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Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of topical fluoride application and diode laser-irradiation on the hardness of demineralized enamel and to evaluate the esthetic improvement of the white spot lesions (WSLs) using a visual analog scale (VAS). Materials and Methods: Artificial WSLs (3x3 mm) were created on the enamel surface of 45 human third molars. The teeth were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 15): group A, fluoride only; group B, combined therapy of fluoride and diode laser; and group C, control. Vicker’s hardness number (VHN) was measured at baseline, after demineralization and after treatment. To evaluate the esthetic improvement after treatment, 14 raters evaluated each group’s photographs using a 100-millimeter VAS. A one-way ANOVA or Brown-Forsythe and Games-Howell post hoc procedure were performed for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05 for all tests. Results: Group A mean VHN was significantly higher than groups B and C, and group B was significantly higher than group C (P

The tooth cavity is the common problem in the enamel surface due to the predominance of the demineralization process. It can be controlled with different factors like sufficient salivation in remineralization agents, antibacterial protection, and pathologic factor. Fluoride ion (F−) is the oral hygiene active ingredient and best choice for control caries, prevent decay, crumbling of the bone tooth. F−. In general forms fluorapatite (FA) on the enamel surface, which inhibits mineral loss during the demineralization process. However, recommended optimum deposition of FA on the enamel surface, otherwise, FA leads to inhibit full remineralization. However, regularly consume fluoride causes dental fluorosis during tooth development. Hence, need for an alternative non-fluoride agent for dental caries, which can include effective remineralization without risks associated with F−. This review described fluoride release and re-release ability with application of dental materials, remineralizing potential of fluoridated and non-fluoridated products in dentistry such as casein phosphopeptides, nanohydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate, polyols, SensiStat, trimetaphosphate, and herbal products. Lastly, dental perspectives are described. Based on literature results and discussion, nanohydroxyapatite, fluoride, and tricalcium phosphate are best among toothpaste to enhance the remineralization process. Recently, the focus of restorative dentistry is shifted toward more conservative approaches. Hence, F− releasing filling materials with different fluoride-releasing abilities like GIC, giomers, cermets, compomers, and composite materials proved beneficial for the patient. The presence of fluoride anions in the oral cavity has added advantage of being a potent antibacterial and antifungal agent.

This study aimed to analyze the enamel remineralization efficacy of a novel fluoridated bioactive glass (F-BG) toothpaste compared to a standard fluoride toothpaste. Seventy-two enamel blocks (N = 72) were divided into groups of twenty-four blocks according to the toothpaste exposure—group 1: brushed with distilled water, group 2: brushed with fluoride toothpaste (ColgateTM), and group 3: brushed with F-BG toothpaste (BioMinFTM). Pre-brushing, enamel blocks were demineralized using 6 wt.% citric acid (pH = 2.4). Tooth brushing was performed using a mixture of respective toothpaste and artificial saliva (AS), and each enamel block received 5000 linear strokes. The samples were assessed for surface micro-hardness (to estimate Vickers hardness number, VHN), surface roughness (Ra), and volume loss/gain using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The highest increase in the VHN was noticed for group 3 (117.81) followed by group 2 (61.13), and all the intragroup comparisons were statistically significant (p &lt, 0.05). Demineralization increased the Ra values, and a decrease was observed post-remineralization for all the groups. The maximum Ra decrease was observed for group 3 (−223.2 nm) followed by group 2 (−55.6 nm), and all the intragroup comparisons were again statistically significant (p &lt, 0.05). Micro-CT investigation revealed that the enamel volume decreased after demineralization and increased after remineralization among all groups. The F-BG toothpaste showed greater enamel surface micro-hardness (increased VHN), smoother surface (low roughness), and better volume restoration (remineralization) in comparison to the fluoride toothpaste.

Bone gelatin is an important and irreplaceable item widely used in the food industry and pharmaceutical production; it is also widely used in tissue engineering and other spheres. Due to widespread use of gelatin it is necessary to search for new safe and effective technologies for bone gelatin production. This research represents the results of enzymatic-acid hydrolysis of raw material in the process of gelatin production. The article presents the results of hydrolysis analyzes, the results of the main quality parameters of the obtained gelatin samples; and the major technological scheme for gelatin production is proposed here. As result of developed technology of enzymatic-acid hydrolysis of bone raw material with the ratio of raw material mass to the volume of solvent (HCl 1M and pepsin with an enzymatic activity of 40 units) as 1:9, duration of exposure: 180 minutes (3 hours), at the stage of demineralization, liming and de-ashing, we obtained samples of gelatin at yield rate of 12.1% from the initial mass of raw materials, which is 6.9% higher in comparison with the lowest yield of gelatin according to the proposed schemes. It is shown that the samples have a high protein mass fraction 91.4%, and a low fat mass fraction 0.4%, the obtained results indicate the high technological qualities of the obtained gelatin sample, this is also confirmed by high strength of gel according to Bloom scale, which value varies within the range of 290 ± 0.7 units.

Aim Aim of the current study was to assess the anticariogenic effectiveness of different fluoride varnishes on artificially induced enamel lesions employing scanning electron microscope. Materials and methods Eighty healthy, normal premolars without dental caries that were extracted in course of orthodontic therapy with all the surfaces intact were included in this study. A window, 4 × 4 mm, was made discernible on the buccal surface of each sample tooth. A demineralizing solution at 37°C was used to immerse the teeth for 48 hours to induce artificial lesions on the surface of the enamel. Following preparation of the artificial enamel lesions, the 80 premolar teeth were allocated into the four groups (20 each) depending on the fluoride varnish system used as Group I: control, Group II: Duraphat varnish, Group III: MI Varnish, and Group IV: Clinpro White Varnish. The anticariogenic effectiveness of different fluoride varnishes was evaluated employing a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results The MI Varnish (fluoride varnish) group exhibited slightly greater (127.20 ±0.14) mean demineralized lesions, pursued by Clinpro White Varnish use (126.88 ±0.09), the control group (126.36 ±0.10) and the Duraphat varnish (124.14 ±0.08) in that order. Greater mean areas of remineralization were found with use of MI Varnish (92.40 ±0.09), pursued by the Duraphat varnish use (106.68 ±0.12), use of Clinpro White Varnish (112.36 ±0.08), and then the control group (123.08 ±0.18) in that order. Statistically significant differences were noted between the experimental groups employing the various fluoride varnishes (p Conclusion The current research concluded that the MI Varnish group presented a superior protective potential in comparison with Duraphat varnish and Clinpro White Varnish groups. Clinical significance Mineral exchanges among teeth and saliva render incipient enamel lesions reversible. A 5% sodium fluoride varnish is the MI Varnish that is composed of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) to provide an excellent fluoride varnish that makes available additional bioavailable fluoride, calcium, and phosphate. Therefore, it may be fruitfully utilized in remineralization of initial carious lesions. CPP-ACP may be employed in clinical practice for drawing back or ceasing initial carious lesions. Rani KBS, Ramanna PK, Mailankote S, et al. Evaluation of Anticaries Efficacy of Various Fluoride Varnishes on Artificial Enamel Lesion: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2021;22(7):774-777.

