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Nowadays, many anti-phishing systems are being developed to identify phishing contents in online communication systems. Despite the availability of myriads anti-phishing systems, phishing continues unabated due to inadequate detection of a zero-day attack, superfluous computational overhead and high false rates. Although Machine Learning approaches have achieved promising accuracy rate, the choice and the performance of the feature vector limit their effective detection. In this work, an enhanced machine learning-based predictive model is proposed to improve the efficiency of anti-phishing schemes. The predictive model consists of Feature Selection Module which is used for the construction of an effective feature vector. These features are extracted from the URL, webpage properties and webpage behaviour using the incremental component-based system to present the resultant feature vector to the predictive model. The proposed system uses Support Vector Machine and Naive Bayes which have been trained on a 15-dimensional feature set. The experiments were based on datasets consisting of 2541 phishing instances and 2500 benign instances. Using 10-fold cross-validation, the experimental results indicate a remarkable performance with 0.04% False Positive and 99.96% accuracy for both SVM and NB predictive models.

The impact of mass media on individuals and society is to a great extent based on emotions. We concentrate on fear as it is one of the basic emotions triggered by risk and threat, which is claimed to play a key role in the twenty-first century consciousness (Furedi 20018). The study focuses on the emotionalisation of fear in contemporary media discourse about Russia, more specifically, on constructions of Russian threat and fear of Russia in Anglo-American media texts to highlight pragmatic effects and to speculate on possible purposes of such discourses. The study aims to explore the functioning of the lexemes threat and fear , in textual contexts with the focus on their pragma-discursive characteristics. It identifies the mechanisms as well as linguistic tools involved in media strategies of scare-mongering. The dataset was derived from quality British and American newspapers in the period 2018-2020, and was analysed drawing on an interdisciplinary approach combining critical discourse analysis, pragmatics, medialinguistics, psycholinguistics and the theory of proximisation. The paper argues that appealing to emotions as well as constructing emotions is aimed at enhancing the persuasive function of media and fulfilling their own agenda. The persistent use of the words threat and fear in relation to Russia as well as the obsessive discussion of this topic in media aim to shape a certain negative public opinion of Russia among readerships. The findings show that to achieve this goal different strategies and linguistic tools are used including: exaggeration, repetition, proximisation, interrogative headlines, presupposition, among others. The results go beyond linguistics, and may find implementation in political studies, since they provide researchers with tools for understanding contemporary social and political processes.

El uso masivo de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones ha ocasionado la interdependencia de la sociedad respecto de estas; sumado a la ausencia de controles eficientes y efectivos a nivel general, incrementan la exposición a los ataques o amenazas informáticas, a las vulnerabilidades en los activos de información de las organizaciones. En este contexto, el presente artículo propone una arquitectura de análisis de datos a través de herramientas de Big Data mediante la utilización de eventos o registros de seguridad, que permitan mejorar la identificación, integración y correlación de eventos. La metodología de la investigación soportada se caracterizó por ser exploratoria y descriptiva. Para el desarrollo de la solución propuesta se empleó las fases del procesamiento de Big Data propuesta por Labrinidis y Jagadish, que permita la identificación de amenazas de informáticas. La arquitectura tecnológica diseñada se basó en la integración de Elastic Stack y sus componentes principales (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana), y tecnologías como Filebeat y Wazuh Security Detection (NIPS/HIDS), gestionando la seguridad en activos de información como equipos de comunicaciones, servidores de datos y aplicaciones, motores de bases de datos, y terminales de usuario final. Su implementación permitiría la supervisión en tiempo real e histórica de una respuesta ágil y efectiva de alertas de seguridad e informes de estado ante incidentes.

Internet of Things (IoT) networks are computer networks that have an extreme issue with IT security and an issue with the monitoring of computer threats in specific. The paper proposes a combination of machine learning methods and parallel data analysis to address this challenge. The architecture and a new approach to the combination of the key classifiers intended for IoT network attacks are being developed. The issue classification statement is created in which the consistency ratio to training time is the integral measure of effectiveness. To improve the preparation and assessment pace, it is suggested to use the data processing and multi-threaded mode offered by Spark. In comparison, a preprocessing data set approach is proposed, resulting in a significant reduction in the length of the sample. An experimental review of the proposed approach reveals that the precision of IoT network attack detection is 100%, and the processing speed of the data collection increases with the number of parallel threads.

