Search

The manufacturing world had undergone four separate industrial revolts. Industry 4.0 is a most recentchapter in the Industrial revolt story that pivotedmainly on manufacturing automation, live data capturing, smart machines, and internet connectivity with key objectivesof productivity rise, optimization of available working hours, and increased organization competitiveness. This research paper studiesthe industry 4.0 through the survey of available literature in a sequential manner that started with understanding the development of the manufacturing industry from industry 1.0 to industry 4.0, the nine key foundation blocks of the industry 4.0, the cyber-physical systems, the Smart factory concept,industry 4.0 application strategy guide step by step, Industry 4.0 benefits, risk, and challenges. We applied the Industry 4.0 concept step by step as a pilot project as per the Industry 4.0 application strategy guide atthe bus bar trunking production factory with the target of delivering the demand of customerswithin committed or shorter lead time from the bus bar manufacturing shop and discussed the outcomes briefly. We concluded that Industry 4.0 helps to improve operator work-life, overall productivity, and to reduce the operating cost of production drastically in mass manufacturing processes. Industry 4.0 is also a boon in today’s changing work culture after the CORONA pandemic through its core concepts of digitization, paperless work, networking, and maximum internet usage. It also guides to adopt automation and smart machines that are communicating in real-time with its customer. We also observed that its application is costly in terms of investment to deploy for small or middle scale manufacturing plants, but they shall implement partly to get the benefit from it.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre el uso de leña y la producción de dos tipos de ladrillos durante la etapa de cocción en olerías del distrito de Tobatí, Departamento de Cordillera, Paraguay. El estudio presentó dos etapas, la primera consistió en la aplicación de 392 encuestas al azar en olerías productoras de ladrillos prensados y comunes. La segunda se trató de la medición del consumo de leña, fueron medidas 3 olerías productoras de ladrillos prensados y 7 de ladrillos comunes, muestras determinadas utilizando los datos obtenidos en las encuestas. El promedio de producción anual de las olerías productoras de ladrillos comunes es de 460.693.491 unidades, con un consumo promedio anual de 128.640 metros estéreos de leña, en las olerías productoras de ladrillos prensados la producción promedio anual es de 175.803.581 unidades y el consumo promedio anual de leña es de 182.400 metros estéreos. El principal lugar de origen de la leña es la zona norte del país y la combinación de especies nativas y exóticas es la más empleada por las olerías. Con la medición se determinó que por cada metro cúbico de leña consumida se producen 7.604 unidades de ladrillos comunes y 2.142 unidades de ladrillos prensados. ABSTRACT The objective was to analyze the relationship between the use of firewood and the production of two types of brick during the cooking stage in brick factory of the district of Tobatí, Department of Cordillera, Paraguay. The study presented two stages, the first one consisted of the application of 392 random surveys in brick factories pressed and common. The second stage involved the measurement of firewood, were measured 3 pressed brick factory and 7 common, samples determined using the data obtained in the surveys. The average annual production of common brick production is 460,693,491 units, with an annual average consumption of 128,640 stereo meters of wood, in the brick-making production of pressed bricks the average annual production is 175,803,581 units and consumption. Average annual firewood is 182,400 stereo meters. The main origin of the firewood is the northern part of the country and the combination of native and exotic species is the most used by the bricks factory. With the measurement it was determined that for each cubic meter of wood consumed 7,604 units of common bricks and 2,142 units of pressed bricks are produced.

The research objective was to analyze: The supply chain distribution pattern structure and performance of Resiprene 35 PT Medan Nusantara Rubber Industry. The approach used in this research is qualitative approach. The research type used is qualitative descriptive. The source of the data is obtained from informant, place, event, and document. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. In order to obtain data validity, data triangulation was used. While the data analysis technique used a quantitative descriptive situational analysis model with score. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that: (1) The distribution pattern of Resiprene 35 products is carried out by simplest route, which is carried out directly from the producer to the consumer without using an intermediary (Selling Door to Door). (2) The supply chain structure uses a simple type of supply chain, which consists of suppliers, companies and consumers. (3) The supply chain performance that occurred in Resiprene 35 factories showed a value of 76.15% for the first semester and 78.10% for the second semester. This value is included in the good category. The value of the supply chain of the Resiprene 35 factory which is still good is influenced by the value of responsiveness, agility and asset management which is still still good.

We present the first available - and near-complete - list of large UK manufacturers in 1881, by complementing the employer data from that year’s population census (recovered by the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs project) with employment and capital estimates from other sources. The 438 largest firms with 1,000 or more employees accounted for around one-sixth of manufacturing output. Examples can be found in most industries. Exploiting powered machinery, intangible assets, new technologies and venture capital, and generally operating in competitive markets, their exports about equalled domestic sales. The more capital-intensive accessed stock markets, more - and in larger firms - than in follower economies. Some alleged later causes of UK decline relative to the US or Germany cannot be observed in 1881. Indeed, contemporary overseas observers - capitalist and socialist - correctly recognized the distinctive features of UK manufacturing as its exceptional development of quoted corporations, professional managers and “modern,” scalable, factory production.

This paper expects to reveal the struggle of elderly female porters or buruh gendong who mostly had a historical background of working in industrial production (factory) but ended up being self-employed at Beringharjo traditional market of Yogyakarta. They used to work as factory workers. However, most factories collapsed in the aftermath of the 1997 economic crisis, especially in Southeast Asia. These older people from peri-urban (and rural) areas with lower-class status ended up in urban areas to be self-employed and became precarious workers. Therefore, the research questions are how they cope with the income uncertainties only to meet their daily needs and still desire their children to have a better living condition. Observations and interviews were done with 25 elderly female traditional porters as the research methods from 2020. They are primarily in the age range of late 50-80 years old. The results show that income uncertainties and social insecurity bring about precariousness. Buruh gendong have to work every day only to make ends meet. However, these conditions could also open up alternative perspectives that they often found themselves liberated from the control of industrial production. They do not work for capital owners or bosses; they work for themselves (self-employed). They are free or more flexible on working hours, but, at the same time, they have to accept their insecure employment. Buruh gendong also have desires for their children to be able to achieve a higher education level. Eventually, the desires are mostly unfulfilled; their children get unfortunate work and still live barely.