The aim of this study was to assess the remineralization of enamel caries lesions using the self-assembling peptide P11 -4 associated with different materials. Artificial early enamel lesions were prepared on 154 primary teeth. The samples were randomly divided into eight groups: (1) control, (2) P11 -4, (3) fluoridate toothpaste (FT), (4) P11 -4 + FT, (5) casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), (6) P11 -4 + CPP-ACP, (7) fluoridate bioactive glass toothpaste (BT), and (8) P11 -4 + BT. The surface enamel microhardness (EMH) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of the teeth were then measured at the baseline, after demineralization, and after 28 days of remineralization. The enamel surfaces were assessed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p

In today’s time tooth/teeth whitening has become the most common requested procedure from the clinician. As per the increasing demand by the patient for whiter teeth, there are various home based products are available like gels, tooth pastes and some other products are also available that can be applied by the dentist and it contains high amount of bleaching agent with in it. Some of the aware risk of tooth whitening procedure was also known such as, sensitivity of the tooth, irritation of the gingiva, demineralization of the tooth surface along with roughening of the superficial layer of the tooth. Keywords: Tooth whitening, Home bleaching procedure, In office bleaching procedure, Post bleaching sensitivity, Post bleaching gingival irritation

To evaluate the differences in the pullout strength and displacement of pedicle screws in cadaveric thoracolumbar vertebrae with or without artificial demineralization.Five human lumbar and five thoracic vertebrae from one cadaver were divided into two hemivertebrae. The left-side specimens were included in the simulated osteopenic model group and the right-side bones in a control group. In the model group, we immersed each specimen in HCl (1 N) solution for 40 minutes. We measured bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and quantitative computerized tomography. We inserted polyaxial pedicle screws into the 20 pedicles of the cadaveric lumbar and thoracic spine after measuring the BMD of the 2 hemivertebrae of each specimen. We measured the pullout strength and displacement of the screws before failure in each specimen using an Instron system.The average pullout strength of the simulated osteopenic model group was 76% that of the control group. In the control and model groups, the pullout strength was 1678.87±358.96 N and 1283.83±341.97 N, respectively, and the displacement was 2.07±0.34 mm and 2.65±0.50 mm, respectively (p.05). We detected positive correlations between pullout strength and BMD in the control group and observed a negative correlation between displacement and BMD in the model group.By providing an anatomically symmetric counterpart, the human cadaveric model with or without demineralization can be used as a test bed for pullout tests of the spine. In the simulated osteopenic model group, pullout strength was significantly decreased compared with the untreated control group.Decreased bone mineral density may significantly reduce the pullout strength of a pedicle screw, even though the range is osteopenic rather than osoteoporotic.

Clinicians always face a challenge in selecting the appropriate material for clinical use. Presently, the term bioactive is being used judiciously and unquestionably in the field of dental materials. The introduction of nanotechnology brought about a revolution in material science leading to the development of bioactive materials for caries prevention and management. This review comprehensively evaluates the use of bioactive materials for modification of the oral biome, prevention of dental caries, and the management of dental caries as restorative materials. Six online database (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane library) were systematically searched using broad keywords. Published articles were scrutinized, analyzed and the full-text articles were selected. Data reveals relatively limited application of tissue engineering and regeneration for enamel and dentin due to their limited ability to remodel. However, many steps are being taken in biomimetic approach for the modification of dentin. The path to overcoming any challenges will require active collaboration among clinicians, a material scientist and pulp biologist.

Introduction Caries initiation is associated with demineralization of the toothenamel surface. Calcium and phosphorous are lost from the subsurface enamel, resultingin the formation of a subsurface lesion. Aim: this study aimed to investigate and comparethe enamel surface ultramorphology and minerals content by Environmental ScanningElectron Microscope (ESEM) and Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and toassess micro-hardness (Vickers test) of demineralized enamel surface treated with CPPACPcasein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Flouride(MI Paste Plus)or SDF ( FAgamine). Materials and methods: This study was conducted on twentyeight human premolars ,were collected from the outpatient clinic of MaxillofacialDepartment, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University. The selected premolarsdistributed into three groups: Group I: consisted of 7 intact sound premolars,(controlgroup) Group II : consisted of 7 demineralized premolars,(demineralized group) while,Group III consisted of 14 premolars ( each one divided into 28 halves mesiodistally)then all 28 specimens of group III were demineralized and half of them were treatedby MI Paste plus ( subgroup IIIa) and other were treated by SDF( subgroup IIIb). AllGroups I,III subgroup IIIa showed the highest value followed by subgroup IIIb & group Iand finally the least value was related to group II .The highest value of fluoride contentrelated to subgroup IIIb. There was not statistically significant difference betweenmicrohardness values of group I and group III while group II revealed the lowestmicrohardness value. Conclusion: Both CPP-ACPF and SDF show areas of mineralizeddeposits and improvement of enamel ultrastructure. Also both CPP-ACPF and SDF areefficient remineralizing agent, but CPP-ACPF is more efficient as remineralizing agentthan SDF. CPP-ACPF shows better microhardness results than SDF.

Summary Background The highly prevalent white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets necessitate introducing preventive materials without relying on patient compliance. Objective To evaluate the antidemineralizing effect of two concentrations of xylitol varnish. Trial design Triple-blind, four-arm, parallel-group, single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods A total of 120 orthodontic patients were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 30), using a computer-generated randomized block list. The treatment groups were: 10% xylitol, 20% xylitol, 5% fluoride, and placebo. Tooth demineralization was measured with DIAGNOdent at T1 (before treatment), followed by varnish application. At T2 (third month), the varnish was re-applied, and at the third (T2) and sixth (T3) months, and after treatment (T4), the demineralization was measured. The white spot lesion frequency was assessed visually after treatment. The participants, the clinician, and data assessors were all blinded to group assignments. Results A total of 115 patients underwent per-protocol analyses. At T2, the mean DIAGNOdent numbers in the fluoride and 10% xylitol groups were significantly lower than the placebo group (P = 0.00), with a mean difference of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.15–1.10) and 0.5 (95% CI, 0.04–0.95), respectively. At T3, the fluoride and 10% xylitol groups had significantly lower mineral loss than the placebo group (P=0.046) with a mean difference of 0.52 (95% CI, 0.14–0.89) in the fluoride and 0.45 (95% CI, 0.03–0.86) in the 10% xylitol groups, respectively. However, at T4, only the mean for the 10% xylitol group was significantly different (P=0.049) from the placebo group, with a mean difference of 1.18 (95% CI, 0.42–1.93). Visual assessment showed that after treatment, the prevalence of white spot lesions in the fluoride (P=0.03) and 10% xylitol (P=0.00) groups was less than the placebo group with the odds ratio of 0.67 (95% CI, 0.46–0.96) and 0.43 (95% CI, 0.28–0.64), respectively. Conclusion The 10% xylitol varnish short-term effects on caries control were significantly greater than 20% xylitol varnish and placebo but similar to fluoride varnish. However, the 10% xylitol long-term effect was almost better than fluoride varnish. Trial registration The protocol was registered at IRCT.ir under the code IRCT20180913041032N1.

A presença do chumbo na composição química do esmalte dentário pode gerar hipoplasias, aumentar o risco de desmineralização e cárie. A partir de um grupo original de 17 participantes, foram determinados e comparados os resultados de níveis prévios de chumbo no esmalte dentário superficial saudável e no esmalte afetado por hipoplasia em 2 casos. Foram realizadas microbiópsias ácidas in vivo de esmalte dentário superficial, analisadas por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) para determinação do fósforo (P) e espectrometria de absorção atômica de forno de grafite (GF AAS) para determinação do chumbo (Pb). Caso 1: O teor de P na solução ácida referente ao esmalte saudável foi 25.200 mgP/L ± 0.200 e na solução referente à hipoplasia foi 16.400 mgP/L ± 0.100. O nível de chumbo na área de esmalte saudável foi de 20.02 ppm e 18.04 ppm na área de hipoplasia. Caso 2: O teor de P na solução ácida referente ao esmalte saudável foi 35.800 mgP/L ± 0.300 e na solução referente à hipoplasia foi 2.720 mgP/L ± 0.030. O nível de chumbo na área de esmalte saudável foi de 4.37 ppm e 236.69 ppm na área de hipoplasia. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao teor de fósforo e profundidade da biópsia na comparação das médias entre os dois casos de hipoplasia e esmalte saudável do grupo de origem dos casos.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of in-office and at-home bleaching agent applications on the surface topography and microhardness of artificially demineralized enamel. Materials and Methods A total of 224 enamel specimens were prepared using bovine sound central incisors. 4 mm × 4 mm enamel windows were exposed on the buccal surfaces covering the remaining surface with nail varnish. Samples were immersed in a demineralizing solution for 16 hours to produce artificial caries lesions, then divided into four groups according to the bleaching agent’s type and concentration. Group I; in-office bleaching 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) (Whiteness HP Maxx; FGM, Brazil), Group II and Group III at-home bleaching 16 and 22% carbamide peroxide CP, respectively (Whiteness Perfect). Group IV; control (not bleached). The microhardness Vickers hardness number (VHN) was measured at the baseline, after demineralization, and after bleaching consequently. The micro-surface changes of the enamel surface after demineralization and bleaching were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Statistical Analysis Data were evaluated by the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test followed by Post Hoc Tukey’s and Fisher’s least significant difference. Tow- sided p-values were considered statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05. Results A significant reduction was noticed in the enamel microhardness after demineralization p < 0.05. However, there is no statistically significant difference between the mean VHN of the demineralized and bleached enamel (p > 0.001). SEM images showed significant changes on the surface of the demineralized enamel after bleaching (pattern type III). Conclusions The low and high concentrations of HP and CP bleaching agents increased the demineralization severity of artificial caries lesions without significantly altering their microhardness values.