Small islands have the nature of remoteness and vulnerability and commonly occupied by multi-ethnic communities that cause differences in the way they perceive natural resources. This study aimed to find out the communities perceptions on the importance and threat values of resources. This study was conducted through a survey method in Masalembu island, Sumenep Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The data were analyzed using descriptive frequency analysis method. The study shows the resources perceived very important are the sea, mosques and 4 resources with the same score (schools, madrasah, public health centers, and markets). Meanwhile, the top 3 resources that highly threatened are the sea, breakwater, and sand mining. There exists a paradox for marine resources because they are perceived very important and contrastively very threatened at the same time. Comprehensive regulations, programs, and policies are needed in the development related to the sea. In this case, social development, education, health, and economic cannot be ignored. Rehabilitation of mangrove vegetation should be encouraged in ex-mining and abrasion areas, taking roles asbreakwateras well as a means to increase the wealth of marine and coastal resources.

The article is devoted to the problems of scenario modeling in relation to solving a number of problems of managing the health care system of the Perm Territory, which in recent years has attracted attention by the development of a number of promising projects to develop this industry, to expand the availability of medical services and to improve the level of medical care for the population. Since any good-quality project must be directly linked not only to the future periods of its implementation, but also be scientifically justified in terms of insuring all kinds of risks and threats that will stand in the way of the successful completion of the project, recently all kinds of projects, programs and plans are often developed are created using the so-called scenario approach. Several options for the development of events with this approach are offered to the appropriate circle of leaders or the power structure for the subsequent adoption of an appropriate management decision.The authors of the article consider the main provisions and principles of the scenario approach using the example of the development of the health care system of a particular subject of the federation, which makes the material proposed for consideration very relevant. The authors also define, as they see it, the main result of improving the industry in the form of a target and a national goal — the expected (upcoming) life expectancy of the population of the study area. This socio-economic indicator, which has all the signs of fatefulness, is considered by the authors to be a priority analytical indicator of the level and quality of an effective life of a Russian. The latter determines the purpose of this study.The authors consider the construction of dynamic multivariate models of industry development options for a period of up to three years to be an efficient tool for analyzing and forecasting this indicator, which is presented in the article in the form of five simultaneous equations of multiple regressions. The results of this construction are continued by discussion, and the article ends with the list of the conclusions. The authors also inform the reader about the further direction of their scientific research.

The object of research: corporate image and enterprise economic security. Investigated problem: methodical approach to mutually agreed management of enterprise’s image and its economic security. The main scientific results: theoretical analysis of the opinions, which are presented in the scientific literature of enterprise economic security functional components and the mechanism of their formation, is carried out. The functional components of economic security related to the internal and external aspects of enterprise are studied in detail, and their close relationship with image components is determined. The stages of enterprise image management are schematically shown with taking into account the compliance of image economic security components levels. The area of practical use of the research results: the need to adhere to certain sequence of actions aimed at forming a positive image and managing it in enterprises is emphasized. It is advisable to use an approach to the formation of corporate image with taking into account the targeted influence of management entities on the business environment. Technological innovation: the enterprise economic security structure in the context of modern tendencies is proposed, the complex of measures which are recommended to be applied for enterprise image maintenance is determined. Scope of application for technological innovation: practical activity of Ukrainian enterprises is in interconnection with other business environment participants.

Purpose of ReviewOpioid receptors are widely expressed in the human brain. A number of features commonly associated with drug use disorder, such as difficulties in emotional learning, emotion regulation and anhedonia, have been linked to endogenous opioid signalling. Whereas chronic substance use and misuse are thought to alter the function of the mu-opioid system, the specific mechanisms are not well understood. We argue that understanding exogenous and endogenous opioid effects in the healthy human brain is an essential foundation for bridging preclinical and clinical findings related to opioid misuse. Here, we will examine psychopharmacological evidence to outline the role of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) system in the processing of threat and reward, and discuss how disruption of these processes by chronic opioid use might alter emotional learning and reward responsiveness.Recent FindingsIn healthy people, studies using opioid antagonist drugs indicate that the brain’s endogenous opioids downregulate fear reactivity and upregulate learning from safety. At the same time, endogenous opioids increase the liking of and motivation to engage with high reward value cues. Studies of acute opioid agonist effects indicate that with non-sedative doses, drugs such as morphine and buprenorphine can mimic endogenous opioid effects on liking and wanting. