NoC) has been proposed. However, reliability of Multiprocessor system based on Network-on-Chip (NoC) has become a significant challenge due to the transmission fault. The paper analyzes some fault-tolerant Routing methods based on retransmission, and hybrid error detection and retransmission fault-tolerant scheme is presented. Instead of using a simplex end-to-end (e2e) or router-to-router (r2r) error detection, the paper utilizes both of these two mechanisms which means head flit uses r2r while data flit uses e2e retransmission. To make the cost lower, in r2r error detection and retransmission operation, the paper employs comparator instead of encoder/decoder. At last, the advantages and disadvantages of different retransmission fault-tolerant routing mechanism are analyzed and the trend of this field is proposed.

Big data is the term applied to a new generation of software, applications and storage system, designed to derive business values. The big data phenomenon requires a revolutionary approach to the technologies deployed to ensure that timely results are delivered to create value. However, the state-of-the-art techniques for multiple dimensions big data query are facing problems as the data expand and user access pattern changes. In this paper, we will propose an optimized storage model and index scheme to provide efficient query over big multiple dimension data and multiple query patterns. We implement our scheme on HBase by introducing four components in its master node. Taking pollutant concentration data in "Green Horizon" project as the test data, we conduct numerous experiments. Experiment results show that our proposed storage model and index can help provide obvious performance improvement on multiple different queries patterns over big multiple dimension data and also has good scalability as data expand.

Dynamic model of a unicycle robot with three driven joints and controller to achieve its balanced lateral rolling motion was studied in this paper. With regard of the nonholonomic constraints, we established a dynamic model for the robot by use of Chaplygin equation. The modeling results revealed that there were 6 general velocities and 3 underactuated freedoms in the system. We considered the dynamical subsystem of the robot's balanced lateral rolling motion, and developed a controller for it by applying the principle of Partial Feedback Linearization. The controller was designed by linearizing the underactuated rolling angle of the frame, and taking the rolling angle and the rotating angle of the balance regulating flying-wheel as output. Numerical simulation together with prototype experiment were given at the end to testify the availabilities of the proposed dynamic model and the motion controller.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical utility of the colon leakage score (CLS) in predicting the risk of anastomotic leakage (AL) after left-sided colorectal surgery.This investigation was designed as a retrospective study of 304 patients who underwent left-sided colorectal surgery. The patients were classified into two groups as those who developed AL and those who did not develop AL, and the CLSs of the two groups were compared. The predictive value and the cutoff value of the CLS were assessed by receiver operating characteristic and logistic regression analysis.A significant difference was noted in the mean CLSs of the groups with and without AL (P 0.001). The values of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.965; confidence interval, 0.913-1.00) and the odds ratio (2.9; confidence interval, 1.59-4.83; P 0.001) indicated that CLS was a good predictor of AL. A CLS of 11 was found to be the best cutoff value, with a sensitivity and specificity of 84.6% and 87.2%, respectively.Our findings indicate that CLS can effectively predict the risk of AL after left-sided colorectal surgery and that a CLS of 11 can be used as a cutoff value for the risk level.

Using allograft is an attractive alternative for flexor tendon reconstruction because of the lack of donor-site morbidity, and better matching to the intrasynovial environment. The purpose of this study was to use biological lubricant molecules to modify the graft surface to decrease adhesions and improve digit function.Twenty-eight flexor digitorum profundus tendons from the second and fifth digits of 14 dogs were lacerated and repaired to create a model with repair failure and scar digit for tendon reconstruction. Six weeks after the initial operation, the tendons were reconstructed with flexor digitorum profundus allograft tendons obtained from canine cadavers. One graft tendon in each dog was treated with saline as a control and the other was treated with carbodiimide-derivatized hyaluronic acid and gelatin plus lubricin. Six weeks postoperatively, digit function, graft mechanics, and biology were analyzed.Allograft tendons treated with carbodiimide-derivatized hyaluronic acid-lubricin had decreased adhesions at the proximal tendon/graft repair and within the flexor sheath, improved digit function, and increased graft gliding ability. The treatment also reduced the strength at the distal tendon-to-bone repair, but the distal attachment rupture rate was similar for both graft types. Histologic evaluation showed that viable cells migrated to the allograft, but these were limited to the tendon surface.Carbodiimide-derivatized hyaluronic acid-lubricin treatment of tendon allograft improves digit functional outcomes after flexor tendon reconstruction. However, delayed bone-to-tendon healing should be a caution. Furthermore, the cell infiltration into the allograft tendon substance should be a target for future studies, to shorten the allograft self-regeneration period.

