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This article empirically investigates the process by which a digital infrastructure evolved and took the architectural form of a digital platform as a core–periphery structure over a 20-year period. Our study pays special attention to the developmental dependencies of the components of the infrastructure’s installed base and how the interdependencies between the platform core and periphery evolve over time. We use the notion of ‘generative entrenchment’ to provide an account of the formation and unfolding of a core–periphery structure from an evolving digital infrastructure that highlights three aspects of the process. First, the process of architectural evolution that our study depicts comprises three phases showing a gradual reversal of the entrenchment relationship of the platform core and periphery: (1) entrenchment of the periphery, (2) mutual entrenchment of the core and periphery, and (3) entrenchment of the core. Second, we show how the generatively entrenched infrastructure’s installed base shaped the decisions and choices regarding the initial platform core. Third, we identify three architectural practices (creating redundancy in the core, augmenting the core with novelty, and reducing the heterogeneity of an entrenched peripheral component and later integrating it into the core) that weakened the entrenchment of the peripheral components, amplified the role of the core, and consolidated the core–periphery structure.

Software and IT usage are continuously growing to keep our society active and manage our individual lives. But as they grow, their energy demand is exploding. By 2030, data centers alone will already consume some 10% of the global electricity.1 Including the Internet, telecommunications, and embedded devices, the energy consumption will be one-third of the global demand. Understanding that end users only consume what we offer, it is the community of software developers who must become active in ecologic behaviors. Green IT is the call of today. Each single line of code that we develop today may still be running years from now on zillions of processors, eating energy and contributing to global climate change.

To understand harm in breathing spaces requires analysis of the ways in which structural violence is built into technologies of environmental governance; a script that cannot recognize the dynamic relationships between bodies, atmospheres, and the industrial practices that condition both. In this paper, I show how community members in a small, Philadelphia neighborhood came to understand that toxic air is made permissible through late industrial political techniques. One of these techniques is a civic engagement platform, designed to more efficiently and transparently connect the public with municipal agencies, and recommended to community members as a means to address atmospheric hazards. Despite initial public optimism, the City’s civic engagement platform failed to address environmental hazards. Rather than abandon the platform, however, community members appropriated the City’s digital infrastructure to run an environmental reporting project. Drawing on the work of STS scholars, I describe the community’s work as civic infrastructuring, a sociotechnical process that utilized public infrastructure to better understand government failure and build community capacity to engage the administration, even if on late industrial terms.

The concept of digital infrastructure is rather new and was widely adopted together with distribution of digital technologies and expansions of their functions in social and economic system. The concept of digital infrastructure is closely connected with concepts of information infrastructure and infrastructure of information technologies or information and communication technologies. The last, in turn, relate to a concept of information society. Info-communication technologies and networks modify social interrelations, new technologies create new communities which mainly arise and function on the network principle. Info-communication networks form new tools for interaction.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, traditional communications were in crisis. Many businesses have ceased to exist or are on the verge of bankruptcy. Local governments, as well as businesses, were forced to work during the first month of severe quarantine. We had to quickly transfer most business processes to the online environment to ensure the social distance of employees and reduce the possibility of their infection.The author analyzed the international experience of using information and communication technologies for the effective development of communities and territories. The article analyzes the introduction of "Digital Agendas" as a regulatory framework for the implementation of digital transformation at the local level. The role of digital infrastructure and digital literacy as factors of implementation and use of information and communication technologies is highlighted.The experience of implementing an innovation cluster on the example of the city of Oulu (Finland) is considered.Steps are proposed for the territorial communities of Ukraine to accelerate the implementation of digital transformation.