Introduction: Adolescence age group has significant impact of advertizing industry for use of soft drink and junk food. Present study is aimed to find out the alteration in the bone markers in medical and dental students, who regularly consume soft drinks. Materials and Methods: Students from our institute were divided (n = 200) in two groups. Group A – Students who consume 200 ml or less than 200 ml of soft drink in a week. Group B -Students consuming more than 200 ml of either ‘regular’ soft drink (B1) or ‘diet’ soft drink (B2) per day. Results: There is a significant decrease in the levels of bone density, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D and increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in Group B2 than group A as well as B1. Conclusion: Diet soft drinks are consumed instead of regular soft drinks, the decrease in the pH due to phosphoric acid and aspartame; may lead to bone demineralization resulting into decreased bone density. Inhibition of 1alpha hydroxylase may get inhibited due to acid pH caused by phosphoric acid from soft drinks. These changes may lead to develop tendency of bone fractures in the future life. Keywords: Soft drinks, Bone density.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the ability of three commercially available remineralizing agents on the surface microhardness (SMH) of enamel after induction of white spot lesions (WSLs) by demineralization. MATERIALS AND METHODS About 80 sound mandibular human premolars that were later removed as a part of orthodontic treatment were employed in this research under the inclusion criteria. After cleaning and disinfecting the teeth, their crowns were mounted in acrylic resin and painted with nail varnish, not including a 3 mm × 3 mm window in the middle of the buccal surface. Each tooth was soaked in 15 mL of a demineralizing solution at a pH of 4.5 that was prepared for this study and left in a place for 10 subsequent days to permit the formation of WSLs after which the SMH was again assessed. The premolar teeth were then randomly allocated and equally divided into one of the four groups of 20 each depending on the treatment they received as Group 1: control group, Group 2: Colgate sensitive Pro-Relief toothpaste group, Group 3: Amflor group, and Group 4: Enafix group. After 15 days, the microhardness of all samples was estimated and alterations in the same were noted. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the surface morphology. RESULTS Enhanced and highest mean SMH was present in the Colgate sensitive Pro-Relief group (53.26 ± 0.10) followed by Enafix group (47.72 ± 0.21), Amflor group (44.84 ± 0.66), and control group (39.52 ± 0.32), respectively after application of remineralizing agents. Except for Group 3 vs Group 4, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were noted in all the groups. CONCLUSION All the three agents employed in this study, that is, Colgate sensitive Pro-Relief toothpaste, Amflor, and Enafix improved the SMH of teeth after the therapy given over 15 days compared to the microhardness following demineralization. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE White spot lesions often occur on labial surfaces of teeth after orthodontic treatment. Hence, these lesions pose esthetic challenges thereby affecting treatment satisfaction perceived by the patient. As esthetics and appearance are of foremost significance after orthodontic treatment, elimination protocols for remineralization of WSLs are of utmost importance employing economic means. How to cite this article: Nalawade VA, Jeri SY, Dash BP, et al. Effectiveness of Various Remineralizing Agents on White Spot Lesions after Orthodontic Treatment: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2021;22(5):545-548.

The high-ash low-grade coals of Indian origin are relatively more challenging to demineralize due to their unfavorable hydrophilic surface chemistry. Herein, we report castor oil as a potential bridging liquid, which efficiently agglomerated high-ash low-grade coals by 55-60% at lower concentration (10 wt%) compared to literature (20-25 wt%), without inclusion of surfactants. A blend of castor oil and turpentine oil proved further beneficial. Wet milling of coal was a crucial prerequisite for efficient agglomeration. Three low-grade coals, Bhubaneshwari (35.8% ash), Kaniha (35% ash), and Hingula (26% ash), were beneficiated in the present study. A detailed analysis of process parameters validated with structural characterization using FTIR, Petrography, zeta potential, and SEM analysis was performed. The chemistry between ricinoleic acid in castor oil with that of surface functionality of coal is speculated to be the reason behind the obtained agglomeration results. Castor oil, being non-edible, bio-based, non-toxic, and non-polluting in nature, provides a greener alternative to mineral oils toward the production of clean fuel.

Bennett Tochukwu Amaechi,1 Thais Santiago Phillips,1 Veronica Evans,1 Chidera Precious Ugwokaegbe,2 Minh Nguyet Luong,1 Linda Oge Okoye,3 Frederic Meyer,4 Joachim Enax4 1Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA; 2Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; 3Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; 4Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Bielefeld, GermanyCorrespondence: Bennett Tochukwu AmaechiDepartment of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USATel +1 210 567 3185Email amaechi@uthscsa.eduPurpose: The effectiveness of a hydroxyapatite (HAP) toothpaste and a fluoride toothpaste in preventing root tissue demineralization (root caries) was compared using an established pH-cycling caries model.Materials and Methods: Sixty dentin blocks were produced from the root tissue of extracted human teeth and were assigned to 3 test groups (n=20/group): 10% hydroxyapatite toothpaste (HAP), 1450 ppm fluoride toothpaste (fluoride), and artificial saliva (artsaliva). Early root caries lesions were developed in each sample by 7-day demineralization using a pH-cycling caries model. The daily cyclic treatment regimen consists of two 2-minute toothpaste-slurry treatment periods, one 6-hour acid challenge using acidified gel (pH 4.5), and then storage in remineralizing solution (artsaliva) for the rest of the time. Demineralization was assessed as the amount of mineral loss (∆z) using transverse microradiography (TMR). Pairwise comparisons (between treatments) were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and then Tukey’s HSD for multiple comparisons. All p-values are considered significant if p< 0.05.Results: Both ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD indicated no significant (ANOVA; n=20) difference in mean ∆z among the groups, with least ∆z (±Sd) in the HAP (1117± 366) compared to fluoride (1392± 334) and artsaliva (1406± 223). Relative to control, HAP and fluoride inhibited root demineralization by 21% and 6%, respectively.Conclusion: Within the limit of the present study, the tested toothpaste containing 10% HAP is an effective root caries control toothpaste. Toothpaste containing 10% HAP was slightly more effective in preventing tooth demineralization than 1450 ppm fluoride provided as sodium fluoride. Thus, this study shows that HAP toothpastes can serve as an effective alternative to fluoride toothpastes for root caries management.Keywords: hydroxyapatite, fluoride, pH cycling, artificial saliva, demineralization, toothpaste