The aim of the research is to use bio-energy sciences, including the science of "Radisthesia", to improve the performance of sewing workers in ready-made garment factories through the application of some of the methods of this science, and the application of research tools, which consisted of an open questionnaire to determine the problems and risks of the work of knitting workers in the (operating) hall.A form evaluating the performance of sewing workers in the T-shirt production line to evaluate the performance of workers while working inside the ready-made garment factory (the research site).The performance rate of the workers was measured before preparing for the experiment, then a modification was made in the shape of the production line and some of the machines were changed due to their conflict with a ground power line full of harmful charges using the methods of radisthasia.In addition to the voltage and energy measuring devices, which are the IK pendulum and the vertical pendulum to find out the places of high pressure and the ground power lines with high charges, as well as the use of the voltameter and the Teslameter to measure the ratios of these charges and their impact on the workers andConsidering the exact distances between the machines, as well as the use of electric combs that were placed on the main cable feeding the machines to collect paths of electric charge and prevents them from spreadingWhere the effect of all these stresses on the performance level of workers was shown, and after the adjustment, this effect decreased and the productivity rate increased, as the results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the average scores of workers’ performance, where the daily production level before preparing the experiment ranged from 4200 to 4500 and after preparing the experiment increased The production rate ranges from 4700 to 4800.

XYZ is a company engaged in the processing of palm oil into crude palm oil (CPO). In processing oil palm fruit, the digester machine is one of the machines that crush the loose fruit so that the pulp of the palm fruit can be separated from the nuts / seeds and this will facilitate the pressing process of the oil palm fruit in a screw press. Total productive maintenance (TPM) is a system that is useful in increasing factory productivity and the efficiency of company production by using machines / equipment effectively used to produce a product. The main purpose of implementing TPM is carried out through the overall equipment effectiveness analysis method to identify and types of damage to critical components that are the object of research and to increase the overall equipment effectiveness value as a performance measure of the results of this study. To determine the comparison of the overall equipment effectiveness value, the calculation of the effectiveness value of the digester machine is carried out using the overall equipment effectiveness method. Based on the results of data processing, it can be concluded that the overall equipment effectiveness value of the digester machine is 3.95%, which is obtained from the availability ratio of 41.24%, the performance efficiency ratio of 157.57 and the rate of quality product of 100%.

Tobacco is traditionally used for cigarettes and cigars manufacturing and after the drying process a great quantity of dry tobacco stalks is treated as waste. In this framework, the scope of the paper is to examine the use of tobacco stems to feed a biomass boiler after a chipping process. The study is focused on southern Italy area thus, firstly, the assessment of tobacco availability in Italy and Campania region has been determined. Then, Burley tobacco stalks sampled out in an air-curing factory of south Italy crop have been characterized according to ASTM D5142 and ASTM D5373 standards. Thereby, biomass and natural gas fuelled boilers have been compared through an energy, environmental and economic analysis on simulative basis. Both systems satisfy the thermal energy demands of a multi-purpose condominium located in a cold Italian climatic zone near the factory. The results have demonstrated that boiler fed by tobacco chips ensures environmental and economic advantages compared to traditional system. In particular, it guarantees a reduction of CO2 emissions up to 16.59 tCO2 in one of investigated scenarios and a simple payback period and a net present value of about 5.6 years and 17,168 € (without economic support), respectively.

The increasing trend of food waste is one of the serious challenges throughout the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of edible oil waste (EOW) from farm to table using the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis in Iran (2021). First, semi-structured, interviews were conducted with 11 experts in the edible oil industry. Then a cross-sectional study was done on 40 restaurant managers through telephone interviews about the restaurant’s discarded edible oils. Finally, an online study was undertaken among 121 households regarding their waste cooking oil at home. Two categories in five themes with 20 subthemes were explored based on the participant’s perspectives. Lack of up-to-date knowledge and appropriate technology were the main reasons for making waste from farm to factory. EOW is used optimally in other industries. The results showed that 92% of the restaurants sell the EOW for poultry feeds without refinement. The majority of the households [52%] throw EOW in the garbage and 21% dump their discarded oils in the sewage. By SWOT analysis, the challenges of EOW from farm to table were identified. There is no specific policy plan for collecting and recycling EOW. The waste oil used in poultry feed without refinement can enter the human body and the possible oxidation toxicity of this waste can pose public health risks. Policymakers can use the SWOT analysis for setting laws and regulations for EOW to ensure its safe disposal and promote its use for biodiesel to provide a healthy community.

Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a instalação de uma fábrica de refrigerantes no município de Duque de Caxias no estado do Rio de Janeiro, a indústria em questão se utiliza do aproveitamento de água de lençóis freáticos para produção de bebidas, se utilizando de um bem público e transformando-o em lucro privado. As informações obtidas na pesquisa, foram tratadas como mote para propor uma atividade de Educação Ambiental Crítica para alunos do Ensino médio. Para tanto, foram realizadas inserções ao local de pesquisa, a metodologia deste artigo foi baseada em uma pesquisa participante onde os alunos foram convidados a avaliar os problemas gerados pela indústria, com a intenção de fazer com que construíssem conosco uma Educação Ambiental Crítica atrelada a aspectos coletivos e não unicamente individuais.

Based on discussions with experts, this paper studies how the historical industrial heritage in Russian cities is treated today and what role it plays in shaping urban identity and environment. To focus the discussion, we chose two historical industrial regions with unique and recognizable characteristics: the “mining civilization” of the Urals and the textile “plain-factory civilization” of the north-east part of central Russia. According to the experts, the great industrial heritage of the Urals is gradually being assimilated by cities and incorporated into the urban environment and identity. Factory cities in search of identity are returning to their origins. But how does this process work? Does it fit, for example, into the dilemma of “demolition or revitalization”? What goals are set in this case? Does this happen in small towns of the region? The experts disagree. Experience shows that an important role is played by the industrial giants themselves, who, along with the cities, use their heritage. However, industrial identity is not dominant everywhere in the Urals, even while being supported by thriving industry. For example, in the Perm region it is complemented by the search for new meanings of contemporary culture. The fate of plain-factory civilizations is different. Factory cities, urbanistically and aesthetically shaped by their industries, became just cities. The crisis of the textile industry and the disappearance or decline of enterprises has left cities with an industrial heritage, but one which is mostly excluded from city life. Therefore, efforts to build local identity directly on this basis, are unsuccessful, which forces cities to look for workarounds to master this heritage, for example, through an emphasis on the unique constructivist architecture.