Many journals now rely on editorial management systems, which are supposed to support the administration and decision making of editors, while aiming at making the process of communication faster and more transparent to both reviewers and authors. Yet, little is known about how these infrastructures support, stabilize, transform or change existing editorial practices. Research suggests that editorial management systems as digital infrastructures are adapted to the local needs at scholarly journals and reflect main realms of activities. Recently, it has been established that in a minimal case, the peer review process is comprised of postulation, consultation, decision and administration. By exploring process generated data from a publisher’s editorial management system, we investigate the ways by which the digital infrastructure is used and how it represents the different realms of the process of peer review. How does the infrastructure support, strengthen or restrain editorial agency for administrating the process? In our study, we investigate editorial processes and practices with their data traces captured by an editorial management system. We do so by making use of the internal representation of manuscript life cycles from submission to decision for 14,000 manuscripts submitted to a biomedical publisher. Reconstructing the processes applying social network analysis, we found that the individual steps in the process have no strict order, other than could be expected with regard to the software patent. However, patterns can be observed, as to which stages manuscripts are most likely to go through in an ordered fashion. We also found the different realms of the peer review process represented in the system, some events, however, indicate that the infrastructure offers more control and observation of the peer review process, thereby strengthening the editorial role in the governance of peer review while at the same time the infrastructure oversees the editors’ performance.

Governments have been using technology to modernize the public sector for decades. The World Bank Group (WBG) has been a partner in this process, providing both financing and technical assistance to facilitate countries’ digital transformation journeys since the 1980s. The WBG launched the GovTech Initiative in 2019 to support the latest generation of these reforms. Over the past five years, developing countries have increasingly requested WBG support to design even more advanced digital transformation programs. These programs will help to increase government efficiency and improve the access to and the quality of service delivery, provide more government-to-citizen and government-to-business communications, enhance transparency and reduce corruption, improve governance and oversight, and modernize core government operations. The GovTech Initiative appropriately responds to this growing demand. The GovTech Maturity Index (GTMI) measures the key aspects of four GovTech focus areas—supporting core government systems, enhancing service delivery, mainstreaming citizen engagement, and fostering GovTech enablers—and assists advisers and practitioners in the design of new digital transformation projects. Constructed for 198 economies using consistent data sources, the GTMI is the most comprehensive measure of digital transformation in the public sector. Several similar indices and indicators are available in the public domain to measure aspects of digital government—including the United Nations e-Government Development Index, the WBG’s Digital Adoption Index, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Digital Government Index. These indices, however, do not fully capture the aspects of emphasis in the GovTech approach—the whole-of-government approach and citizen centricity—as key when assessing the use of digital solutions for public sector modernization. The GTMI is not intended to be an assessment of readiness or performance; rather, it is intended to complement the existing tools and diagnostics by providing a baseline and a benchmark for GovTech maturity and by offering insights to those areas that have room for improvement. The GTMI is designed to be used by practitioners, policy makers, and task teams involved in the design of digital transformation strategies and individual projects, as well as by those who seek to understand their own practices and learn from those of others.

In the era of the digital economy, enterprises need a comprehensive digital transformation of strategy, business, organization, competence, and operation. However, being limited themselves to the development of digital technology, previous studies mainly focused on the development and application of digital technology, single case studies, and multi-case studies of digital transformation. Few researchers systematically studied the digital transformation mechanism at the organizational level. Therefore, this study explored the relationship between a strategic orientation and organizational performance though digital competence at the organizational level. To accomplish the task, this study basically constructed the dimensions of digital competence according to core competence theory. Digital competence contains three hub-factors: digital infrastructure, digital integration, and digital management. This study collected 160 questionnaires from Chinese enterprises and analyzed the data using SmartPLS 3. This study analyzed the positive relationship between digital strategic orientation, digital competence, and organization performance. This study identified the importance of digital competence through the empirical analysis of enterprises that are undergoing digital transformation or had completed a digital transformation. Therefore, enterprises need to pay attention to the impact of digital competence on organizational performance. Digital competence is a reshaping of corporate resources when facing a turbulent digital environment. Moreover, digital competence can ultimately achieve value delivery through the improvement of enterprise organizational performance.