Calcium is one prospective element for the modern optical frequency standard. The 423-nm transition line of calcium atoms has been widely used in laser slowing and laser cooling, the precise spectrum measurement, and the magnetic optical trapping (MOT). However, there is no any available commercial diode laser working at this wavelength. We built a 423-nm laser based on extra bow-tie cavity and by using a Brewster-cut uncoated BIBO (BiB3O6) crystal, which worked at room temperature, with conversion efficiency of 3.75%, and a potential up to 20%.

Analyze the disadvantages of KVM original network connection modes, and design the third network connection mode: NAT + Bridge mode. For the malicious virtual machines in user mode are difficult to detect and locate in normal way, the article proposes a strategy for detecting TCP DDOS attack based on an improved CUSUM algorithm in the KVM. This strategy detects attack of virtual machines in user mode indirectly by treating the user mode as an independent virtual machine, and determine the suspicious virtual machines in accordance with the abnormal behavior of the process, and then dynamically migrate the suspicious virtual machine to a independent NAT + bridged network environment, then detect the attack of every virtual machine in the independent network environment based on the improved CUSUM algorithm.

Objective To study the functional change of peripheral nerve after repaired in different size by small gap briding (the proximal end is smaller than the distal in size), compared with epineurium suture in the same size. To explore the effect of functional reserve of peripheral nerves and the best situation for the reserve of nerve functional. Methods 10 Wistar rats served as the donors of arteris for briding. 80 Wistar rats (female), aging 2 months and weighing 200–250 g, were randomized into the 4 groups (n=20 per group). The group A was the control group, with only explosion of the right sciatic nerves. In group B, the right sciatic nerves were cut off at the level of 1.5cm distal to infrapiriform foramen, and received epineurium suture. In group C and D, the right sciatic nerves were cut off at the same level and 1cm segment of the common fibular nerves were removed from the proximal ends, the remaining were repaired with epineurium suture in group C, and with 3 mm gap artery sleeve bridging in group D.16 weeks after operation, SFI was determined by walking tract analysis. Observation under microscope of the nerve repaired site; nerve electrophysiological parameters (motor nerve conduction velocity, NCV and amplitude, AMP), TSCI (triceps surae muscle cuadros index) and the muscle force parameters, morphological features of re-innervated musculus triceps surae were detected respectively.

Purpose FDS (flexor digitorum superficialis), 1/2FDS, and palmar fascia are 3 surgical procedures commonly used to correct the deformities of claw fingers after ulnar nerve injury. FDS and palmar fascia traditionally are the more common procedures. The fomer requires the whole FDS, while the latter sometimes causes the recurrence of deformity because of its transfiguration. The of 1/2FDS spare the motor tendon and the recurernce rate is expected to be lower. A biomechanical study was performed to determine whether the biomechanical character of the three tissues is suit for surgery procedure; Another follow-up study was performed to determine the clinical outcome with the 1/2FDS loop tenodesis operation in treatment of patients with ulnar claw fingers. Methods Ten fresh symmetrical arms in adults were tested, whose palmar fascias and FDSs of each finger were cut down respectively. And then 5 of the 10 FDSs were split into two tails equally. All samples were tested by an Instron Universal Test Instrument (model AG-10TA; made in Japan), which would control the stress and strain exerted on the test sample automatically, and print out the data of each load, elongation, stress and strain, then the curve of stress compared with elongation. 5 patients presented 5 affected 5 hands with ulnar claw fingers, had the 1/2FDS loop tenodesis procedure from May 1990 to March 2010. Each hand was assessed before surgery and at follow-up evaluation by predetermined angle measurements, power grip, motion, mechanical function, and patients'satisfaction. Results Biomechanical study showed that FDS and that in half could endure large amount of stress exerted on it with less elongation in size. The difference between half FDS with palmar fascia group was statistically significant (P0.05)f, but it was significant weaker in half FDS than palmar fascia(P

According to the organizational behavior and organizational commitment theory in human resource management, as well as the two human factors (i.e., employee individual characteristics and organizational commitments) that affact the employee's turnover intention, we carried out the questionnaire survey in which the subjects were randomly selected from three enterprises. The survey data were consequently processed using factor analysis and multiple regression analysis in SPSS statistical analysis software, and a regression model for employee's turnover intention has been constructed from the perspective of organizational commitment in order to put forward policy recommendations of retaining and introducing talents for the enterprise management in China.