Dental caries is a dynamic, preventable, reversible, complex biofilm-mediated, multifactorial disease that involves a series of demineralization/neutrality/remineralization of dental hard tissue in primary and permanent dentition. An imbalance in the continuum with a net demineralization over time results in the initiation of caries lesions. Visual inspection and intraoral radiographs are vital in caries detection, although they are of suboptimal sensitivity for early caries lesions. Shifting toward a conservative, noninvasive approach to caries management has resulted in the development of innovative-sensitive technologies. These newer techniques may serve as adjunct for the dental practitioner in detecting earliest changes in tooth structure.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the enamel remineralization potential of two bioactive glass- based toothpastes: Biomin® based toothpaste in comparison with Novamin® based toothpaste with sodium fluoride. Material and methods: Forty premolars were selected and divided equally into two groups named Novamin and Biomin groups after discarding their roots. First, the samples were soaked in a demineralizing solution for three days to get white spot lesion. Then, after rinsing them with deionized water, toothpastes were applied in the form of slurry twice daily, for two minutes each. The remineralization process lasted for two weeks. Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) was used to assess the remineralization degree. It was attached to Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) unit to measure the Ca, P weight percent and also the Ca: P for each sample. Three EDX readings were taken for each sample; baseline, after demineralization and after remineralization. Results: The results showed that both toothpastes have remineralization potential without statistically significant difference between them except in phosphate weight percent which was higher in the Biomin group. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study we concluded that the mineral content of the demineralized enamel significantly increase with using both Biomin and Novamin containing toothpastes twice daily for two weeks. Biomin may be more effective than Novamin in remineralization of demineralized enamel.

Technologies for recycling effluent waters from pretreatment, reverse-osmosis plant concentrate, and demineralized water from a polishing plant that have been approbated under field conditions are proposed. It is shown that the application of these technologies is efficient in solving resource-saving problems. For the topping ultrafiltration plant, the use of the considered technical solution makes it possible to return 82–88% of the effluent water volume to the permeate. Reverse-osmosis plant concentrate is suggested to be forwarded to an H-cation exchange filter charged with a weak-acid cation exchange resin. The filter is incorporated into a closed loop for multiple use of regeneration solutions that contains a crystallizer in which calcium sulfate is extracted from a supersaturated regeneration solution. The permeate from the H-cation exchange filter is divided into two flows. One of these flows is mixed with the ultrafiltration plant permeate, and the other is removed from the demineralization plant process circuit and is used as makeup water for cooling systems or water supply and heat-supply systems or is removed into the environment. For estimating the efficiency of the proposed technical solutions, specially developed mathematical models of individual processes were used. It is shown that it is possible by applying the proposed scheme for recycling the effluent water from a membrane demineralization plant to achieve 91.8–99.0% efficiency of using natural water relating to the hydrocarbonate class and sulfate group, which encompasses the overwhelming majority of surface fresh water sources. By applying the regeneration solution multiple usage loop for recycling the reverse-osmosis plant concentrate, it is possible to return a significant part of the concentrate into the main cycle and to extract commercial-grade calcium sulfate from the concentrate. It was also shown from the accomplished calculations that the application of the proposed concentrate recycling technology is inexpedient for source water belonging to the hydrocarbonate class and magnesium group. The schemes for recycling effluent water according to the proposed technology can be practically implemented by using standard equipment and technical solutions approbated under field conditions.

According to some authors, the final maturation of tooth enamel occurs in 1- 2 years after eruption, and then for 2-3 years this process continues in just the fissure area. Full-fledged mineralization during this period is carried out due to the absorption of minerals from saliva, especially in respect to fluorine, calcium and phosphorus ions. As a result of the course of prophylactic treatment with Clin Pro White Varnish® and Tooth Mooth®, an activation of remineralization process was observed ended with the stabilization of the process or complete remineralization in the junior (6-7 years old) and the middle school group children (12-13 years old), which was confirmed by the obtained indices of the "DiagnodentKaVo" laser fluorometry test and the colorimetric test. The use of these preparations is a convenient and effective method in these age groups of children during the preventive treatment provision.

Many studies have analyzed different tooth demineralization models, which generate artificial incipient lesions; however, most of them are complex, slow, not clear and results could not be employed in both primary and permanent teeth because of chemical content differences among them. This study evaluates a demineralization model on primary enamel, under three incubation periods; quantifying artificial incipient lesions formation, and depth by micro-CT, complementing with SEM for morphological characterization. Sixteen healthy human anterior primary teeth extracted for prolonged retention and orthopedic/orthodontic reasons were included in this study, previous informed consent. The sample was randomly assigned to four groups n = 4: G_Control, G_2D, G_4D, and G_7D. Micro-CT and SEM were performed during two stages: before demineralization (BD) and after demineralization (AD). A t-student test was carried out to determine differences among groups (p ≤ .05). No incipient lesions were observed in control group. Artificial lesion depth was similar among experimental groups; values were from 38.16 ± 05.40 μm to 42.61 ± 04.75 μm. An amount of 14 to 17 artificial incipient lesions were formed per group, the extension and distribution were different for each incubation period. Five erosive lesions were produced in G_7D. All experimental groups were able to form incipient artificial lesions in primary enamel. SEM characterization revealed more pronounced changes on the enamel surface, as the days of immersion in the demineralization solution increased. The 4-day incubation period is the most recommended for the demineralization model, due to the formation of incipient lesions only and its extension, which facilitates their assessment.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE The present study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of diverse remineralizing agents on artificial enamel lesion using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Totally 80 mandibular premolars which were single rooted were included. All teeth were suspended in a demineralizing solution to create artificial enamel lesions on the exposed enamel. The samples were separated randomly into four groups (20 each) depending on the application of the remineralizing agents as follows: group 1: control; group 2: calcium sucrose phosphate (CaSP); group 3: fluoride varnish; and group 4: casein phosphopeptides-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). The samples in individual group were treated with the corresponding remineralizing agent (except for the control group) two times a day for 14 days. The experimental and control groups were exposed to CLSM assessment to analyze the data of remineralization and demineralization. RESULTS The mean depth of remineralization of fluoride varnish group was slightly more compared to other groups. The highest mean depth of remineralization was found in the fluoride varnish group (122.26 ± 0.28) followed by CaSP (110.58 ± 1.34), CPP-ACP (107.08 ± 0.48), and control (157.78 ± 0.46) groups. The different comparisons among the remineralization material groups showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in almost all groups except group 2 vs group 4. CONCLUSION This study concluded that improved remineralization of artificial enamel lesion could be achieved with the fluoride varnish group when compared to the CaSP and CPP-ACP groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Remineralization as a treatment technique has received a lot of consideration from clinicians. The process of remineralization and demineralization is considered an active process categorized by the movement of calcium and phosphate in and out of the enamel. Presently, the attention has changed toward increasing the resistance of the tooth by applying remineralizing agents topically, which has led to the notable fall in dental caries.

AIM: This study evaluated the impact of two remineralizing agents containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) on white spot lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 90 freshly extracted upper premolars were divided in three equal groups (30 each): Group A: Control group, Group B: Varnish containing CPP-ACP, and Group C: Varnish containing TCP. The teeth were subjected to Diagnodent test after inducing white spot lesions to assess any surface changes present on the teeth. The readings were repeated post-demineralization and post-remineralization. RESULTS: Statistically significant difference was present in the mean values between the tested groups. CPP-ACP group recorded higher mean value at demineralization when compared to TCP group. Statistically significant difference (p < 0.00`01) was present between the baseline and the demineralization values. CPP-ACP group presented higher remineralization results when compared to TCP group. T-test proved a significant difference between the tested groups. CONCLUSION: CPP-ACP containing varnish had higher remineralizing effect when compared to TCP containing varnish. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Recently, the focus of restorative dentistry has been directed toward a conservative approach. Prevention and non-restorative treatment of initial enamel caries is the main concern. Remineralization procedures are the most preferred way of regeneration of lost tooth structure.