В статье исследуется попытка превращения города Иваново-Вознесенска (с 1932 года — Иваново) в образцовый социалистический город, предпринятая в 1920–1930-е годы. Предпосылкой этой идеи была особая роль города в период Первой русской революции, когда во время всеобщей стачки в нем был создан Совет рабочих депутатов. Местные власти стремились опробовать в городе самые современные веяния в формировании городской среды и реализовать амбициозные архитектурные проекты. Поскольку социальнокультурную сферу пришлось создавать практически с нуля, в городе было возведено большое количество объектов в новых архитектурных формах конструктивизма, постконструктивизма и «пролетарской классики». В 1918 году городская инфраструктура Иваново-Вознесенска была совершенно не приспособлена для выполнения функций губернского центра. Первоначально были реализованы планы по созданию водопровода и канализации, мощению улиц. Часть масштабных проектов — в частности, народный дом имени В. И. Ленина — не удалось реализовать из-за нехватки ресурсов. В результате массовых переименований 1927 года около 300 улиц получили в значительной степени идеологически маркированные названия. Символическими актами стало создание в 1918 году Политехнического института и пуск трамвая в 1934 году, а также открытие в 1925 году первой в СССР фабрики-кухни. В конце 1920-х годов в городе были построены две новые прядильные фабрики и огромный меланжевый комбинат. С середины 1920-х до второй половины 1930-х годов в городе были построены несколько рабочих поселков, большое количество жилых домов, большой железнодорожный вокзал, банки, больницы, детские сады, большой кинотеатр, цирк, интернациональный детский дом, студенческие общежития. Такие проекты, как строительство Большого драматического театра и комплекса зданий для Политехнического института, предваряли всесоюзные конкурсы. На рубеже 1920–1930-х годов особое значение придавалось строительству дома-коммуны. Однако лишение города статуса родины первого Совета в 1936 году и ликвидация Ивановской промышленной области привели к тому, что значительная часть градостроительных планов не была реализована.

Indonesia has now entered the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 that impacts vocational schools which are considered the highest contributor to unemployment in Indonesia. Therefore, the government established a revitalization program in vocational schools by learning about Creative Products and Entrepreneurship as well as Teaching Factories to produce competitive human resources who are ready to become job creators. This study aimed at portraying the effectiveness of Creative Products and Entrepreneurship Learning and teaching factories to prepare for job creators in the Industrial Revolution Era 4.0. The study was conducted by employing a descriptive qualitative method by utilizing the Nvivo 11 software to classify and display the results in the form of diagrams, graphs, and models. The results revealed that the implementation of the Creative Products and Entrepreneurship, as well as the Teaching Factories, has not been effectively transforming vocational students into job creators. There were some encountered factors contributing to this phenomenon; time management, teachers’ competence, students’ motivation, and funding. Thus, evaluations are necessary in terms of planning, development, and implementation to cultivate excellent graduates that are ready to create jobs.

The activity this community service aimed to help a small business N’Up to manage their business and increase entrepreneurial spirit. Furthermore, several activities conducted to help UMKM build their marketing strategy and optimize production process by re-locate the factory, re-layout facilities and also analyze their productivity using total productivity model. AHP Method was used to determine the new location of production process. After implementation, they have proper location and facilities and ready to sell their product by using e-commerce.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the human resource planning process at the Hot Strip Mill 2 (HSM#2) factory at PT. Krakatau Steel, Tbk from before it was established until the first commercial operation (first coil). The existence of human resource planning is very important forfactory new, so that human resources will be obtained in quantity and quality in accordance with the needs to support effectiveness and efficiency in order to achieve the vision and mission set by the company. HSM#2 factory isproduction work unitPT. Krakatau Steel, Tbk which started operating for the first time (first coil) on May 17, 2021. The research method is qualitative descriptive using a phenomenological approach that will reveal the experiences of leaders and the human resource planning department related to the HSM#2 factory. The number of informants is7 people consisting of2 persons the manager who makes the mapping of human resource needs, and5 staff person directly involved in human resource planning at the HSM#2 plant. Data were collected beforehand by using interview techniques, document studies, and field observations. Data were analyzed using SWOT matrix analysis by considering strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The results of the study indicate that at the time of planning human resources, the procurement of employees is divided into two, namely those from internal for supervisory, superintendent, and manager positions and those frommix of internal and external for officer, foreman, and supervisor positions.

Literature on Tesla, the electric car-maker, has been overwhelmingly positive. Largely written by reporters or technology enthusiasts, the focus is on innovation – how Tesla is shaking up the indus...

A description of the energy-saving technology for the generation of electrical energy is presented in the superstructure of steam boiler houses with turbine-generator units (TGU) with backpressure turbines operating in parallel with reduction cooling units. The characteristics and description of a TGU for distributed energy, developed at OAO KTW, with backpressure turbines and condensing turbines with and without steam extraction, surface and air condensers, and mini-CHPP with built-in boilers for heating network water are given. TGUs are described for geothermal energy with turbine exhaust to the atmosphere or to a heat-supply station with condensing turbines with air condensers. The technical characteristics of TGUs of various types, the number of units produced, and the place of their operation are given. The design features of TGUs manufactured at OAO KTW are noted: block layout, 100% factory readiness, high degree of automation, and reliability during operation. Prospects for further developing the direction of turbine-generator sets for distributed energy are shown: development and delivery of condensing and backpressure turbine-generating sets with a capacity increased to 8 MW; expanding the range of a “connected-in” TGU operating on steam from the extraction or exhaust of the main turbines, which make it possible to compensate for seasonal or technological fluctuations in heat energy consumption and ensure more efficient operation of the main turbines; and development of binary plants using low-grade heat and operating on low-boiling organic heat carriers. High efficiency of distributed power generation in combination with cogeneration is noted.

Textile industry in the nineteenth century of the British empire was one of the milestone industries which center around cotton mills. The development of this industry attracted many people who wished to increase their life’ standard to migrate to area near the factories located in order to work there. As much as giving revenue for the country, these factories also gave impact to the environment as well as people living and working in it. There were three things behind the environmental impact during the Victorian era of textile industry, fire hazard, mills’ poor conditions and factory bill. Flammable materials, like raw cotton which mainly used in this industry, and high temperature room caused the factories engulfed in fire. The lacked protection from fire of the factories’ construction then led to a new building method being introduced and applied called the “Fireproof Construction”. Poor health condition of the workers who worked in high humidity and temperature of cotton mills brought a creation of factory bill (Factory Act) being passed. However, the act that was supposed to act as a regulation for factories owners to offer their worker a much more suitable place to work was hardly fully implied during this time. The writer used literature review method in collecting data. This article therefore intended to deliver the reader about the environment situation in the cotton factories while also giving the idea on how hardly an ideal comfort was achieved.

