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Augmented, mixed and virtual reality are changing the way people interact and communicate. Five dimensional communications and services, integrating information from all human senses are expected to emerge, together with holographic communications (HC), providing a truly immersive experience. HC presents a lot of challenges in terms of data gathering and transmission, demanding Artificial Intelligence empowered communication technologies such as 5G. The goal of the paper is to present a model of a context-aware holographic architecture for real time communication based on semantic knowledge extraction. This architecture will require analyzing, combining and developing methods and algorithms for: 3D human body model acquisition; semantic knowledge extraction with deep neural networks to predict human behaviour; analysis of biometric modalities; context-aware optimization of network resource allocation for the purpose of creating a multi-party, from-capturing-to-rendering HC framework. We illustrate its practical deployment in a scenario that can open new opportunities in user experience and business model innovation.

With the continuous development of intelligent manufacturing technology, the intelligent production line for the Industrial Internet of Things occupies an important position in the field of industrial intelligence. OPC UA is a standard for communication data exchange between intelligent production line devices. OPC UA can establish a unified information model for production line devices and improve the connectivity of heterogeneous networks. However, in industrial wireless network application scenarios, there are various types of sensing information and large amounts of data to be transmitted. Each type of data has different requirements for real-time. The traditional OPC UA communication method is difficult to achieve real-time and reliable transmission in intelligent production lines and can’t meet the transmission requirements of time-sensitive data. In this paper, we propose a real-time communication model of the OPC UA wireless network for intelligent production lines (UAMPDS). IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH is used as the wireless communication infrastructure, and OPC UA protocols are fused to this model. Meanwhile, we design a load-aware time-slot scheduling algorithm to dynamically allocate and schedule time slots according to the network topology and traffic load of each node. We also implement a dynamic preemptive resource scheduling strategy based on service differentiation to ensure real-time transmission of time-sensitive data. The experimental results show that this model achieves differentiated services based on data with different latency tolerance and effectively reduces the transmission latency of real-time service data under the constrained network resources. It can avoid the starvation phenomenon of low priority queues, and improves the overall quality of service of intelligent production line communication networks.

There has been a prolific rise in the popularity of cloud storage in recent years. While cloud storage offers many advantages such as flexibility and convenience, users are typically unable to tell or control the actual locations of their data. This limitation may affect users’ confidence and trust in the storage provider, or even render cloud unsuitable for storing data with strict location requirements. To address this issue, we propose a system called LAST-HDFS which integrates Location-Aware Storage Technique (LAST) into the open source Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). The LAST-HDFS system enforces location-aware file allocations and continuously monitors file transfers to detect potentially illegal transfers in the cloud. Illegal transfers here refer to attempts to move sensitive data outside the (“legal”) boundaries specified by the file owner and its policies. Our underlying algorithms model file transfers among nodes as a weighted graph, and maximize the probability of storing data items of similar privacy preferences in the same region. We equip each cloud node with a socket monitor that is capable of monitoring the real-time communication among cloud nodes. Based on the real-time data transfer information captured by the socket monitors, our system calculates the probability of a given transfer to be illegal. We have implemented our proposed framework and carried out an extensive experimental evaluation in a large-scale real cloud environment to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed system.

In a Vehicular Cyber Physical System (VCPS), ensuring the real-time delivery of safety messages is an important research problem for Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) communication. Unfortunately, existing work relies only on one or two pre-selected control channels for safety message communication, which can result in poor packet delivery and potential accident when the vehicle density is high. If all the available channels can be dynamically utilized when the control channel is having severe contention, then safety messages can have a much better chance to meet their real-time deadlines. In this article, we propose MC-Safe, a multi-channel V2V communication framework that monitors all the available channels and dynamically selects the best one for safety message transmission. During normal driving, MC-Safe monitors periodic beacons sent by other vehicles and estimates the communication delay on all the channels. Upon the detection of a potential accident, MC-Safe leverages a novel channel negotiation scheme that allows all the involved vehicles to work collaboratively, in a distributed manner, for identifying a communication channel that meets the delay requirement. MC-safe also features a novel coordinator selection algorithm that minimizes the delay of channel negotiation. Once a channel is selected, all the involved vehicles switch to the same selected channel for real-time communication with the least amount of interference. Our evaluation results both in simulation and on a hardware testbed with scaled cars show that MC-Safe outperforms existing single-channel solutions and other well-designed multi-channel baselines by having a 23.4% lower packet delay on average compared with other well-designed channel selection baselines.