The key trends and obstacles in the development of education in Russia have been considered in the article. It has been shown, that the education system, formed in the previous technological way, does not meet the needs of modern society. The main modern trend in the development of education is the introduction of digital technologies and in particular the transition from the traditional “classroom” model of learning to online education. This direction is now actively developing abroad and seems prospective in Russia. At the same time, there is a number of obstacles, that significantly inhibit its development. The main one is still not the existing system of recognition of equality of online education to its traditional forms. This problem is typical not only for our country and can be solved at the legislative level by developing the system of legislative regulation and standardization of sphere of education. Another obstacle is the continuing lack of implementation of online technologies in the educational process by educational organizations themselves, due to both the lack of development of the digital infrastructure and the need to train teachers of the new formation, who can work effectively in the digital environment. This problem can be solved by full-scale digitalization of universities with the involvement of both public financing and private investment. The third major obstacle to the full transition to online education is the very low percentage of students, who complete courses successfully. At the same time, opinion polls show, that Russian students themselves are not ready to accept digital education as a full-fledged one. The correction of this situation requires the introduction of technological and organizational solutions in the field of education, aimed at adapting the educational system to the dynamically changing needs of the labor market, individualization of educational trajectories and increasing the involvement of students in the educational process.

This article assesses the shaping of expertise within a small Norwegian firm distributing digital services to the global oil and gas industry. The oil price drop of 2014 shifted firm priorities from creating consulting reports about reliability of resource extracting operations to developing business intelligence software for oil and gas corporations. Drawing on data from ethnographic fieldwork, I seek to trace the transformation of knowledge practices within the intermediary. The investigation reveals that the taskscapes of the firm’s consultants and sales persons were increasingly directed toward interfaces, establishing new techniques of mediation between employees and clients. I argue that the researched firm underwent a successful transition toward the production of software because of its ability to locally transfer knowledge on its software among its internal professional groups.

Introduction The first wave of COVID-19 pandemic period has drastically changed people’s lives all over the world. To cope with the disruption, digital solutions have become more popular. However, the ability to adopt digitalised alternatives is different across socio-economic and socio-demographic groups. Objective This study investigates how individuals have changed their activity-travel patterns and internet usage during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic period, and which of these changes may be kept. Methods An empirical data collection was deployed through online forms. 781 responses from different countries (Italy, Sweden, India and others) have been collected, and a series of multivariate analyses was carried out. Two linear regression models are presented, related to the change of travel activities and internet usage, before and during the pandemic period. Furthermore, a binary regression model is used to examine the likelihood of the respondents to adopt and keep their behaviours beyond the pandemic period. Results The results show that the possibility to change the behaviour matter. External restrictions and personal characteristics are the driving factors of the reduction in ones' daily trips. However, the estimation results do not show a strong correlation between the countries' restriction policy and the respondents' likelihood to adopt the new and online-based behaviours for any of the activities after the restriction period. Conclusion The acceptance and long-term adoption of the online alternatives for activities are correlated with the respondents' personality and socio-demographic group, highlighting the importance of promoting alternatives as a part of longer-term behavioural and lifestyle changes.

The current coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has led the world toward severe socio-economic crisis and psychological distress. It has severely hit the economy, but the service sector, particularly the hospitality industry, is hard hit by it. It increases the sense of insecurity among the employees and their perception of being unemployed, adversely affecting their mental health. This research aims to contribute to the emerging debate by investigating the effect of economic crisis and non-employability on employees&rsquo, mental health through perceived job insecurity under the pandemic situation. It empirically examines the underlying framework by surveying 372 employees of the hospitality industry during COVID-19. Results indicate that perceived job insecurity mediates the relationship of fear of economic crisis, non-employability, and mental health. Furthermore, the contingency of fear of COVID-19 strengthens the indirect relationship of fear of economic crisis on mental health through perceived job insecurity. The findings will provide a new dimension to the managers to deal with the psychological factors associated with the employees&rsquo, mental health and add to the emerging literature of behavioral sciences. The study also highlights the increasing need for investment in the digital infrastructure and smart technologies for the hospitality industry.