This study intends to examine leather craft, an applied art that has not well studied in the context of Catalan Modernisme as well as raise awareness about its use for production and design of Modernista furniture and interior decoration. This handicraft, that had been in decline in the Catalan sphere since the 18th century, reappeared in Barcelona in the last quarter of the 19th century, due to the Modernista movement and the renaissance of medieval crafts. Thus, new workshops were created and their processes were modernized according to industrial progress. We will highlight the Miguel Fargas and Vilaseca Factory, which will manage to industrialize this handricraft, becoming one of the few internationally known manufacturers. We will try to illustrate the history of this office by analyzing this case study, since it reveals an interesting part of the panorama of decorative arts in Modernista Barcelona.

Background: The health risks was reported in the cement industry in various study conducted in different settings. This study aimed to assess the occupational health risks among cement factory workers of Dang district of Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional study in 212 workers was conducted in Samrat Cement Company and Sonapur Minerals and Oils of Dang district in between July, 2019 to January 2020 using structured questionnaire. Proportionate stratified random sampling was used for participant selection. The collected information was entered in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed. Results: Of 212 workers, the respiratory and musculoskeletal health risks were reported by 13.2% and 22.2% of factory workers, respectively. About 29.2% were smokers. Two-third (66%) had poor knowledge of Occupational Health and Safety related questions and 17.9% had poor practice to prevent respiratory problems. Smokers (p=0.004) and access to safety measures (p=0.008) were significantly associated with respiratory problems. Educational status (p=0.021), work shift (p=0.022) and first aid availability (p=0.009) were statistically significant with musculoskeletal health risk. Conclusion: Low occupational health risk and low knowledge was reported by cement factory workers. Special protection to workers above 40 years and declaring the cement factory as smoking restricted area could minimize respiratory risk. Access to and condition of safety devices need to be monitored by factory administration. Behavior change communication and safety orientation could help the workers use safety devices. Key words: Occupational health risk, respiratory health risk, musculoskeletal health risk, knowledge, practice, cement factory workers.

The research aims to identify and apply computer-aided design and Manufacturing technology and its impact on improving product quality and rationalizing costs. The research also aims to spread awareness among departments and workers of the company in question about the importance of computer-aided design and Manufacturing technology and urging them to shift design from manual to computer-aided design. Here, the importance of research emerged because of the flexibility that computer-aided design and Manufacturing technology provideded in formulating, designing and producing the product, and here a problem arose. Researching the necessity of shifting design and production to automated technologies to improve product quality and rationalize cost and time by reducing the number of workers, increasing their efficiency and effectively utilizing information.

The study aims to determine the impact of environmental taxes on sustainable development and to achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers used the introspective method and descriptive analytical approach in the theoretical aspect of the study, but the field side conducted a field study and distributed the questionnaire form to a number (255) individually and used statistical analysis to confirm the validity of study tasks in the field of study. The most important results include: 1. Environmental taxes on factory emissions achieve sustainable development. 2.Develop environmental awareness and provide training-capable employment for sustainability. 3.The tax system can eliminate or reduce negative environmental impacts, both in terms of an environmental tax, incentives, and accelerated depreciation of environmentally friendly enterprises. The most important recommendations include: 1.Issuing an environmental accounting standard and an environmental tax standard through a proposed accounting framework to activate the role of environmental taxes in achieving sustainable development. 2.Take advantage of foreign tax systems by passing an environmental tax law that complies with the environmental tax standard through which the application of the role of environmental taxes in achieving sustainable development is implemented. 3.The imperative to link taxes to licenses and renew annually with the tax return is also linked to the national number of the fund and in the case of serious environmental risk the establishment is closed immediately, and the financier is prohibited from engaging in any commercial, industrial, agricultural or other activity that arises either the financier or any of his relatives up to the fourth degree to prevent manipulation of the loopholes of the law.

This study aims to propose an industrial-agricultural symbiosis model that applies the closed sloop eco-technical solutions for cassava starch production towards sustainable development. This study applies the AHP method to analyze nine alternatives and determines the best one based on 17 specific criteria for the typical cassava starch production plant in Tay Ninh province. The chosen model has 12 losed sloop solutions and can save about 40% groundwater, hundreds of cubic metre of water for irrigation in agriculture (to meet hundreds of hectares of crops), limit the lack of water in the dry season and water regulation from the Dau Tieng lake and reduce from 19-73% emissions from traffic,... Wastewater after Biogas is diluted in proportion for cassava is 28l wastewater/49l of clean water and the rubber tree is 8,5l of wastewater/7l of clean water and sugar-apple is 20l wastewater/20l of clean water wasto spray as a natural leaf fertilizer, limiting the use of NPK chemical fertilizers. Some indicators of wastewater after treatment show that it is suitable for use as fertilizer but suitable for nutrient development in the soil and increase nitrogen for plant development, reducing the cost of using stimulating fertilizers. In addition, production wastewater with high cyanide levels is also considered to dilute according to certain proportions as natural insecticidal drugs. These results show that industrial-agricultural symbiosis model bring great enviromental benifits for cassava starch industry and can be replicated in the future.