Nowadays higher demands of lightweight mobile devices for monitoring critical situation such as weather, tsunami, earth quick and rural area where direct communication not possible. Those area DTN mobile communications play important role to provide message exchange between devices through limited capacity (channel, memory, processing). Due to exhaustive demand of DTN mobile communication, concurrently multiple nodes exchange the message from one location to another through lightweight capable node that arises the problem of congestion, in this paper investigate various existing approach to resolve the network related issue to enhance the performance of delay tolerant network (DTN). Those existing approach give the roadmap to further enhancement of DTN network for smooth working in real time communication in rural area where disseminated connectivity. In the paper we also design new congestion detection and prevention method using collaborative methodologies such as input and output dependency retrieval, energy utilization and fuzzy rule definition and provide lightweight solution to the DTN for improving the efficiency of network where nodes are configure in limited capacity. In future we analyse those work through the network simulator −2 and measure the performance of the network.

In Mobile Ad hoc Wireless Sensor Network, mobility of nodes leads to path breakage which needs rerouting of packets via another path otherwise packets will be dropped. This results in delay or loss of packets. SPEED [2] is a QoS based protocol but it does not consider energy constraint and mobility. ZBR [1] is a reactive and energy efficient zone-based routing protocol for mwsn which is not suitable for real time communication. Therefore, we propose an energy efficient QoS based protocol for real time communication in mobile wsn. In this stateless routing protocol, forwarding nodes are selected on the basis of the node's residual energy, mobility and relay speed thus increasing the network lifetime and providing better quality of service. Simulation experiments of the proposed protocol were carried out on ns3.

Industry 4.0 and Autonomous Driving are emerging resource-intensive distributed application domains that deal with open and evolving environments. These systems are subject to stringent resource, timing, and other non-functional constraints, as well as frequent reconfiguration. Thus, real-time behavior must not preclude operational flexibility. This combination is motivating ongoing efforts within the Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) standardization committee to define admission control mechanisms for Ethernet. Existing mechanisms in TSN, like those of AVB, its predecessor, follow a distributed architecture that favors scalability. Conversely, the new mechanisms envisaged for TSN (IEEE 802.1Qcc) follow a (partially) centralized architecture, favoring short reconfiguration latency. This paper shows the first quantitative comparison between distributed and centralized admission control architectures concerning reconfiguration latency. Here, we compare AVB against a dynamic real-time reconfigurable Ethernet technology with centralized management, namely HaRTES. Our experiments show a significantly lower latency using the centralized architecture. We also observe the dependence of the distributed architecture in the end nodes' performance and the benefit of having a protected channel for the admission control transactions., This work was supported in part by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), in part by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) [AEI/FEDER, Unión Europea (UE)] under Grant TEC2015-70313-R, in part by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through the Operational Programme for Competitivity and the Internationalization of Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement (PRODUTECH-SIF) under Grant POCI-01-0247-FEDER-024541, and in part by the Research Centre Instituto de Telecomunicações under Grant UID/EEA/50008/2013.

Derailment due to uprooted or faulty rail blocks is an epoch-making problem in many developing countries such as Bangladesh, India, Kenya, etc. Such derailments result in both death tolls and loss of property. Low-resource settings and the paucity of networking infrastructure in remote rail areas of developing countries pose a challenge in devising an automated real-time system for detecting uprooted or faulty rail blocks to stop such derailments. As a remedy, in this paper, we propose a new networking paradigm to facilitate devising such an automated system leveraging a real-time communication between train and rail track, considering the aforementioned concerns. Here, we present a novel ad-hoc network architecture, node deployment topology, and light-weight network protocols for enabling the communication. Our proposed paradigm offers a low-cost and lightweight solution for the intended purpose worth of adopting in developing countries. Nonetheless, the paradigm exhibits a near-to-perfect performance, which we evaluate through both simulation and real experimental evaluation, yet maintaining the low-cost and lightweight status.

Monitoring the main environmental conditions during storage and transportation of perishable foods is necessary to predict quality losses throughout shelf life. By far, temperature is the main factor affecting quality and shelf life, but there are other variables that would greatly affect quality losses such us relative humidity, O2, CO2, ethylene, etc. Thus, the real-time knowledge of the evolution of these parameters during the whole supply chain allows suppliers to prevent for food losses. This paper deeply describes the design of a flexible monitoring system with real-time communication to be used in the supply chain of perishable commodities, using Wi-Fi wireless communication as collaborative networks between different measurement points. Aspects such as consumption, performance and feasibility of the system are described in detail to check the adaptability of its use.