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems operate in increasingly diverse areas, from healthcare to facial recognition, the stock market, autonomous vehicles, and so on. While the underlying digital infrastructure of AI systems is developing rapidly, each area of implementation is subject to different degrees and processes of legitimization. By combining elements from institutional theory and information systems-theory, this paper presents a conceptual framework to analyze and understand AI-induced field-change. The introduction of novel AI-agents into new or existing fields creates a dynamic in which algorithms (re)shape organizations and institutions while existing institutional infrastructures determine the scope and speed at which organizational change is allowed to occur. Where institutional infrastructure and governance arrangements, such as standards, rules, and regulations, still are unelaborate, the field can move fast but is also more likely to be contested. The institutional infrastructure surrounding AI-induced fields is generally little elaborated, which could be an obstacle to the broader institutionalization of AI-systems going forward., Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures

This paper aims to shed light on the actual rate of new venture death in the context of a high level of digital entrepreneurship. Using three different country-level databases, it investigates how different combinations of socio-cultural propensity towards entrepreneurship, exposure to digital media, and digital infrastructure lead to entrepreneurial death. Longitudinal data on 23 European countries are analyzed employing fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fs-QCA). The findings suggest that, in a context characterized by the presence of high levels of socio-cultural propensity toward entrepreneurship and exposure to digital media and in the absence of high levels of technological and human digital infrastructure, the associated outcome will be a high level of entrepreneurial death for new ventures.

International audience; Over the past decade, the societal impact of digital transformation, with the prospects of a Fourth Industrial Revolution, has led to an innovation imperative in European policymaking regarding higher education institutions (HEIs). However, not only is the institutional strategic planning of HEIs still understudied, as the individual perceptions of faculty members about existing constraints to digital innovation have been particularly overlooked. This article examines Portuguese universities and polytechnic institutes, the two components of the national higher education system, to (1) characterize the quality of the available digital infrastructure and resources (hardware and software) and (2) identify the main constraints to digital innovation. The study conducts the most comprehensive online questionnaire available to date on these topics across Portuguese HEIs (N = 547). The main constraints to digital innovation correspond to limited infrastructure and resources, lack of funding opportunities, insufficient technological resources, a conservative academic culture, and a lack of technical support. These barriers impact Portuguese regional development, as discussed in this study, highlighting the need for the modernization of HEIs.

The paper presents DatabencArt and EDUBBA, two strictly integrated digital infrastructures designed and developed to cope with the increasing demand of a smart use of cutting-edge technologies in the Cultural Heritage (CH) realm. DatabencArt has been primarily designed to facilitate the cataloguing of CH objects while EDUBBA is focused on educational purposes. These platforms are the results of a long-term research effort made in the last five years by DATABENC Consortium (Distretto ad Alta Tecnologia per i Beni Culturali) and treasuring the experiences gained with the exploitation of many research projects in the field of of ICT technologies for Cultural Heritage knowledge, preservation, valorization and sustainable fruition.

The article studies certain aspects of shaping and developing digital economy, investigates differences and specific features of its functioning. It shows that the development of digital economy provides an opportunity of communications, ideas and experience sharing. Digital economy promotes the development of new models of business, allows us to combine efforts in order to design innovation, investment, search for employees, partners, resources and markets. Digital technologies could play a key role in employees’ training, knowledge exchange, realization of innovation ideas, including the social sphere. Though the impact of digital technologies on transforming social and economic systems is quite obvious, a lot of issues are still poorly studied. Literature pays insufficient attention to issues of digital potential development, which aims at attaining innovation growth of certain companies and industries, institutional aspects of digital economy are still ignored, challenges and prospects of business development in conditions of digital economy development are highlighted poorly, the importance of digital economy in the system of current business relations is not demonstrated. The article investigates different criteria, which could help identify the availability of digital phenomena in economy and their influence on social and economic development. The authors analyze causes of digital economy arising and identify factors of its development. This analysis makes it possible to find the laws of digital economy evolution and to show prospects of its further development in Russia.