Enamel demineralization and white-spot lesions (WSLs) around the orthodontic brackets are common clinical complications after orthodontic fixed appliance therapy. WSLs form mainly due to plaque deposition around the brackets during the orthodontic treatment period. This study was designed to compare and evaluate the efficacy of two different remineralization agents on WSLs, which are “Clinpro 5000 and Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief”. 27 caries-free human premolar teeth were collected after extraction for orthodontic purposes. The crowns were set in acrylic resin, and the entire surfaces were coated with nail varnish apart from an area of 4 × 4 mm on the buccal surface. The surface microhardness (SMH) was measured using the Vickers microhardness testing machine at baseline, after demineralization, and after treatment. Then, the different SMH values were statistically analyzed using mixed-effects linear regression. All samples were immersed in demineralizing solution for ten days to create WSLs, and then the teeth were allocated randomly into one of the three groups: Group 1 (control group-immersed in artificial saliva), Group 2 (treated with Colgate sensitive Pro-Relief toothpaste), and Group 3 (Clinpro 5000 toothpaste). Cycles of treatment were done for 5 minutes every 12 hours for 14 days. The samples were stored in freshly prepared artificial saliva between cycles. The mixed-effects model was used to quantify the effect of different remineralization agents. All statistics were computed using STATA software (version14.1; Stata, College Station, TX). All statistical tests were two-tailed and interpreted at the 0.05 significance level. Both agents improved the surface hardness. Clinpro 5000 improved the surface hardness by 12.7 ( P value 0.012), and Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief improved surface hardness by 18.2 ( P value

Dental caries is the most common oral disease that causes demineralization of the enamel and later of the dentin. Depth-wise assessment of the demineralization process could be used to help in treatment planning. In this study, we aimed to provide baseline information for the development of a Raman probe by characterizing the mineral composition of the dental tissues from large composition maps (6 × 3 mm² with 15 μm step size) using Raman microspectroscopy. Ten human wisdom teeth with different stages of dental caries lesions were examined. All of the teeth were cut in half at representative locations of the caries lesions and then imaged with a Raman imaging microscope. The pre-processed spectral maps were combined into a single data matrix, and the spectra of the enamel, dentin, and caries were identified by K-means cluster analysis. Our results showed that unsupervised identification of dental caries is possible with the K-means clustering. The compositional analysis revealed that the carious lesions are less mineralized than the healthy enamel, and when the lesions extend into the dentin, they are even less mineralized. Furthermore, there were more carbonate imperfections in the mineral crystal lattice of the caries tissues than in healthy tissues. Interestingly, we observed gradients in the sound enamel showing higher mineralization and greater mineral crystal perfection towards the tooth surface. To conclude, our results provide a baseline for the methodological development aimed at clinical diagnostics for the early detection of active caries lesions.

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the effect of black and green tea on initial enamel caries like lesions of extracted human permanent teeth through microhardness analysis and polarized light microscopic evaluation. Materials and methods: Fifty extracted young premolars with a standardized window on enamel were immersed in a demineralizing solution for 48 hours to produce subsurface enamel lesions. They were divided into two groups according to the type of treatment (n= 25), group I: teeth were treated by black tea infusion; group II: teeth were treated by green tea infusion. The enamel surface microhardness was measured at baseline, after the incipient enamel lesion, and after treatment. Additional twenty young premolars were selected and prepared for evaluation of the changes in enamel birefringence using the polarized light microscope. Results: Both groups showed a statistically significant increase in enamel surface microhardness after treatment as compared to the demineralization phase. By comparing the two groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of surface microhardness recovery after treatment in favor of the black tea group (P

Background: A primary aim of pediatric dentists is to repair the early demineralized enamel without intervention through remineralization. Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is a remineralizing material that has been reported to have promising results for caries management. Aim of the study: Evaluation of the remineralization potential of fluoridated toothpaste with SHMP on demineralized enamel of primary teeth. Materials and Methods: Fifty six freshly extracted anterior deciduous teeth were collected and divided into four groups regarding the concentrations of SHMP added to 400 ppm F containing tooth paste. Three groups contained (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%) respectively and a control group without SHMP. Specimens were treated with the tooth pastes and exposed to pH cycling for 5 days then a remineralizing solution for additional 2 days. Specimens were evaluated using Digital Radiographic Density Analysis at baseline, after demineralization and after remineralization. Results: Teeth treated with SHMP showed marked remineralization effect than those treated with fluoride alone. Increasing the concentration of SHMP from 0.25, 0.5 to 1%, associated with increased the remineralizing effect. Conclusion: SHMP has a superior remineralizing effect over fluoride alone. 1% SHMP concentration added to 400F ppm toothpaste provided the best results.

Background: Teeth in the human body are the most mineralized tissue, which contain both organic and inorganic components. Demineralization and remineralization of teeth occur continuously, but demineralization causes structural loss of a tooth. Aim: This study was done to find the effect of ceramic by adding mono-n-Dodecyl phosphate to ceramic in dentin remineralization. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty permanent intact tooth specimens were randomly divided into four equal groups: Group 1: control group, Group 2: dentin was etched and restored with plain ceramic restoration, Group 3: etched dentin restored with ceramic containing 2% mono-n-Dodecyl phosphate, and Group 4: etched dentin restored with ceramic containing 5% mono-n-Dodecyl phosphate. Each sample was immersed completely in simulated body fluid and was kept in an incubator at 37°C to simulate the human body environment. Knoop microhardness measurements were recorded at 10, 20, and 38 days. Results: Knoop microhardness of dentin (KHN) reduced to 32.6% after dentin was etched. No significant difference was found between group 2, 3 and 4 after 10 days. KHN value was increased and showed significant changes restored with group 2 and 3, group 3 showed nonsignificant changes. Conclusion: Through this study, we found that Ceramic can be used as a remineralizing agent to restore marginal dentine around of the cavity and root lesions from secondary caries.

Aim and objective The purpose of this research was to analyze the role of chitosan in the remineralization of enamel and dentin. Materials and methods An electronic search was done for articles published from January 2009 to January 2020. A manual search was done from bibliographies of selected articles for relevant articles that were unexplored. Only in vitro studies conducted on the application of chitosan for remineralization of enamel and dentin were included in the study. Results Of the 162 articles that were searched, only 15 in vitro studies were selected for the study. These studies met the inclusion criteria and were published from January 2009 to January 2020. Conclusion The review provides insight into the mechanism of remineralization of enamel and dentin. The properties of chitosan make it an ideal biomaterial that can be employed in the formulation of a novel remineralizing gel. However, more in vivo studies, clinical trials, and research are essential to transform chitosan-based remineralizing gels from research to clinical use. Clinical significance This review article opens a new window of opportunities for remineralizing enamel and dentin which have been long considered a challenging job. How to cite this article Nimbeni SB, Nimbeni BS, Divakar DD. Role of Chitosan in Remineralization of Enamel and Dentin: A Systematic Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(4):562–568.

Introduction: Despite extensive research in various preventive technologies over the years, white spot lesion (WSL) development in association with orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances remains an unwanted clinical problem. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of various cariostatic products available commercially that would help in prevention of white spot lesions. Total 120 healthy extracted premolars were taken and divided into a sample of four groups. GC Tooth Mousse, Clin pro and Anticay were compared for their protective efficiency. Three test groups had three different topical agents applied and the fourth group acted as a control. After the test materials were applied they were subjected to pH cycling using artificial saliva with a pH of 4.5 that acted as a demineralization agent and fluorescence was assessed using spectroscopy. Results: One way Anova and Student‘t’ test revealed the efficacy of all the three materials as cariostatic agents, GC Tooth Mousse and Anticay were revealed to have the best protective efficiency. Conclusion: GC Tooth Mousse and Anticay can be used by the orthodontic patients as an in home application product for the prevention of development of white spot lesions. Keywords: White spot lesions, Spectroscopy, Artificial Saliva, CPP-ACP, CaSP.