Web real-time communication (WebRTC) employs congestion control to ensure the quality of experience (QoE). Different from congestion control schemes for TCP, WebRTC keeps a low-level playback buffer that considers excessively delayed packets as losses, which makes the congestion control for WebRTC more challenging. Existing heuristic schemes estimate the network conditions based on hand-crafted rules that may be suboptimal, leading to under-utilization or over-utilization of link capacity in many cases. On the other hand, the existing learning-based schemes train a model that acts in a large action space, which is hard to converge to a stable status and has low performance over unpredictable network conditions. In this paper, we propose a hybrid receiver-side congestion control (HRCC) framework, which combines a heuristic congestion control scheme with an RL-Agent that periodically generates a gain coefficient to tune the bandwidth estimated by the heuristic scheme. Extensive simulation experiments demonstrate that the HRCC's RL-Agent effectively tunes the bandwidth estimate of the heuristic scheme. The hybrid scheme achieves higher bandwidth utilization than the fully heuristic scheme with similar queuing delay and packet loss and outperforms the fully RL-based scheme on overall performance.

EtherCAT is a real-time industrial Ethernet technology suitable for hard and soft real-time requirements. It is based on new technology, “on-the-fly processing”, which significantly reduces cycle times and jitter to further expand the capabilities of IIoT. IEEE 802.1 TSN in recent years gained more attention in IIoT because it offers real-time communication over a shared Ethernet medium with predictable end-to-end delay and jitter. However, there is no work presented to showcase the benefits of EtherCAT and TSN integration apart from theoretical information. Therefore, to expedite the analysis of EtherCAT over a TSN network, we used OMNeT++. Here, we will compare the cycle time and jitter by evaluating different scenarios of EtherCAT communications over a NeSTiNg TSN network.

In recent years, with the proliferation of real-time video distribution through live streaming, there is a growing need among users to avoid interruptions to their Internet connection as much as possible. However, it is not uncommon for Internet connections to be interrupted or slowed down. One way to deal with this problem is to use redundant paths. MPTCP (Multipath TCP) is one of the transport layer protocols that supports redundancy. In this scheme, if a failure occurs in one of the paths, it tries to maintain the connection as long as possible by switching to another available path. The redundancy scheduler of MPTCP can mitigate the impact of a failure in one of the paths by sending the same packet to all the paths that can be established. However, it may take some time to resume using when the paths are restored. Therefore, depending on the status of each path, communication may be interrupted. In this paper, we proposed a method to speed up the recovery of a failed path when the redundancy of the path is degraded, aiming at early recovery of the redundancy. We have also implemented this method and conducted evaluation experiments, and found that it can speed up the resumption of path usage.

The integration of 5G with Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) promises to support the novel requirements of future industrial communication. A key aspect for the industrial application of converged TSN/5G networks is synchronization. Different synchronization scenarios can be identified which are directly affiliated with a particular grandmaster location. The state-of-the-art scenario is a network-sided grandmaster. We propose an novel synchronization scenario which uses a common grandmaster for both the wired and wireless networks. This uniforms the synchronization in converged networks. Our proposed approach achieves a largely improved synchronization towards device-sided devices while introducing only a minor additional error towards network-sided devices. We present and compare our proposal with the state-of-the-art synchronization scenarios, and conduct a formal analysis to estimate the synchronization quality per scenario and simulations to verify the results.

Everyone necessitate communication technology in this information era. By use of modern technology, everyone should prefer wireless service without using bundle of wires. Colleges, shopping malls, corporate offices, coffee shops, construction buildings and restaurants provide Wi-Fi service to customers. Wi-Fi service allows data and voice transmissions over connected devices in same network. Proposed paper presents development of voice call transfer service that processes incoming telephone call which uses Wi-Fi as communication medium for voice transmission between smart phone and tablet. The proposed method allows real time communication transferred over wifi using IP between smart phone and tablet at no cost. Wi-Fi enabled smart phone and tablet are connected to the router or wifi access point to provide communication between caller and tablet user. Proposed paper develops cost effective, easy and reliable voice communication over Wi-Fi which provides good and comfort experience to user.

Context.— Clinical laboratory processes that require cooperation among geographically distinct sections often face challenges. We describe these challenges as related to the Gram staining of cerebrospinal fluid, a key test in the management of patients with suspected central nervous system infections, and our attempts to improve quality outcomes. Objective.— To evaluate multiple tools and strategies for their effectiveness in optimizing the turnaround time of tests sharing a specimen or workflow. Design.— Over the course of 5 years, the turnaround time of cerebrospinal fluid Gram stain was studied at one of the largest children's health systems in the United States. Baseline data showed suboptimal compliance to targeted turnaround times. A conventional approach to process standardization and 2 innovative tools that facilitate horizontal integration were applied to the main campus laboratory as follows: a daily operational huddle and a novel electronic communication application that was interfaced with the laboratory information system. Turnaround time and its variation were assessed. Two other hospital laboratories within the health system that did not undergo these quality interventions served as controls. Results.— Standardization of processes reduced the variability of turnaround time but only minimally shortened it. In contrast, an interteam daily huddle that monitored key quality metrics together with the communication application improved turnaround time significantly and sustainably. Conclusions.— Communication strategies involving a physical or virtual gathering of laboratory representatives encourage horizontal communication and improve turnaround times. These tools are generally applicable and could be used to improve other processes in healthcare, especially those where a workflow is shared between 2 geographically distinct areas of a health system.