Rationale & Objective Digital health system tools to support shared decision making and preparation for kidney replacement treatments for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are needed. Study Design Descriptive study of the implementation of digital infrastructure to support a patient-centered health system intervention. Setting & Participants 4 CKD clinics within a large integrated health system. Exposure We developed an integrated suite of digital engagement tools to support patients’ shared decision making and preparation for kidney failure treatments. Tools included an automated CKD patient registry and risk prediction algorithm within the electronic health record (EHR) to identify and prioritize patients in need of nurse case management to facilitate shared decision making and preparation for kidney replacement treatments, an electronic patient-facing values clarification tool, a tracking application to document patients’ preparation for treatments, and an EHR work flow to broadcast patients’ treatment preferences to all health care providers. Outcomes Uptake and acceptability. Analytic Approach Mixed methods. Results From July 1, 2017, through June 30, 2018, the CKD registry identified 1,032 patients in 4 nephrology clinics, of whom 243 (24%) were identified as high risk for progressing to kidney failure within 2 years. Kidney Transitions Specialists enrolled 117 (48%) high-risk patients by the end of year 1. The values tool was completed by 30/33 (91%) patients who attended kidney modality education. Nurse case managers used the tracking application for 100% of patients to document 287 planning steps for kidney replacement therapy. Most (87%) high-risk patients had their preferred kidney replacement modality documented and displayed in the EHR. Nurse case managers reported that the tools facilitated their identification of patients needing support and their navigation activities. Limitations Single institution, short duration. Conclusions Digital health system tools facilitated rapid identification of patients needing shared and informed decision making and their preparation for kidney replacement treatments. Funding This work was supported through a Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) Project Program Award (IHS-1409-20967). Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02722382., Graphical abstract

Civil law regulation of investments combines regulations from different industry sectors and is characterized by its complexity. An efficient type of investment in the digital infrastructure of the construction industry is a financial lease. The purpose of the study is to characterize the civil law regulation of a financial lease. The methodological basis was the technical and legal method that ensures the effectiveness of the analysis of civil law regulation of a financial lease, the adequacy of the assessment of concepts and legal structures. The following results of the study have been obtained: the content of the international financial leasing transaction and the essence of a financial lease in Russia have been determined; particular aspects of the implementation of the UNIDROIT Convention in Russia have been identified. The content of the international financial leasing transaction reflects a threeway process with the participation of the equipment seller, lessor and lessee, who are linked by a supply contract and a lease contract. In Russian legislation, the term «financial lease» is used. The essence of a financial lease reflects both a lease contract with elements of sale in conjunction with the purchase option and the type of secured financing. Particular aspects of the implementation of the UNIDROIT Convention in Russia are due to different terminology and are associated with cross-border leasing. A draft federal law is undergoing a regulatory impact assessment, which provides for the introduction of a financial lease concept. Civil law regulation of leasing relations will ensure the effectiveness of attracting investments in order to improve the digital infrastructure of the construction industry.

The 21st Century Cures Act and the recently published “final rule” define standardized methods for obtaining electronic copies of electronic health record (EHR) data through application programming interfaces. The rule is meant to create an ecosystem of reusable, substitutable apps that can be built once but run at any hospital system “without special effort.” Yet, despite numerous provisions around information blocking in the final rule, there is concern that the business practices that govern EHR vendors and health care organizations in the United States could still stifle innovation. We describe potential app ecosystems that may form. We caution that misaligned incentives may result in anticompetitive behavior and purposefully limited functionality. Closed proprietary ecosystems may result, limiting the value derived from interoperability. The 21st Century Cures Act and final rule are an exciting step in the direction of improved interoperability. However, realizing the vision of a truly interoperable app ecosystem is not predetermined.

The present study aimed to describe the utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a digital infrastructure concerning disaster countermeasures in Japan. Specifically, the study introduced development cases of the systems integrating social media and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and presented the utilization potential as a digital infrastructure. Additionally, taking up Twitter as a familiar digital infrastructure, the study also presented its utilization potential based on the case of the heavy-rain disaster in Western Japan in 2018. As a result, due to the close relationship between the reality and virtual spaces, the issue is how to make the information circulating in the virtual space efficiently and effectively aid in the rescue and support activities in the reality space. The above systems are effective in order to solve such an issue, because these can efficiently consolidate the essential information on the digital map of Web-GIS. Additionally, it is necessary to set rules for the utilization of social media, and sift through information and share only the necessary information to the affected local governments and those involved in the rescue and support activities. Furthermore, various information communication methods including verbal calls in addition to ICT are necessary especially for people who are vulnerable to information.

Smart mobility is a central issue in the recent discourse about urban development policy towards smart cities. The design of innovative and sustainable mobility infrastructures as well as public policies require cooperation and innovations between various stakeholders&mdash, businesses as well as policy makers&mdash, of the business ecosystems that emerge around smart city initiatives. This poses a challenge for deploying instruments and approaches for the proactive management of such business ecosystems. In this article, we report on findings from a smart city initiative we have used as a case study to inform the development, implementation, and prototypical deployment of a visual analytic system (VAS). As results of our design science research we present an agile framework to collaboratively collect, aggregate and map data about the ecosystem. The VAS and the agile framework are intended to inform and stimulate knowledge flows between ecosystem stakeholders in order to reflect on viable business and policy strategies. Agile processes and roles to collaboratively manage and adapt business ecosystem models and visualizations are defined. We further introduce basic categories for identifying, assessing and selecting Internet data sources that provide the data for ecosystem models and we detail the ecosystem data and view models developed in our case study. Our model represents a first explication of categories for visualizing business ecosystem models in a smart city mobility context.

The Indian Agriculture sector provides employment to about 65 of labour force, accounts for 27 for GDP, contributes 21 for total exports and raw materials to servile industries. Researcher show that 68 of the entire population of Indian is covered by the rural area 58 people depends on agriculture as the main source of livelihood. the fast growing population demands 50 of the increase the production of the food to feed all . at the same time, the traditional in efficient practice, water scarcity for the irrigation, less productive lands, double cropping, lack ok crop rotation, and lack of time for soil recreation are putting a pressure on fertility and yields followed by the exploitation of the middle man preventing the farmers from getting the best price of their product. Under such circumstance the concept of the digitalization of agriculture sector becomes more vital. There is necessity of empowering the rural community by creating digital infrastructure, providing the various digital services, and promoting the digital literacy. Digitalization in agriculture can be defined as ICT and data eco system to support the development and delivery of timely, targeted information and services make forming profitable and sustainable. The district vision of our Prime Minister assures regarding several infinitives take to provide "Protective shield" the formar to increase the production, improve the storage and connectivity with the consumer for better supply and profit. Shivaprasad B Shiragannavar "Use of Digitization in Agriculture Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Conference on Digital Economy and its Impact on Business and Industry , October 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18664.pdf

Part 1: Being Smart: Adoption Challenges; International audience; Much of the information produced in hospitals is clinical and stored for the purposes of documentation. In practice, most of it is never used. The potential of analytics is to reuse this information for other purposes. This is easier said than done, because of technical, semantic, legal and organizational hindrances. In particular, hospitals are not organized to leverage the value of big data. In this study we ask, what does it take to establish an analytics capability in a large hospital? Our empirical evidence is a longitudinal study in a high-tech hospital in Norway, where we followed the development an analytics capability, and assessed the organisational benefits. We offer two findings. First, the analytics capability is much more than the technology; it is the network of analytics technology, an analytics team and the medical and administrative decision makers. Second, we identify institutionalization, both organizationally and temporally, of the analytics process as the key success factor.