Purpose. The main purpose of the work is to improve the safety of railway transport operation. The implementation of this purpose is provided by assessing and preventing the negative influence of petroleum products on the structural elements of the railway infrastructure. Methodology. The main criterion for assessing the residual life of technical elements of equipment is their strength characteristics. One of the key factors affecting the suitability of technical devices during operation is corrosion damage to the metal. Therefore, the influence of various combinations of the mineralization degree and concentration of petroleum products on the corrosion rate of metals most often used in the design of cooling systems for diesel engines and other transport objects was studied. Thus, for carrying out static and dynamic laboratory tests, model working solutions with different salinity (demineralization model) and different concentrations of dissolved petroleum products (model of standard solutions with organic impurities) were selected. Dynamic and static studies of corrosion damage were carried out by the gravimetric method and the method of polarization resistance using standard samples and solutions. Findings. Based on the results of experimental studies of the authors and analytical data processing, generalizing model dependences of the corrosion rate on the mineralization degree of the working solution of the fractional composition of petroleum products were obtained. A study was carried out and the influence of the water demineralization degree on the corrosion rate of materials of diesel cooling systems was established. Originality. Based on a wide range of author's experimental data, the presence of generalizing dependences of the corrosion rate on temperature, the mineralization degree of the working solution and the fraction of the petroleum products composition has been shown and proven. The obtained dependences form the basis of the developed mathematical model of corrosion, which is a set of relationships linking the characteristics of the corrosion process with various factors influencing its development. Practical value. The obtained experimental and analytical data can be widely used for non-destructive testing procedures, detailed prediction of the state of structural elements and the selection of effective inhibitors to reduce the corrosive aggressiveness of the environment and protect structures.

Background: Dental caries is an infectious microbial disease that begins as demineralization of an inorganic portion of tooth, followed by the destruction of organic parts, leading to cavity formation. Fluoride helps to prevent caries which can be administered systematically or topically. Fluoride mouth rinse has been used in school program to prevent caries. Method: This article aim is to describe the effectiveness of school-based fluoride mouth rinse (S-FMR) as one of the effective methods to prevent caries on children. Discussion: The School-based Fluor Mouth Rinse (S-FMR) program or gargling using fluoride in schools is the use of fluoride as a mouth rinse for children aged 6-18 years conducted in the school environment. Several studies have shown that S-FMR can reduce the prevalence of caries. Conclusion: S-FMR is considered effective in preventing caries due to the simple method, cost-effectiveness, time efficiency, and easily undertaken by the teacher’s supervision

Aim and objective The study was conducted to assess and compare the remineralization ability of fluoride varnish, casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF), bioactive glass-ceramic, and nanohydroxyapatite crystals using a confocal microscope. Materials and methods Eighty premolars and 80 deciduous central incisors were included in this study. Two windows of approximately 3 × 3 mm were created on the labial surface of the premolars and 2 × 2 mm on deciduous maxillary incisors. Artificial caries like lesions was created by demineralizing the sample windows. The teeth sections were then randomly assigned into four groups (n = 20). Specimens of the first group were once painted with fluoride varnish, while those in CPP-ACPF, bioactive glass-ceramic, and nanohydroxyapatite were brushed twice daily for 2 minutes each for 40 days, respectively. 150-200 μm longitudinal sections were obtained and were photographed under a confocal laser scanning microscope. They were quantified using a computerized imaging system for demineralization and later for remineralization. The recorded values were tabulated and analyzed using Fisher's test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post hoc Bonferroni's test. Results All the materials used in the study showed remineralization potential at the end of 40 days in both permanent and deciduous teeth. The highest remineralization potential was observed in the fluoride varnish group followed by bioactive glass, CPP-ACFP, and nanohydroxyapatite in both permanent and deciduous teeth. In permanent teeth, the difference in the remineralization potential of fluoride varnish and bioactive glass was not statistically significant. Conclusion The present study showed that self-applied bioactive glass has similar remineralization potential to fluoride varnish in permanent teeth. Therefore, bioactive glass can be used for the management of incipient caries lesions daily. How to cite this article Goel T, Singhal A, Singh I, et al. Evaluation and Comparison of Self-applied Remineralizing Agents Using Confocal Microscopy: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(S-1):S34-S39.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the effect of zinc carbonate - nano hydroxyapatite (n-HA) (Biorepair toothpaste) and casein phosphopeptide - amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) (GC Tooth Mousse creme) on the depth of white spot lesions (WSLs). Materials and Methods: Thirty six human premolar teeth with artificially induced WSLs were randomly assigned to three groups (n=12). Group I: n-HA toothpaste, Group II: CPP-ACP topical creme, and Group III: negative control. The teeth were longitudinally sectioned and photographed using polarized light microscopy (PLM) and the depth of enamel subsurface demineralization was measured. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: The n-HA group showed the least mean lesion depth, followed by the CPP-ACP group (76.8 ± 10.2 μm and 79.8 ± 9.7 μm respectively), while, the control group showed the largest mean lesion depth (107.8 ± 8.5 μm). The difference between the control group and each of the test groups was significant (p < 0.001), while there was no significant difference between the two test groups. Conclusion: Both n-HA and CPP-ACP showed significant remineralization of the early enamel lesions compared to the control group.

Objective: Compare the effect of different fluoride releasing bonding agents in prevention of enamel demineralization around the orthodontic brackets. Materials and methods: 100 premolar used, these premolars were bonded by 5 bonding agents which were: group 1: Twenty brackets were bonded by Transbond XT adhesive (control group). group 2: Twenty brackets were bonded by Transbond plus color change adhesive. group 3: Twenty brackets were bonded by Transbond XT and covered by Fluoride. group 4: Twenty brackets were bonded by GC Fuji ORTHO lC. group 5: Twenty brackets were bonded by Ketac Cem, subjected to pH cycle for 21 days at room temperature then examined by visual examination and examined by electron microscope. Results: Fuji Ortho showed the least demineralization while composite (Transbond XT showed the most one in demineralization of teeth. Conclusion: Fuji Ortho L.C bonding agent showed the highest property in preventing of demineralization during orthodontic treatment

Realizou-se um estudo "in vitro" avaliando a capacidade de selamento de 3 cimentos de obturação de canal através de testes de infiltração. 40 incisivos inferiores foram instrumentados pela técnica escalonada e divididos em 4 grupos. Os dentes foram obturados pela técnica da condensação lateral da guta-percha, tendo como variação o cimento de obturação. Fill Canal, Sealer 26, N-Rickert foram testados e comparados com o grupo controle no qual não se utilizou cimento, apenas cones de guta-percha. A penetração linear de corante foi medida após desmineralização e diafanização dos espécimens. Os resultados mostram diferenças estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos. Os menores níveis de infiltração ocorreram no grupo Fill Canal, seguido pelos grupos N-Rickeft e Sealer 26., It is an "in vitro" study to evaluate the sealing ability of 3 root canal sealers using a dye leakage/clearing method. 40 lower incisors were instrumented by the step-back technique and divided into 4 groups. The teeth were filled with lateral condensation of guta-percha varying the root canal sealer. Fill Canal, Sealer 26, N-Rickert were tested and compared to the control group in which guttapercha cones with no seater were used. Linear dye penetration was measured after demineralizatÎon and clearing. Statistical analysÏs showed significant differences among the groups. The lowest leakage values were found in the Fill Canal group followed by the N-Rickert and the Sealer 26 groups.

International audience; Membrane processes are extensively used in the food industry, especially in the dairy, wine and beer, fruit juice, and sugar industries. In the dairy industry, removal of bacteria and spores from skim milk (cold pasteurization), separation of casein micelles, separation and fractionation of fat globules from whole milk, concentration and demineralization of whey and milk ultrafiltration permeate, fractionation of whey proteins, and desalination of whey membrane processes are realized by membrane processes. In the wine and beer industry, cross-flow of wines and beer clarification and stabilization of wines by electrodialysis are of common use. Fruit juice processing involves clarification, concentration, and deacidification. In the sugar industry, purification and demineralization are realized by membrane processes. This review presents these membrane processes by focusing on the main parameters and phenomena like permeation flux, selectivity, and fouling of membranes. Innovative pilot designs and cleaning methods are presented. The potentials of more unusual techniques like membrane emulsification and electrodialysis of organic acids from fermentation broth are also underlined. A specific attention is paid to the recent development of membrane processes in the food industries

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:06:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 This study evaluated the efficacy of S-PRG vanishes on preventing enamel demineralization. Bovine enamel specimens were obtained, polished and the baseline Knoop microhardness was evaluated. Specimens were stratified into six groups (n = 15), according to the varnish applied: S10—experimental varnish containing 10% of S-PRG fillers, S20—20% of S-PRG fillers, S30—30% of S-PRG fillers; S40—40% of S-PRG fillers; PC (positive control)—5% of NaF; NC (negative control)—no treatment was performed. Half of enamel surfaces were protected to work as a control and varnishes were applied over the unprotected area. A demineralizing pH-cycling was performed, and surface and cross-sectional microhardness were measured. The percentage of microhardness of the treated area was calculated comparing with the untreated area. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p = 5%). All experimental S-PRG varnishes protected against demineralization in relation to no treatment, but S40 was the most effective on the surface. For all depths, S30 and S40 were superior in enamel demineralization prevention than other S-PRG filler concentrations and 5% NaF. It was concluded that S-RPG filler containing varnishes were effective to prevent enamel demineralization. The higher concentrated products were more effective than 5% sodium fluoride on surface demineralization prevention. Department of Restorative Dentistry São Paulo State University - UNESP Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Eng. Francisco Jose Longo, 777 Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics São Paulo State University - UNESP Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Eng. Francisco Jose Longo, 777 Department of Research and Development Shofu Inc., 11 Kamitakamatsu-cho, Fukuine, Higashiyama-ku Department of Restorative Dentistry São Paulo State University - UNESP Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Eng. Francisco Jose Longo, 777 Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics São Paulo State University - UNESP Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Eng. Francisco Jose Longo, 777

Relevance.In adolescence, focal demineralization after orthodontic treatment is highly prevalent. This, in turn, leads to symptomatic hypersensitivity in the absence of other predisposing factors (recessions, exposure of cervical dentin, increased abrasion, etc.). Reviewed the mechanism for reducing hypersensitivity and remineralizing of calcium-sodium phosphosilicate, also the effectiveness of using a prophylactic toothpaste with this component in adolescents.Materials and methods.A single-center, non-comparative open study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Sensodyne Restoration and Protection toothpaste at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, USMU for 4 weeks. 22 adolescents aged 14-16 years with focal demineralization of enamel in the stain stage after completion of orthodontic treatment participated in the study.Results.The use of toothpaste with calcium-sodium phosphosilicate after a month of use leads to a decrease in the hygiene index by 23.38%, a decrease in hypersensitivity according to the results of the Schiff air index by 56.94% (p ≤ 0.05), and a tendency to an increase in the level of mineralization and a decrease in areas of white spot lesions.Conclusions. Toothpaste with calcium-sodium phosphosilicate has a cleansing effect and reduces sensitivity and can be recommended for adolescents with focal demineralization against the background of orthodontic treatment.

Relevance. At present the question of finding and applying effective methods and approaches for diagnosing early manifestations of dental caries in the form of foci of demineralization during eruption of permanent teeth in children remains an important and relevant issue. Timely diagnosis at the age of 6-7 years prevents the transition of the initial forms of caries into carious defects and further excludes the use of invasive methods of surgical recovery treatment. The aim is improving the approach of caries diagnostics approach by identifying foci of demineralization and hidden carious cavities in children during teething of permanent teeth.Materials and methods. An epidemiological examination of 380 children in Moscow aged 6-7 years was carried out. Of the total number of children examined by the method of randomization 150 people were selected, which are divided into 3 groups depending on the intensity of caries. Children of each group were diagnosed with caries using various diagnostic methods – visual inspection, vital staining, hardware method (Estus-LED-Alladin Multicolor (Geosoft, Russia).Results. In children 6-7 years of age in Moscow, the average prevalence and intensity of caries was established. However, the epidemiological examination does not take into account the number of foci of demineralization and hidden carious cavities, which can subsequently be transformed into destructive forms and cause an increase in caries. This indicates the need to improve the diagnostic approach using different methods for identifying early forms of caries. When using the hardware method, a greater number of foci of demineralization and hidden carious cavities were revealed on all surfaces of permanent teeth. There was a tendency to an increase in the number of foci of demineralization and hidden carious cavities depending on the intensity of caries.Conclusions. The effectiveness of the hardware method in the group of children DMF = 0 was 40,9% in comparison with the visual method and 36,4% in comparison with vital staining; with DMF = 1-2 – 35,4% in comparison with other methods, with DMF ≥ 3 – 43.3% in comparison with the visual and 40% in comparison with the vital. Diagnosis of early forms of caries made it possible to prescribe treatment and preventive measures in a timely manner and further reduce the growth of caries.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effects of CO2 and erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) lasers with and without fluoride varnish on demineralization around composite restorations. Methods: This in vitro experimental study evaluated 96 extracted human premolars. After preparation and restoration of class V cavities in the buccal surface of the teeth with composite resin, they were randomly divided into 8 groups of control, CO2 laser (L1), CO2 laser-NaF (L1F), NaF-CO2 laser (FL1), Er:YAG laser (L2), Er:YAG laser-NaF (L2F), NaF-Er:YAG laser (FL2) and NaF (F). The entire surface of the teeth, except for the restored cavity in the buccal surface and 1 mm around the margin, was coated with two layers of nail varnish. The teeth then underwent pH cycling for 10 days (3 hours in demineralizing solution and 21 hours in remineralizing solution) to artificially induce demineralization. The amount of calcium and phosphorous released into the cariogenic solution was quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. The Vickers hardness tester was used to measure the hardness of the tooth structure adjacent to composite restoration. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: The four groups of L1F, FL1, FL2 and L2F showed minimum loss of calcium and phosphorous ions, and the mean hardness of FL1 and FL2 groups was higher than that of other groups. Conclusion: The CO2 and Er:YAG lasers alone have no significant effect on the resistance of tooth structure to cariogenic solution. However, they can exert a synergistic effect when used along with NaF varnish. Fluoride varnish applied prior to laser irradiation confers further resistance to the tooth structure and positively affects its hardness.

Background This study aimed to compare the efficacies of experimental toothpastes containing functionalized tricalcium phosphate (fTCP) with and without fluoride for in vitro enamel remineralization under pH-cycling conditions. Methods To create artificial white spot lesions, 36 bovine enamel specimens were immersed in a demineralization solution for 10 days. During pH-cycling for 12 days, the specimens were divided into four groups based on the experimental toothpaste type used: (a) fTCP-free, fluoride-free (fTCP − F −); (b) fTCP-containing, fluoride-free (fTCP + F −); (c) fTCP-free, fluoride-containing (fTCP − F +); and (d) fTCP-containing, fluoride-containing (fTCP + F +). Micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (μCT) scans of all specimens were obtained before demineralization, after demineralization, and after pH-cycling. The mineral density and mineral loss (ΔZ) in the enamel subsurface lesions were measured and the percentage of remineralization (%R) was calculated from ΔZ after demineralization and pH-cycling. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test was used for statistical analysis of the %R values. The treated enamel surface was investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results The fTCP − F − group presented with the lowest amount of mineral gain after pH-cycling. In contrast, the fTCP + F + group showed the highest degree of remineralization within all lesion parts. The %R was highest in the fTCP + F + group (38.2 ± 7.8, all P Conclusions The experimental toothpaste containing fTCP and fluoride increased remineralization of the artificial enamel subsurface lesions during pH-cycling. Furthermore, fTCP and fluoride appear to act independently on the remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions, although they coexisted in one toothpaste type. Trial registration: This is not a human subject research.