The COVID-19 pandemic and related public health efforts limiting in-person social interactions present unique challenges to adolescents. Social media, which is widely used by adolescents, presents an opportunity to counteract these challenges and promote adolescent health and public health activism. However, public health organizations and officials underuse social media to communicate with adolescents. Using well-established risk communication strategies and insights from adolescent development and human-computer interaction literature, we identify current efforts and gaps, and propose recommendations to advance the use of social media risk communication for adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and future disasters.

This paper presents SPHERE, a project aimed at the realization of an integrated framework to abstract the hardware complexity of interconnected, modern system-on-chips (SoC) and simplify the management of their heterogeneous computational resources. The SPHERE framework leverages hypervisor technology to virtualize computational resources and isolate the behavior of different subsystems running on the same platform, while providing safety, security, and real-time communication mechanisms. The main challenges addressed by SPHERE are discussed in the paper along with a set of new technologies developed in the context of the project. They include isolation mechanisms for mixed-criticality applications, predictable I/O virtualization, the management of time-sensitive networks with heterogeneous traffic flows, and the management of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) to provide efficient implementations for cryptography modules, as well as hardware acceleration for deep neural networks. The SPHERE architecture is validated through an autonomous driving use-case.

Real-Time Communication (RTC) applications have become ubiquitous and are nowadays fundamental for people to communicate with friends and relatives, as well as for enterprises to allow remote working and save travel costs. Countless competing platforms differ in the ease of use, features they implement, supported user equipment and targeted audience (consumer of business). However, there is no standard protocol or interoperability mechanism. This picture complicates the traffic management, making it hard to isolate RTC traffic for prioritization or obstruction. Moreover, undocumented operation could result in the traffic being blocked at firewalls or middleboxes. In this paper, we analyze 13 popular RTC applications, from widespread consumer apps, like Skype and Whatsapp, to business platforms dedicated to enterprises - Microsoft Teams and Webex Teams. We collect packet traces under different conditions and illustrate similarities and differences in their use of the network. We find that most applications employ the well-known RTP protocol, but we observe a few cases of different (and even undocumented) approaches. The majority of applications allow peer-to-peer communication during calls with only two participants. Six of them send redundant data for Forward Error Correction or encode the user video at different bitrates. In addition, we notice that many of them are easy to identify by looking at the destination servers or the domain names resolved via DNS. The packet traces we collected, along with the metadata we extract, are made available to the community.

Real-time communication (RTC) platforms have become increasingly popular in the last decade, together with the spread of broadband Internet access. They are nowadays a fundamental means for connecting people and supporting the economy, which relies more and more on forms of remote working. In this context, it is particularly important to act at the network level to ensure adequate Quality of Experience (QoE) to users, where proper traffic management policies are essential to prioritize RTC traffic. This, in turn, requires in-network devices to identify RTC streams and the type of content they carry. In this paper, we propose a machine learning-based application to classify, in real-time, the media streams generated by RTC applications encapsulated in Secure Real Time Protocol (SRTP) flows. Using carefully tuned features extracted from packet characteristics, we train a model to classify streams into an ample set of classes, including media type (audio/video), video quality and redundant streams. To validate our approach, we use traffic from more than 88 hours of multi-party meeting calls made using the Cisco Webex Teams application. We reach an overall accuracy of 97% with a light-weight decision tree model, which makes decisions using only 1 second of traffic.

Industrial automation is changing towards higher integration and seamless communication. A stepping stone is end-to-end real-time machine-to-machine communication, now becoming feasible with technologies such as time-sensitive networking (TSN) and OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) publish-subscribe. While TSN takes care of communication, the OPC UA stack’s execution time behavior remains unknown. This paper highlights experiences made while adjusting the OPC UA subscriber of the open62541 stack for worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis. Two directly connected time-predictable T-CREST platforms hosting the publisher and subscriber delivered end-to-end timing measures validating the WCET estimates. The paper concludes by outlining further research with several time-predictable publishers and subscribers.