Dust emission is one of the critical problems of the mining industry. Dust emission can cause respiratory diseases among workers and adjacent residents of the factory and environmental pollution in the region. This study aims to reduce dust emissions of an iron ore concentrate plant in Iran. Applying dust control methods can affect the production process. Therefore, in this study, the value engineering (VE) method has been used, which focuses on improving the processes without affecting the main functions. This method is implemented in three stages. In the pre-study stage of VE, the prerequisites of study, such as determining the management requirements, study scope, evaluation criteria, forming the VE team, and planning, were met. In the study stage, the required information was collected; the studied process functions were identified and ranked; 62 ideas were created based on the functions and then evaluated; the final scenarios for the selected device, hopper, were developed and ranked using the VIKOR method; and finally, confirmation of the results by the management was obtained. In the post-study stage, the results will be implemented. The approach of this study was based on maintaining the functions of the production process and production rate and finding the most effective solution to reduce dust and environmental hazards, the most efficient solution in terms of performance, and the most cost-effective solution in terms of fixed and variable costs. According to the results, dry and wet dust suppression systems are the best options among the scenarios to meet the objectives of this study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this article is to present the impact of a pandemic on a food logistics company., DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The article defines SARS-CoV-19, presents the GFLog company and shows the results of research that was conducted in the form of an expert interview in August and September 2020 during the global pandemic., FINDINGS: The result of the article is the presentation of conclusions regarding the impact of the pandemic on a food logistics company., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Preparation of logistic enterprise management activities in the event of a global crisis or in the country., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Until the pandemic occurred in the world, no one considered any human limitations. Enterprises were not prepared to work in such conditions. The presented views, supported by statements from the management of the logistics company, will allow to prepare an organizational and technical solution for operations in a possible future crisis., peer-reviewed

The ultimate objective of textile industry in Egypt, as any other real industry in any developing country, is to expand the accessibility of its products/ services by exporting to diverse international markets through intermeshing with global network of supply chains. On the other hand, there is marketing orientation, which is one of business management approaches that can serve as a market access means for textile producers that qualifies them into engaging in global value chains, and hence contribute vigorously in prompting textile exports. The objective of this paper research is to specify the correlation between adopting the marketing orientation as business management approach, and engaging in exporting activities, among producers of Egypt’s textile sector. To fulfill this objective, the study utilizes comparative, analytical, and descriptive approach as study methodology. Through a designed survey study that aims at collecting primary data from a sample comprised of (16) textile mills from different industrial zones located in Eastern Cairo of Egypt, mainly producing upholstery and home textiles products. The sample is divided into two groups: (1) Exporting upholstery and home textiles mills, and (2) Non-exporting upholstery and home textiles mills; each group is constituted by (8) mills. Data collection were executed through survey methodology that takes the form of interview. The interview type is Structured Interview aiming to collect qualitative and quantitative data from the interviewees. The frames that compose the interview structure are shown in Research Work section. The subjects to be interviewed are from high management level, including CEOs, factory managers, and business owners.

Manufacturing waste forms part of industrial waste which is also rooted in solid waste. In Ghana, the ruling government has a flagship project known as one district one factory (1d1f). Most of these factories that are established and yet to be established are manufacturing industries. No doubt that these industries will generate lots of waste which must be managed properly. Also, the more factories are built, the more waste will be created. The main purpose of this paper is to identify and try to control the exact sources of waste generation on the production line of manufacturing industries. The method used was literature review, and interview of industry players. From the literature review, it was found that several sources of waste have been established such as municipal sources of waste, medical/clinical sources, agriculture sources, end-of-life-of automobile, industrial sources of waste, construction/demolition sources, and electronic sources of waste (eschooltoday, 2020, amauomo and baird, 2016) whiles the results from the interview session revealed that the exact point on the manufacturing line of the industry, which can be termed as sources of waste are; at the beginning, and sometimes the end of the production line. Observation on the production line also confirmed the perception of the factory hands, that at the beginning, and the end. Once the sources are identified, it is possible to control it. In conclusion, it was revealed that factory hands do not make critical observation on the production line. They agreed that if the sources are identified and controlled, it will reduce the cost of production which will increase their profit margin. It is therefore recommended that manufacturing industries should take much interest in identifying the sources of waste creation on their production lines. Also, they should take measurement seriously when feeding raw materials into the production line.

This work studies the relative influence of the constructive characteristics of thermosiphon factory made solar heating systems of components such as absorber type, collector area, thermal insulation of both collector(s) and tank, tank volume and volume/area ratio, on the annual energy production, the annual efficiency and the solar fraction. The research has been conducted on 28 systems available in the market, tested according to Standard ISO 9459–5:2007 and simulated fo different European reference locations (Athens, Davos, Wurzburg and Stockholm) according to Standard EN 12976–2:2019. The results show that reduced volume has a marked influence on the energetic and efficiency behaviour of these systems. In particular, for reduced volume values greater than 0.8, the constructive characteristics have high influence on systems behaviour. On the contrary, for reduced volume values lower than 0.8, all tested systems have a similar behaviour at the same location. The results found in this study allow optimizing the design of TSWHS, as well as selecting a specific system according to the location and a daily load volume.

The Gesellschaft fur Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH as the main technical support organization for the German Federal Government in nuclear safety has been dealing with small modular reactors (SMRs) for about one decade since SMRs are one interesting option for new builds in most countries worldwide which continue to use nuclear energy for commercial electricity production. Currently four different SMR designs are in operation, four in construction, one is licensed, and further 12 are in a licensing process. In this paper, definitions, history, and current developments of SMRs are presented. Subsequently, selected trends of SMR development such as factory fabrication and transport, compactness and modularity, core design, improved core cooling, exclusion of accidents, features for preventing and limiting the impact of severe accidents, economic viability, competitiveness and licensing are discussed. Modeling gaps of the GRS simulation chain programs with a view to applications in nuclear licensing procedures are identified and a strategy for closing these gaps is presented. Finally, selected work on the extension and improvement of the simulation chain and first generic test analyses are presented.

The paper deals with the revitalization of the industrial complex of furs factory in Indjija through art and culture with the aim of pointing out the importance of industrial heritage in smaller local communities. Through of the preservation of the objects of the industrial past and the formation of a new structure, a synergetic balance between the old and the new has bees achieved - industral buildings as a symbol of the industrial past, and a new structure as a symbol of the new function of the complex. The solution is well in corporated in the selected location, where together with the buildings that surround it, it forms a strong architectural whole. In that way, this complex is activated and has the potential to become an important place of culture, art and socialization in Indjija.

Maternity leave means the period of paid absence from work. This type of leave is allowed to a mother before and after the birth of a child. Naturally, the term maternity benefit is applied in case of working women. Mostly, it is related to readymade garment (RDM). It indicates the payment made to a woman for giving birth of a child. The duration of maternity leave for female worker in RMG sector of Bangladesh is 4 months (16 weeks) according to Labor Act 2006. The purpose of this study is to show the application of RMG sector’s maternity leave and to assess the level of cash benefit payment for maternity leave. The main purpose of this study is to show the discrimination between two kinds of factories (foreign owned and local owned) about the proper application of rules and Act. The information collected from those who are experienced to take maternity leave and recently take the leave and also who are preparing for the leave. Frequency distribution has been used on the data extracted from female worker who have experience maternity leave and cash benefit payment. The result of this study is that there are two kinds of RMG sectors situations: one is called foreigner owned factory and another one is Bangali factory (local owner).Evidently, 60% get the cash payment with two terms before & after child born and 100% get the maternity leave. So, this paper will discuss about the differences of facilities, job security, cash payment, others opportunities for female in RMG sector.

A Votorantim, um dos principais grupos empresariais atuando na economia brasileira, tem sua origem que remonta ao ano de 1891, quando o banco União de São Paulo criou a Fábrica Têxtil Votorantim no município paulista de Sorocaba. Com a falência do banco União em 1917, a empresa foi leiloada e, nos anos subsequentes, seu controle acionário foi adquirido pelo português Antonio Pereira Ignácio, um importante industrial do setor têxtil paulista e que fez da Votorantim a principal firma do ramo têxtil algodoeiro de São Paulo nas décadas de 1920 e 1930. Todavia, a partir dos anos 1930, o Grupo Votorantim passou a concentrar esforços no setor de bens intermediários – cimento, produtos químicos, alumínio, aço e ferro – através da constituição das seguintes empresas: Fábrica de Cimento Santa Helena (1936), Siderúrgica Barra Mansa (1937), Cia. Nitro-Química (1937) e a Cia. Brasileira de Alumínio (1955). Tendo em vista a escassez de análises sobre como teria se dado a conversão do Grupo Votorantim do setor de bens de consumo finais à indústria de base, o artigo aborda esta guinada realçando: a correlação entre o Grupo e o projeto industrializante do presidente Getúlio Vargas, os recursos produtivos preexistentes e a expertise industrial de seus dirigentes. A pesquisa calca-se em documentação primária constituída de: relatórios da diretoria do Grupo Votorantim, demonstrações de lucros e perdas e balanços patrimoniais. Como resultado, o artigo traz uma contribuição ao debate sobre a formação de grupos econômicos em economias periféricas, ao demonstrar que, no caso da Votorantim, a geração de receitas pelo próprio Grupo foi o instrumento principal de financiamento à criação das novas empresas no setor de bens intermediários do Brasil.

Este estudio parte de la descripción del esquema térmico del central azucarero a evaluar, el cual cuenta con una molida potencial de 49,67 kg/s, la capacidad eléctrica instalada de 6,5 MW, y con dos generadores de vapor del tipo Retal, los cuales tienen una capacidad nominal de 60 t/h cada uno, y una presión de vapor sobrecalentado de 1 930 kPa a (350o C). El objetivo fundamental de la investigación fue la realización del balance termoenergético de dicho central, con el propósito de conocer los equipos con mayor consumo de vapor y la distribución de la energía en el proceso. Su utilizó una metodología clásica de balance de masa y energía donde a partir del análisis de los principales indicadores globales, siendo ellos el porcentaje de bagazo sobrante, consumo específico de vapor en fábrica, así como electricidad vendida a la red. Al analizardichos indicadores se pudo identificar oportunidades de mejora con el fin de lograr un aumento en la producción eléctrica y entregar mayor energía al Sistema Electroenergético Nacional (SEN), así como disminuir el consumo de vapor de la fábrica. Las modificaciones implementadas luego del análisis fueron la sustitución del turbogenerador del tipo contrapresión de potencia 2,5 MW por uno de 4 MW, así como la concentración de los jugos. Mediante la implementación de estas propuestas se logró un incremento en la entrega de electricidad al SEN de 8,88 kWh/ton de caña para una reducción del consumo de vapor en la fábrica de 25,56 %. Finalmente, se compara desde el punto de vista económico el incremento en los ingresos para el central, lográndose para este caso un excedente de 35 008 060.9 USD/zafra.

In recent years, an enormous amount of sludge is generated every day from zero liquid discharge treatment plant due to rapid expansion of industrial parks in Ethiopia. About 30,000 tons of partially dried sludge discharged to the environmental without proper waste management from all industrial parks. Thus, posing serious environmental problems. One of the most plausible means to recycle the excess sludge resource is converting it into energy-efficient brick by combining with clay. Bricks were prepared by incorporating textile sludge at different proportions (10–40%) and temperature (600, 900 and 1200 °C). Clay and sludge samples were collected from the Addis Ababa brick factory PLC and Hawassa Industrial Park. Results revealed that 10 and 20% sludge bricks satisfied criteria of class “A” bricks as per Ethiopia standards, with the compressive strength of 30.43 and 29.10 Mpa, respectively, at 1200 °C. About 26 and 50% of energy were saved during firing of 10 and 20% sludge-containing bricks, respectively, compared with pristine clay bricks. Moreover, too low concentrations of selected heavy metals found in the brick leachate, showing the sludge, were effectively stabilized in the burnt clay bricks. Thus, based on the results, we suggest the rapid utilization of huge amount of partially dried sludge resources for low-cost and efficient large-scale brick production. This will mutually benefit both the industrial parks and brick production industries. In addition, this will create thousands of jobs to the local people. Above all, the solid waste will be managed properly at textile industrial parks.

The widespread adoption of the motor car had what was perhaps the greatest impact on the physical and social landscape of 20th-century Britain, and yet virtually none of the early car factories have been subject to formal archaeological investigation. In 2019-20, Salford Archaeology carried out a comprehensive survey of the former Vulcan Works, a purpose-built factory that was erected near Southport in 1907 by Thomas and Joseph Hampson, two pioneers of the British motor-manufacturing industry. Initially, this ‘state-of-the-art’ factory comprised an architecturally impressive two-storey office with a single-storey machine and erecting shop to the rear, together with the associated power plant. Extensive additions had increased the size of the works to more than 3.6 hectares by 1924, and whilst the buildings were repurposed as a general engineering works in 1937, the original Edwardian car factory remained largely unaltered. The archaeological survey, coupled with historical research and limited excavation, has provided a unique record of a rare survivor of Britain’s fledgling car-manufacturing industry prior to its demolition.