Background: With introduction of newer enamel remineralization products in the market, it becomes important to evaluate and compare their remineralization efficacy. Hence the objective of the study was to assess and compare the enamel remineralizing efficacy of Casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate cream, Nano-hydroxyapatite containing paste and Xylitol containing paste on artificially induced enamel carious lesions using surface micro hardness analysis.Methods: In-vitro study was conducted using 50 enamel specimens, randomly allocated to 5 groups of 10 samples each after standardization of Surface micro hardness. Except Group 1, specimens were subjected to demineralization for 4 days at 370 C following remineralization with slurry of remineralizing agents; Tooth Mousse Plus, nano-HAP and Remin Pro.Specimens were subjected to pH cycling for 28 days followed by assessment of surface micro hardness (PISMH). Student’s paired t-test, One-way analysis of variance test (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey test were used for statistical analysis.Results: The surface harness of Tooth Mousse plus (333.62±38.95VHN) and Remin Pro (342.24±27) groups were significantly higher than the sound enamel group, nanoHap group (275.97±67) and demineralized enamel group (p

objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different remineralizing agents and resin infiltration on resistance to demineralization of artificial enamel lesions using a pH cycling model. Materials and Methods: A total of 63 anterior bovine teeth were randomly assigned to nine groups (n=7). Artificial white spot lesions were created on the labial enamel surface using the demineralizing solution for all groups except for sound enamel group. Different surface treatments were then performed; G1: Artificial saliva, G2: Clinpro White Varnish™, G3: Tooth Mousse®, G4: MI Paste Plus®, G5: Artificial saliva/ ICON®, G6: Clinpro White Varnish™/ICON®, G7: Tooth Mousse®/ ICON®, G8: MI Paste Plus®/ ICON®, G9: sound enamel. All treated artificial enamel lesions were subjected to pH cycling. The whole nine groups were then submitted to cross-sectional microhardness using Vicker’s microhardness test, each specimen was measured at five predetermined depths. ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Results: Two-Way ANOVA revealed that the type of surface treatment had a significant effect. Meanwhile, depth of measurement had no significant effect on cross-sectional microhardness of artificial enamel lesions. Conclusion: Remineralizing agents are effective in resisting demineralization in treated artificial enamel lesions and their effect is not potentiated by ICON® treatment. Clinical significance: One-month daily application of MI Paste Plus® was efficient to restore and maintain microhardness of enamel.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of the Galla chinensis extract (GCE) on early dentin lesion remineralization. Materials and Methods Seventy-two dentin specimens were divided into three groups according to the treatment solution. In group S1, specimens were treated with GCE; in group S2, the specimens were treated with sodium fluoride (NaF); meanwhile, specimens of group S3 were treated with distilled water (DW). Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups according to the treatment time (1 minute and 5 minutes). An in vitro pH-cycling model for 12 days was done. Subsequently, surface microhardness (SMH) of the specimens, elemental analysis, and their micromorphological appearance were evaluated. Statistical Analysis Data were statistically analyzed. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare numerical (parametric) data between more than two separate groups followed by post hoc Tukey. Results There was no significant difference between the mean SMH of dentin between NaF and GCE groups. Regarding the time, the 5-minute treatment with NaF and DW groups recorded higher mean SMH value of dentin than the 1-minute treatment group. Meanwhile, for GCE groups, the 1-minute immersion recorded higher mean SMH value than the 5-minute immersion without any significant difference between them. The microhardness results were confirmed by environmental scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analysis results. Conclusion GCE could be used as an effective alternative for dentin remineralization.

Objective: To evaluate the color stability of artificial white spot lesions treated with three different surface treatments after immersion in staining solution. Materials and Methods: An artificial white spot lesion was created in the middle of the labial surface using demineralizing solution. Sixty-five bovine teeth were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n=13) according to surface treatment. G1: Enamel submitted to demineralization only. G2: Polished Enamel. G3: Demineralized enamel treated with low-viscosity resin infiltrant. G4: Demineralized enamel treated with CPP-ACP for 1 month. G5: Demineralized enamel treated with Artificial saliva for 1 month. All specimens were then immersed in a staining solution (coffee) for 8 weeks. Color measurements, using the CIE L*a*b* system, were done immediately after treatment and after 2, 4 and 8 weeks of immersion, by Spectrophotometry. Digital photographs were also taken at each stage to a representative specimen from each group. In addition, representative specimen for each group was evaluated using Polarized Light microscope. Color change (ΔE) was analyzed by two-way mixed ANOVA. Results: Resin infiltrant group exhibited the lowest color change values at all times of measurement, followed by CPP-ACP and polished enamel, while the highest color change values were recorded in samples without treatment. Conclusion: Resin infiltrant can be considered an effective treatment in masking and reducing long-term staining susceptibility of white spot lesions after treatment.

Background: Preventing caries or stopping primary caries lesions is one of the most important goals of oral health care. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of flavonoids and the whey extract on tooth enamel by measuring the microhardness of enamel following its demineralization. Methods: In general, 42 samples of healthy enamel were prepared in this experimental-laboratory study. After measuring the initial microhardness using Vickers hardness tester )Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA(, the samples were immersed in the demineralization solution for 4 days and re-tested for microhardness. Then, the samples were randomly divided into three groups of 14 and treated, including the grape seed extract w/v8%, the whey extract, and the artificial saliva. The samples were in contact with the treatment material for 8 days in an incubator at 37°C and then their microhardness was evaluated again. Results: The analysis of covariance showed that there was a significant difference in the amount of microhardness changes between the study groups (P < 0.001) so that microhardness changes were the highest in the grape seed extract group while they decreased in the control group. However, the post hoc test showed no statistically significant difference between the whey extract and grape seed extract groups (P = 1.000). Finally, the control group had a statistically significant difference from the whey extract and grape seed extract groups. Conclusions: Both grape seed extract and whey extract increased remineralization and the microhardness of tooth enamel compared to the control group. Thus, these two substances can be considered as natural and effective substances in the non-invasive treatment of carious lesions.

Background: This study aimed to assess the microhardness and morphology of permanent dentin following the application of Iranian and foreign-made desensitizing toothpastes. Methods: This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 48 dentin samples prepared of the extracted sound human permanent molars. Dentin samples were randomly divided into three groups (n=16) and subjected to the application of Pooneh Iranian desensitizing toothpaste, Colgate Sensitive Pro- Relief (Poland), and no intervention (negative control). Each dentin sample was then immersed in 5 mL of a demineralizing solution for 10 hours and underwent a demineralization/remineralization cycle (pH cycling) for 14 days. The mean microhardness of the samples was measured at baseline after demineralization and after 14 days. One sample of each toothpaste group was selected for the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assessment of dentin morphology. Finally, repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of time and type of toothpaste on microhardness using SPSS, version 21. Results: The comparison of the mean microhardness of the control group with experimental groups revealed no significant difference at baseline or after demineralization (P > 0.05) although this difference was significant after 14 days (P < 0.001). The mean microhardness of the two toothpaste groups was not significantly different at different time points (P > 0.05). Finally, the SEM assessment revealed a greater tubular obstruction in Pooneh group after 14 days. Conclusions: Pooneh Iranian-made desensitizing toothpaste was comparable to Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief foreign-made desensitizing toothpaste in terms of the microhardness of permanent dentin. It even demonstrated superior performance with regard to the obstruction of dentinal tubules.