Since the emergence of the Coronavirus pandemic, relying on video conferencing skyrocketed. The stay home and stay safe slogan increased the need of using Video Conferences in—for example but not limited to—education, work meeting, business deals ,.. etc providing a safer yet effective communication channel. On other hand, online meetings are lacking interaction. Emotional expressions provide a method to determine the Audience’s impressions about the meeting. Demonstrated in this paper, an application for video conferencing capable of detecting the facial emotion like surprise, happy, sad or angry by reading the particepants’ facial expressions also it can detect age and gender. The application is based on WebRTC and TensorFlow.js technologies. WebRTC, Web Real Time Communication, is a collection of standards and protocols which are supported in most of the modern browsers. Using web applications and platforms based on WebRTC technology helps in establishing a peer to peer communication and streaming, transmitting and receiving video, audio and data in real-time. In other hand, TensorFlow.js is opensource models in JavaScript which applied the concept of machine learning. Both WebRTC and TensorFlow.js can be used as regular JavaScript APIs which provide optimization in the performance and simplicity of the applications because the most of processing will be over the client-side and that is the core of our application. In this paper, it’s used the OpenVidu as a videoconference platform based on WebRTC and integrated it to Faceapi.js which is built based on tensorflow.js to can recognition face emotions and expressions over videoconference. We will use four classifications of servers in our application. Hosted Server, signaling server, NAT traversal server, and media server are used for WebRTC to handle the streaming across various types of networks.

This document defines the security architecture for WebRTC, a protocol suite intended for use with real-time applications that can be deployed in browsers - "real time communication on the Web".

Audio streaming is the practice of sending real-time audio through a network connection. This can be achieved via many technologies namely telephone, cellular, VOIP, Radio communication, robotic telepresence etc. Steganography is the art and science of hiding one message in another such that an observer does not suspect the presence of hidden information. The hidden message is called the secret and the message in which it is hidden is called the cover. A receiver that is unaware of the steganographic channel is called a legacy receiver. In military defence operations real time communication is very crucial. If communication channels are compromised, it will lead to critical situation and potentially causing undesirable outcomes. Hence Audio stream steganography is of high importance in today’s technological era not only for military defence but also for personal and industrial applications which seeks privacy. In this paper we are bringing audio stream steganography techniques together by classifying them based on the technology used to establish real time communication. The paper classifies audio stream steganography as VOIP steganography and Radio steganography. The document gives insight into the future work and motivates the research community in the audio stream steganography research area by collective presentation of available methodologies in the domain. As per our knowledge this is the first effort to bring all real time audio steganographic approach in a single review paper. The paper also discusses about factors affecting real time audio steganography and modernisation required in steganalysis techniques for real time audio-based steganography.

This document gives an overview and context of a protocol suite intended for use with real-time applications that can be deployed in browsers - "real time communication on the Web". It intends to serve as a starting and coordination point to make sure all the parts that are needed to achieve this goal are findable, and that the parts that belong in the Internet protocol suite are fully specified and on the right publication track. This document is an Applicability Statement - it does not itself specify any protocol, but specifies which other specifications WebRTC compliant implementations are supposed to follow. This document is a work item of the RTCWEB working group.

The smart device industry has grown in recent years, so the vast majority of people have a smart TV and at least one smartphone in their homes. The transformation of the digital era seeks to improve the user experience and facilitate the use of different smart devices. Due to this, it is proposed to develop a communication library that allows multiple Android devices to be connected to an LG WebOS Smart TV and thus promote the development of applications for Smart TVs, avoiding implementation from scratch and speeding up the deployment of new applications that generate great value for users. In this article, a comparison was made of the main communication protocols existing and compatible with the devices involved. During the development stage, the communication library based on the WebSocket protocol was implemented. Also, a retro videogame was implemented that used the communication library to connect the LG WebOS smart TV with the Android Smartphone. Finally, the results obtained and the opportunities for improvements found for the development of future applications will be shown.

The Industry 4.0 highlights the integration of new Information Technologies in industrial companies. Regarding the production field, automation controller components have a critical role to play. Indeed, one of the latest is to use the virtual commissioning approach to validate the complete operation of the systems before they materialize in the physical environment. The aim of this paper is to develop a real time communication interface between Dymola software and the physical B&R automation controller (PLC) using Modelica _ DeviceDriver library for a virtual commissioning of a real perfume production line.

The explosive growth of automotive electronics and self-driving prompts the expansion of in-vehicle networks and the revolution of E/E architecture. A flexible, scalable, lightweight, and service-oriented architecture based on Ethernet is widely approved. Time Sensitive Networks (TSNs) is introduced to satisfy the demanding requirements for deterministic and low end-to-end delay in in-vehicle real-time communication networks. This paper focuses on the traffic scheduling of in-vehicle network through gate control lists (GCLs) based on IEEE 802.1Qbv. We extend the model and implementation of GCLs based on Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) with the coexistence of massive data flow and high frequency data flow. The simulative assessments and validation are complemented for the promising next-generation in-vehicle communication architecture using OMNeT++.

Many wearable applications utilize wireless communication to provide the user with comfort features. With a typically rather small consumer market using technologies in the ISM band is beneficial in order to be cost effective. Safety relevant wearable applications, such as a wireless airbag jacket, face the challenge of providing real-time communication in noisy and volatile environments. In this evaluation we analyze different Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) technologies with respect to their performance for real-time applications in mobile scenarios. The well established approach of using frequency diversity for increased reliability in noisy environments is evaluated for mobile scenarios.

In this paper are proposed two ways of communication in the Off-Grid system, PowerLine communication (PLC) and wireless. Four concepts are created by combining ordinary or smart appliance and PLC or Wireless communication. Reliable communication is necessary for proper operation of the Off-Grid control system based on demand response. It is important for control system to know what appliances are connected and running and for an appliance is important to know whether it is allowed to start operation. At first, the Off-Grid and its control system is described, then several parameters of the communication network created by PLC in the Off-Grid system are tested and analysed. During testing, different appliances are connected to the Off-Grid to identify their impact on these parameters.

WebRTC (Web Real Time Communication) is a technology that enables the creation of video conferencing infrastructure and real-time audio, video and data transfers without any plug-ins to all platforms that support HTML5. Software-defined networking (SDN) has the potential to exceed today’s network technology limits and increase the performance of network applications with the advantages it provides. In this study, a WebRTC architecture that benefits from SDN advantages and the possible effects of SDN technology to the performance of the (WebRTC) conference system are presented. Comparative tests were carried out in various topologies, including topologies used in the real world, to measure the performance of the proposed architecture.

Future factory automation scenarios require real-time capable communication networks and most recently expose great demand for mobile and scalable communication. A promising solution is the convergence of wired and wireless networks in order to merge the benefits of both wired and wireless technologies. The industry emphasizes TSN and 5G as technologies for future communication networks. The seamless integration of 5G with TSN as virtual TSN bridge is a focus topic of the 3GPP and IEEE standardization groups. However, the distribution of timing information through converged TSN/5G networks has not yet been investigated.In this work, we propose and analyze a single message mechanism for distribution of timing information in converged TSN/5G networks under consideration of 3GPP and IEEE standard documents.

This paper describes the successful deployment of integrated underreamer technology with real-time communication through mud-pulse telemetry system, to drill and eliminate rathole in 17 1/2-in × 20-in successfully in one run and helped set casing as close as possible to the depth of suspected pressure ramp on an exploratory well offshore Nigeria. This technology uses the same communication system (actuator bypass) as Measurement While Drilling tools (MWD),Logging While Drilling tools (LWD) and Rotary Steerable System (RSS). Integrated underreamers broadly used in the drilling operations support optimized casing and completion programs and helps reduce operational risks such as wellbore instability. The ball drop and hydraulically activated reamer technologies available today comes with limitations and HSE risks. The distinctive functionalities of the integrated underreamer technology described here, such as unlimited and fast activation and deactivation via downlinking and real time downhole feedback,reduce uncertainties and operational costs in the complex and challenging deep offshore drilling operations. The real-time communication through mud-pulse telemetry system enabled the placement of integrated underreamer 6 meters from the bit thereby reducing rathole length to approximately 9 meters compared to 80 meters for conventional underreamer application. The integrated underreamer is compatible with existing RSS and provide unlimited activation cycles. The integrated underreamer offers flexibility in placement in the bottom hole assembly (BHA) and it can be used as a near bit reamer, or as main reamer or as both.In this case,the integrated near bit underreamer eliminated the need for a dedicated rathole removal run.It also offered a feedback confirmation of the cutter blades activation status and provided hole opening log thereby reducing the operational uncertainties for the under reaming, saving rig time up to 16 hours for shoulder test. The underreamer was successfully deployed to drill and ream the challenging 14 ¾’’ × 17 ½’’ and ream 17 ½’’ × 20’’ section offshore Nigeria. Both sections were drilled and reamed to section Total Depth (TD) in one run with all directional requirements and Measurement While Drilling (MWD)/Logging While Drilling (LWD) met,saving client approximately 4 days of rig spread cost. The reamer appeared to provide an in-gauge borehole allowing for successful running and cementing of liners without any issues, demonstrating superior borehole quality.The new Technology proved to be a reliable and flexible hole enlargement while drilling solution that help to improve drilling performance, reduce operational risks and save cost.

WebRTC is increasingly adopted by real-time streaming applications beyond traditional multiparty collaboration, in virtue of its low-latency capabilities. To support large scale deployments, the WebRTC architecture has evolved from the original peer-to-peer design to a centralized MCU-based (Multipoint Control Unit) system first, then to a lighter, SFU-based (Selective Forwarding Unit) system where media encoding/decoding and rate selection is delegated to the clients.In this paper we present ICN-RTC, a real time communication architecture build on the latest SFU-based proposal that exploits the scalability benefits provided by Information-Centric Networking (ICN). We also propose the ICN-RTC synchronization protocol, a protocol that allows to use the pull-based transport of ICN without introducing additional latency to media distribution.We implemented ICN-RTC using Hybrid ICN, an incrementally deployable ICN implementation using IP. Preliminary results are encouraging: ICN-RTC scales with the number of active speakers rather than the total number of users in the conference. This allows for calls with ten times more participants with respect to the standard WebRTC, reducing the resources needed for the call by more than a hundred times.

For two-level real-time cyber-physical systems, the combinatorial effect of failures of redundant communication system components on the probability of complete connectivity and timely exchange of embedded computers with servers is analyzed.

This paper analyzes the characteristics of hybrid multi-system, summarizes the requirements of multi-system intercore communication, and proposes a method and system for intercore real-time communication of hybrid multi-system. It is verified by experiments that the proposed method and system can meet the requirements. It can be applied to inter-core real-time communication of hybrid multi-systems in power systems.

Real-time communication (RTC) is a new standard and industry-wide effort that expand the web browsing model, allowing access to information in areas like social media, chat, video conferencing, and television over the internet, and unified communication. These systems users can view, record, remark, or edit video and audio content flows using time-critical cloud infrastructures that enforce the quality of services. However, there are many proprietary protocols and codecs available that are not easily interoperable and scalable to implement multipoint video-conference systems. WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) is a State-of-the-Art open technology that makes real-time communication capabilities in audio, video, and data transmission possible in real-time communication through web browsers using JavaScript APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) without plug-ins. This paper aims to introduce the P2P video conferencing system based on Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC). In this paper, we have proposed a web-based peer-to-peer real-time communication system using the Mozilla Firefox together with the ScaleDrone service that enables users to communicate with high-speed data transmission over the communication channel using WebRTC technology, HTML5 and use Node.js server address. Our experiments show that WebRTC is a capable building block for scalable live video conferencing within a web browser.We also study a thermal camera for the videoconference system to identify the temperature body results regarding the COVID 19 crisis.

The future manufacturing environment is foreseen to be increasingly diverse with multi-vendor industrial wireless devices deployed in the same geographical area. Thus, effective medium resource sharing mechanisms are urgently needed to enable the coexistence of those heterogeneous industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs). To accommodate such heterogeneity, this paper proposes a collaborative scheduling algorithm (CSA) for coordinating the activation of each coexisting IWSN while guaranteeing their respective real-time communication requirements. Specifically, the proposed CSA is able to help determine a unique data transmission instantance for each network node that periodically generates time-sensitive data, through which timely data delivery is guaranteed without the interference of each other.

Today’s operating rooms consist of a multitude of medical devices. Nowadays, the interconnection of these devices is manufacturer-dependent. To overcome this lack of interoperability, the new IEEE 11073 Service-oriented Device Connectivity (SDC) family of standards has been developed. Plenty of use cases take advantages from the interconnection of medical devices among each other, based on SDC. In this paper, we focus on time-critical use-cases, like the activation of a high-frequency surgical device to emit power at the instrument triggered by a networked foot switch. The execution of such remote control operations, are dependent on deterministic data transmission. To fulfill these requirements we propose the usage of the new Time-sensitive Networking (TSN) standards IEEE 802.1. The combination of SDC and TSN enables semantic interoperability and hard real-time communication at the same network, based on standards. We provide a new approach to automatically configure the underlying TSN network by means of the medical devices’ self-description according to the SDC family of standards. Our approach shows that the required information for configuring the TSN network can be extracted from the self-description.

Real-time communication of distributed automation systems come with many challenges as there is no common time basis. Often a periodic execution of applications is considered which leads to time phenomena like drifts or jitter. Thus, this type of communication requires observance and enforcement of real-time properties to guarantee reliability of distributed systems. New industrial technologies like Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) and the IEC 61499 standard provide support to conquer upcoming challenges. Therefore, we are using these jointly with contract-based design to propose a design methodology for verification of real-time communication in IEC 61499 systems. We implemented a simulation-based verification environment and performed postmortem trace-based verification against timing specifications. The evaluation confirms the possibility of integrating our proposed representation for non-local communication into IEC 61499 for analyzing time behavior of applications.