The Trump administration has worked to restrict the People's Republic of China's ability to manufacture and acquire semiconductor chips since 2018. Caught in the crossfire of this burgeoning tech war is Taiwan, which is home to Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), the world's largest semiconductor chip manufacturer. With the United States banning companies that use U.S. technology in their chip manufacturing process from doing business with Huawei, TSMC can no longer do business with the Chinese tech company, one of its most important clients. Until the Trump administration announced the license restriction on Huawei, TSMC had managed to walk the fine line of doing business with both China and the United States, without riling either. This article argues that the TSMC example is indicative of how great power competition between the two countries will play out for the foreseeable future. TSMC has announced that it will build a new factory in Arizona as it faces Chinese firms poaching its employees and Chinese actors hacking its systems and code for trade secrets—all actions demonstrating how great power competition will play out for tech dominance. Avoiding direct live-fire conflict, China and the United States will work to restrict the other's actions and development by forcing important tech companies, such as TSMC, into picking a side.

The global trends of population growth, urbanisation and volatile markets require a paradigm shift towards decoupling economic growth and resource consumption. This especially applies to the manufacturing industry. The visionary solution approach of the Ultra-Efficiency Factory supports the holistic improvement in the five fields of action - energy, material, emissions, human/staff, organisation - for an industrial factory. Using this as a starting point, an extended approach is the application of the Ultra-Efficiency Factory in urban surroundings. The objective is to define, identify and assess symbiotic effects within industrial parks, as well as with their surrounding urban environment, in order to achieve ultra-efficiency. The Ultra-Efficiency method was adapted to the conditions in industrial parks to support the creation of a transformation trajectory towards ultra-efficiency. The present paper also describes the final step of this method, the development of holistic concepts for ultra-efficient urban industrial sites. This is illustrated via a best practice example from Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany.

The industrial heritage has a huge potential value. At present, China strongly called people to pay attention on protection and development of the industrial heritage. The project is closely to the call of national development industrial culture, in Guangyuan city Dahua mills as the foothold to study the protection and reuse of industrial heritage, improve production and living environment, promote the development of regional economy, finally realization of industrial heritage protection and sustainable development goals. This project uses SketchUp, Photoshop and other design softwares to express the graphic representation of the reuse design of Dahua Yarn factory, and to explore and study the protection and reuse design of industrial heritage. In the author’s opinion, in the protection and reuse design of industrial heritage, the occurrence of “formalization” should be avoided, and the reuse design scheme should be formulated according to the characteristics of specific industrial heritage. In combination with the project itself, tourism mode or other modes may not be necessary. There are many problems, and we need new thinking in this area, as well as more practice.

Agriculture is the mainstay of the Indian economy, because it contributes to the economic and social welfare of the entire Nation through its influence on the GDP and employment. Even after more than 60 years of country’s independence this agriculture continues to be the backbone of the country’s economy. Instead of this tremendous importance, the developmental efforts in enhancing the farm level efficiency and agricultural growth have been overlooked by the policy makers and it never got the attention it merits. The present work is grounded on a primary data gathered through personal interview of 105 farmers of three districts of the Valley. The average efficiency level of the farmer and the increase of agriculture are found inconsistent due to diverse reasons as identified. The outcome shows that there exists some scope to improve the efficiency of the farmers with the existing level of inputs use and with the availabel technology. Thus a uniform and a challenging mode of defending this process and to support policy making is to analyze and evaluate the performance of farm level efficiency of agriculture and its growth. Many research works have already been performed by the eminent researchers giving very little attention to the farm level efficiency of factory farm and its increase of North Eastern Region (NER) in general and Assam and its Southern region in particular. This written report can provide necessary support to policy makers, innovators and research scholars in measuring the performance of farmer’s level of efficiency along with agricultural growth and development of Barak Valley Region of Assam.

In Moss, Norway, a former cellulose factory is currently being adapted for new uses. The onsite digester, a high-rise steel structure that was used to make cellulose before the factory closed in 2012, is a landmark on the premises. The Directorate for Cultural Heritage has not designated heritage status to the digester, although it constitutes as heritage for many who used to work at the factory. The digester now faces an uncertain material future, but that does not preclude it from being remembered in various ways. Some former factory workers suggest that its heritage can be rendered olfactory by reconstructing the putrid smell the digester emitted while in service. This paper argues that ‘authorised’ views of heritage can be challenged by the ways in which working-class heritage is performed and remembered. This work was supported by The Research Council of Norway under grant number 160010/F40 and 259888.

Conversion of agricultural land is rife in agricultural countries like Indonesia, especially in areas bordering cities. Transfer of agricultural land functions is inevitable because of the welfare of farmers who are still neglected. This study aims to determine 1) the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural 2) determine the impact of the conversion of agricultural land. The research method used is descriptive analytic method. The data used is secondary data from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency and the Land Agency. The data analysis method uses the net land conversion method. The data used is time series data. The location selection is purposive sampling based on the area bordering urban areas, namely Grogol Subdistrict, Sukoharjo Regency. Based on the results and discussion above, it can be concluded that the net land conversion is still negative in Grogol District, which means that the area of converted agricultural land is greater than the new paddy field mold. The positive impacts generated such as the availability of residential land for the community, the availability of new housing with relatively cool air, the existence of even distribution of the population and the development of the potential of the area that was previously minimal population. However, the negative impacts caused are more crucial, such as the reduction of food resources and water reserves, the change in the profession of the community, which initially farmers became factory workers, service sectors and others, reduced ecosystems and began to contaminate land, water and air from the activities of surrounding communities. Keywords: Agraris, Conversion, Land, Agriculture Impact

The article discusses the production of ammunition at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant during the Second World War. Based on the study of general scientific and specialized archival materials, systematization and generalization of the data obtained, an analysis of the activities of the labor collective and management structures of the Krasnoye Sormovo plant for the production of ammunition is carried out. The dynamics of the growth in the production of shells and the development of new types of ammunition in the period 19411944 is determined, the process of creating mass production of shells in the workshops of the plant, strengthening cooperation with other defense enterprises and organizing railway communication between them is shown. The methods of modernization and improvement of equipment and technology for the production of ammunition, methods of increasing the production and personnel potential of the plant, as well as the heroic work of the factory workers in wartime conditions are examined in detail. During the war period, the share of the production of ammunition in the total volume was about 17%, which objectively testifies to the contribution of the production of artillery and rockets at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant to a radical turning point during the Second World War.