The purpose of this paper is the exploration of the management of Business Intelligence (BI) solutions in the Norwegian industry. BI aims to improve data analysis and enhance business performance. Nonetheless, academics and practitioners note that BI is complex and difficult to manage. We interviewed BI managers in 5 companies who had been awarded the Norwegian Computer Society's BI prize, based on the following research question: What can we learn from the successful BI implementations and management in award-winning Norwegian companies? We surmise two findings. First, building upon concepts derived from the Digital Infrastructure Theory we find that while the Norwegian industry still has a traditional, complex BI architecture, it is scalable in the sense that they can add or remove elements, or even scrap the whole BI solution. The companies demonstrate innovation and adoption through their use of dashboards and real-time data. In light of these findings we propose a future research agenda for BI. Second, we offer three lessons for managers of BI in organisations.

This paper advances the connections between sustainable interaction design (SID) also known as sustainable HCI (SHCI) and sustainable digital infrastructure design (SDID), building on prior work in the HCI archive. We describe trends in sustainable interaction design. We ask four fundamental questions as a synthesis of SID and SDID, namely how can we reduce environmental harm now, alter practices to reduce environmental harm in the future, alter practices to promote a healthier society, and create new technology and practices to face future challenges? We relate these questions to frameworks of analysis in SID and SDID, as well as to transdisciplinary design. To illustrate the importance of these questions, we present and relate three conceptual design scenario discussions that may be characterized in human-centered terms of analysis as (a) finding balance, (b) resistance to technologies that push more consumption, and (c) observing a day of rest.

This research explores the ways values, power, and politics shape and are shaped by digital infrastructure development through an in-depth study of HathiTrust’s “dark history,” the period of years leading up to its public launch. This research identifies and traces the emerging and iterative ways that values were surfaced and negotiated, decisionmaking approaches were strategically modified, and relationships were strengthened, reconfigured, and sometimes abandoning through the process of generating a viable, robust and sustainable collaborative digital infrastructure. Through this history, we gain deeper understandings and appreciations of the various and sometimes surprising ways that values, power, and politics are implicated in digital infrastructure development. Shedding light on this history enables us to better contextualize and understand the affordances, limitations, and challenges of the HathiTrust we know today, better envision its range of possible futures, and develop richer appreciations for digital infrastructure development more broadly.

In global supply chains information about transactions resides in fragmented pockets within business and government systems. The lack of reliable, accurate and complete information makes it hard to detect risks (such as safety, security, compliance, commercial) and at the same time makes international trade inefficient. The introduction of digital infrastructures that transcend organizational and systems domains is driven by the prospect of reducing information fragmentation, thereby enabling improved security and efficiency in trade process. The potential of such digital trade infrastructures has been showcased in demonstrator settings, but in practice adoption and growth has been slow. In order to understand the problem at hand and build cumulative knowledge about its resolution, we need a way to conceptualize the different infrastructure initiatives. This paper therefore develops the Digital Trade Infrastructure Framework that aims to identify the structural components (anatomy) of the digital infrastructures in the trade area. The framework is developed through an empirically grounded analysis of four digital infrastructures in the trade domain within the conceptual lens of digital infrastructure. The framework can be used to position digital trade infrastructure initiatives to allow for cumulative knowledge building about its challenges as well as to articulate forward-looking agendas covering to development of instruments to oversee its resolution.

Despite the increasing importance of large IT-based solutions binding actors and processes together across institutional borders, still little is known about how these Information Infrastructures (IIs) assume their shapes and potentially may be reshaped towards specific ends. We focus on the duality of organizations using the IT artefacts of the European e-Customs IIs to inscribe harmonised behaviour into the operation of the infrastructure and how the IT artefacts are divergently interpreted by the users of the II. We find a tension between the need for artefacts with strong inscription to regulate the II and a need for flexibility for II users. The consequence is diluted inscriptions and, in contradiction to what has previously been concluded about interpretative flexibility, the European e-Customs II does not show signs of settling down in a stable phase with consensus. This lack of stability forces the users of the European e-Customs II to continously modify and investment in IT participate in the infrastructure, explaining an expressed longing for the 'good old paper days'. Based on theoretical integration and empirical findings, we develop a model of the duality of inscription and interpretation in IIs.