Adversarial models are well-established for cryptographic protocols, but distributed real-time protocols have requirements that these abstractions are not intended to cover. The IEEE/IEC 61850 standard for communication networks and systems for power utility automation in particular not only requires distributed processing, but in case of the generic object oriented substation events and sampled value (GOOSE/SV) protocols also hard real-time characteristics. This motivates the desire to include both quality of service (QoS) and explicit network topology in an adversary model based on a π-calculus process algebraic formalism based on earlier work. This allows reasoning over process states, placement of adversarial entities and communication behaviour. We demonstrate the use of our model for the simple case of a replay attack against the publish/subscribe GOOSE/SV subprotocol, showing bounds for non-detectability of such an attack. © 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.

The terrain along the high altitude transmission line is complex, and the weather is changeable and the turbulence is obvious, which limits and challenges the safety of helicopter power grid patrol work, and there is no public network mobile communication signal along a large number of line sections. Therefore, the traditional on-line monitoring of transmission lines is difficult to provide effective support for the weather early warning during helicopter inspection. Through the design of software deployment, hardware deployment, communication networking and data transmission of real-time communication, this paper discusses a communication scheme of helicopter cruise weather early warning suitable for high-altitude areas, which provides an important reference for the work of helicopter cruise weather early warning and line operation and maintenance in high-altitude areas.

Smart meter is solid state device based instrument that collect electricity consumption to monitor real time electricity consumption means hour to hour or less and communicates the data at least daily, back to the utility for monitor, control and billing purpose. Smart meter is a digital electronic meter which provides real time communication which means any mode of telecommunication in which all users can exchange information instantly or with negligible response time between the consumer and the utility which makes complete system profitable. Complication such as calculation of meter reading and billing, demand requirement, cheating, unauthorized connection etc. can be cleared up through smart metering. This paper proposes the design and fabrication of smart meter. The overall consumption of any consumer which is real time data communicates to smart meter via radio frequency link. In house display system, which requires confirmation to interact with smart meter also offers consumer to set consumption limit with SMS alerts and turn ON/OFF the supply of electric energy. The whole consumption details of each appliance are also sent to utility with consumption date and time via SMS for billing purpose. The utility also has access to the smart meter for power cut off in case of bills not being paid.

Background and Purpose: Several years ago, an excel spreadsheet was created to improve real time communication about stroke core measure compliance to all the inpatient units. This daily spreadsheet was sent to the nursing leadership to be shared with the nurse or MD to ensure the stroke orders were carried out and patient education provided. The process to review each chart daily for compliance with the core measures, enter it into the spreadsheet, send it to the nursing leadership daily took approximately 3 hours or more a day. This was not an efficient use of time. We decided to create an electronic dashboard that would extract all of the stroke core measure information from the electronic patient record automatically, eliminating manual abstraction, thus making the process more efficient while allowing effective communication throughout the organization. Methods: Our IT department, working alongside our Stroke Care Team, developed data extraction processes pertinent to Stroke Core Measures to allow for an hourly extraction into a Tableau dashboard. This software allows for logic to be applied to the various elements to evaluate the successful completion of each core measure for patients currently admitted to our institution for Stroke-related diagnoses and conditions. Results: The key stake holders for each unit review the dashboard which is refreshed hourly to identify areas that have not met the measure. After the review, the leadership implements a plan to improve attainment for these measures. The dashboard has also allowed for correction of documentation in real time but has limitations because it depends on the data within the electronic medical record and the programing to extract that data. The team communicates with our IT department to correct the issues with the data displayed in tableau. Conclusions: The tableau dashboard is an effective and efficient tool providing a snapshot of the current attainment of the primary and comprehensive stroke core measures. The implementation of this dashboard has increased awareness of the stroke core measure compliance and has improved communication among the clinical staff.

The way of people communicate has been changed from generation. With rapid innovation of technology and the improvement of computer technology, smartphone, tablet and etc., the traditional communication is confronted. However, unified communication born and Web Real-Time Communication as a part of the innovation of communication technology, enhance the way peoples share their thought, feeling and information, in real-time and different place. This research offers an educational foundation and applied research of WebRTC, to leverage unified communication, through WebSocket node.js as the signalling protocol. A system of web real-time communication developed at the end of research to give an understanding and view of the opportunity given by WebRTC technology, such as leverage online distance-learning with a real-time communication, healthcare video conferencing, online video conference, self-service customer care and corporate online meeting.

Nowadays real time communication is defining and conditioning our everyday life. Increased communication constitutes an added value to economic and social development of the country, but, at the same time, it exposes it to the risk of cyber nature with state and non-state actors. This is the reason why information security has become an important and crucial issue. In this paper we examine Information Security practices among IT departments in public institutions in Albania, using a survey and interviews conducted with IT staff.