Sanayide enerjinin verimliliği ve tasarruf edilmesi son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada özellikle sanayinde faaliyet gösteren bir gıda fabrikada enerji verimlilik incelemesi yapılmıştır. Belirlenen gıda işletmesine ait gofret üretim hattı incelenerek detaylı enerji ölçümleri yapılmış ve enerji verimliliği potansiyeli araştırılmıştır. Fabrikanın mevcut enerji durumu incelenerek enerji verimliliğin sağlanması ve sürekli olabilmesi için çeşitli öneriler yapılmıştır. Yapılan öneriler doğrultusunda doğru yalıtım sistemi uygulaması sonucu basit geri ödeme süresi 0,25 yıl olan uygulama ile %89 ısı kaybının azaltılabileceği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca kazan sistemlerinde brülör ayarlaması ile kazan veriminin %5,2 arttırılabileceği, reküparatör kullanımı, ısı kayıp ve kaçaklarının önlenmesi yoluyla yıllık 3391,9 $ kazancın sağlanacağı belirlenmiştir. Enerji tüketimi ile oluşan CO2 salınımı hesaplanarak işletmenin son üç yıllık çevresel etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma sonuçlarının gıda endüstrisinde tüketilen enerjinin verimli kullanılmasına ve ülkemiz ekonomisine katkı sağlayacağı öngörülmektedir., The efficiency and saving of energy in the industry is extremely important. In this study, energy efficiency examination was carried out in a food factory operating especially in the industry. The wafer production line belonging to the designated food company was examined and detailed energy measurements were made and the energy efficiency potential was investigated. Various recommendations have been made to ensure energy efficiency and continuous energy efficiency by examining the current energy situation of the factory. In accordance with the recommendations made, it was determined that 89% heat loss can be reduced with the application of 0.25 years payback.period as a result of the application of the correct insulation system. In addition, it has been determined that boiler yield surged by 5.2% with burner adjustment in boiler systems, and $3391.9 annual earnings will be achieved through the prevention of a recuperator use, heat loss and leaks. The environmental impact of the enterprise over the last three years has been examined by calculating CO2 emissions caused by energy consumption. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the efficient use of energy consumed in the food industry and to our country's economy.

A large amount of livestock waste, rotten fruit and vegetable waste and there is a tofu factory that produces tofu dregs around farmer's house at Sidomulyo Village, Stabat District which can be used as an innovation for farmers during the Covid-19 pandemic. The limited activities of farmers in Sidomulyo Village make it difficult for farmers to work in the field because they are worried about the spread of Covid-19 and they try to follow the government's advice to continue to do social distancing and also physical distancing. This has an impact on the income and activities for farmers who daily have to be outside the home to carry out farming activities. To get additional sources of income and positive new activities, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, this service was carried out by utilizing livestock waste and tofu waste in the environment around Sidomulyo Village by utilizing earthworms in drums to be processed into vermicompost which can be used self (household scale) as well as being developed and marketed for the cultivation of plants such as ornamental plants or horticulture plants.

The ISO 22000 Food Safety Management System has been applied to the spaghetti industry, in order to enhance food protection, protect customers, increase customer trust and improve cost efficiency. This experiment was carried out in North Cairo Flour Mills and Bakeries Company, Pasta Factory, Shubra El Khema, Cairo, Egypt, all stages were followed up from the receiving wheat flour extract 72% to spaghetti production and storage. Beginning with the appointment of the food safety team and that the infrastructure is suitable for the production process, the spaghetti product was described, a flow chart was constructed of the manufacturing process, the hazard was analyzed and identification, the sieving stage, drying stage and packaging stage were identified as critical control points (CCPs), while stage of receiving materials and stage of storing the product have been determined as operational prerequisite programs (OPRPs) and the effectiveness of implementing the HACCP plan is verified. The microbiological analysis of swabs from workers and surfaces was within the allowable limits. The results showed that no significant differences between the chemical composition of spaghetti. The heavy metal concentration of packaging material to use in packing spaghetti was within the allowable limits.

The Palm Oil Supply Chain (POSC) is a series of companies dealing with materials or products derived from oil palm fresh fruit bunches. The chain is interdependent sequentially and cooperate in the control, management and improvement of the flow of products, money and information from the upstream side to the downstream side. The POSC consists of palm oil seed growers, farmers, traders, CPO factory, refinery factory, distributor/retailers, and consumers. The first party in the chain is the palm oil seed or seedling growers. These growers have a very important role for palm oil farmers because the quality of the seeds determines the quality of further fruits. The aims of this study are to evaluate the feasibility study of growing the seedlings, and measure the sensitivity of the factors to the profitability. By using modified Hayami method for the supply chain, the added value obtained is Rp5.950.227.861 which is 34,73% of the sales. The feasibility analysis calculation with an interest rate of 13.5%, shows the NPV of Rp 38.439.321.865, with the BEP of Rp 828.430.058, while ROI result 78,62%, Payback Periode value 1,27, Modified B/C Ratio 1,69, and IRR 78,33%.

This study is related to a case study using a prioritization tool derived from the gravity, urgency and tendency (GUT) matrix, applied to a machining line in the automotive sector of a factory located in Vale do Paraíba - São Paulo (SP). This monograph addressed the implementation of a prioritization tool to aid in the definition of priorities to be work on with the aim of improving the indicators of quality of the group, reducing the rate of reworks and rejects. It is a qualitative exploratory study. The information was collected through documentary research. The information/data obtained were treated with data tabulation using spreadsheets developed in Excel Microsoft. It was found through the results that the rework index decreased 7.57% in the period from 2016 to 2019 and the reject index decreased by 3.74% in the same period. It was concluded that the objective of the general research was achieved through the validation of the priority analysis tool (derived from the GUT matrix) in a machining line as an efficient tool and which brought positive results in terms of reducing the rework and reject wastes of production.

The present old standard efficiency motors (SEM) in black tea processing machinery consume large amount of electricity, thus increases the cost of production. Technologically improved high-efficiency motors (HEM) or HEM coupled with variable speed drive (VSD) could be useful to achieve high-energy efficiency. Therefore, a study was conducted with the focus to determine the feasibility of introducing HEM and VSD in withering and rolling machinery of black tea manufacturing. A withering trough and two different capacity rotorvane rollers were selected for the study, and the energy consumption of different treatments was measured, and specific energy consumption, annual bill savings, simple payback period, and potential carbon dioxide emission reduction were calculated. The results showed that introducing HEM or HEM coupled with VSD saves the energy compared to SEM (p