The rapid development of computer and network communication technology makes it possible that the protection devices in the underground coalmine distribution networks solve the complicated faults in independent or/and cooperative way. In China, though the mining protective relaying devices have been developed greatly, power faults such as over-zone tripping, failure and false operation and various of cable faults is common in coalmine. In order to solve these problems, the concept of Cyber-Physical System is introduced into underground relay protection system. In this paper, a novel Cyber-Physical System based relay protection system for underground coalmine distribution networks is proposed. And the structure and features are presented. The greatest superiority of the new proposed system is the global sharing and exchange of data and information of coalmine distribution network, based on which theories of three steps over current protection and selective electrical leakage protection and their executing modes are improved sharply, therefore, the speed and precision of protection functions based on these theories could be increased.

In order to ensure water source safety of the Yangtze River in areas of Jiangsu, a ComGIS-based monitoring and warning system was developed. The system integrated the whole transaction flow of water source monitoring and warning (online monitoring, water quality modeling, effect analysis and countermeasure) with GIS. The integrated system has been proven helpful and efficient in ensuring water source safety of the Yangtze River.

Coal mine spontaneous burning has led to resources waste, meanwhile it also causes air pollution and some geological disasters. Now remote sensing is becoming an important approach of monitoring the coal fire. The thermal anomalies points are extracted by three methods in this article that is multi-temporal MNF transformation, multi-threshold density slice and differentiated method. Combining with GIS the information of the coal fire extracted are qualified compared and analyzed, then find the best method to extract the high thermal anomalies points is the difference method, and helped by the MNF transformation areas where affected by coal fires extracted are more accuracy than directly using density slice.

An optimization method of error detection and correction (EDAC) circuit design is proposed. The method involves selecting or constructing EDAC codes of low cost hardware, associated with operation scheduling implementation based on 2-input XOR gates structure, and two actions for reducing hardware cells, which can reduce the delay penalties and area costs of the EDAC circuit effectively. The 32-bit EDAC circuit hardware implementation is selected to make a prototype, based on the 180 nm process. The delay penalties and area costs of the EDAC circuit are evaluated. Results show that the time penalty and area cost of the EDAC circuitries are affected with different parity-check matrices and different hardware implementation for the EDAC codes with the same capability of correction and detection code. This method can be used as a guide for low-cost radiation-hardened microprocessor EDAC circuit design and for more advanced technologies.

We experimentally realize the dual-wavelength bad cavity laser for the first time. As the Cs cell temperature is kept between 118°C and 144°C, both the 1359 nm and 1470 nm lasing outputs of dual-wavelength bad cavity laser are detected. The laser output power of dual-wavelength bad cavity laser is measured when changing the 455 nm pumping laser frequency and power at 127°C Cs cell temperature. Both the 1359 nm laser and the 1470 nm laser are working at the deep bad cavity regime, and the ratio between the linewidth of cavity mode and the laser gain bandwidth a ≈ 40 for 1359 nm and 1470 nm lasers. The 1470 nm laser linewidth is measured to be 407.3 Hz. The dual-wavelength bad cavity laser operating on atomic transitions demonstrated here has a potential in the application as a stable optical local oscillator, even an active optical frequency standard directly in the future.

recently, Shen, Lin, and Hwang proposed a modified Yang-Shieh's password authentication scheme to enhance security. In 2004, Yang and Chen et al. point out that Shen-Lin-Hwang's scheme was vulnerable to the forged login attack. Later, Wang and Li present a new efficient timestamp-based remote user authentication scheme via further modified Shen-Lin-Hwan's scheme. And they also claimed that their new modified scheme could withstand the forged login attack. However, in this paper, we show that the Yang and Li`s improvement scheme is still vulnerable to the reflection attack, and propose our improvement scheme.

In this paper, we provide a new generalized construction method for (n, m, t) resilient functions with satisfying synthetical cryptographic criteria. These synthetical cryptographic criteria include high nonlinearity, good resiliency, high algebraic degree, and nonexistence of nonzero linear structure and so on. The construction is based on the use of linear error-correcting code. Given a linear [u, m, t + 1] code and its dual code [u, u - m, t/sup */ + 1], we show that it is possible to construct (n, m, d) resilient functions with satisfying synthetical cryptographic criteria, where d = min(t, t/sup */) and n > u > 2m. The method provides a new idea in designing cryptographic functions.

The (n, m, t) resilient functions play an important role in the art of information security. In this correspondence, we give a new construction of (n, 1, t) resilient functions with satisfying PC(l) by using linear codes. Moreover, we deeply describe a general method for constructing of (n, m, t) resilient functions which satisfy multiple Cryptographic criteria including of satisfying PC(l), and high nonlinearity, good algebraic degree and so on. Furthermore, We still find these resilient functions are multiple-output plateaued functions. Deeply research on these functions is of great significance on the design and security analysis on the core component of Ciphers.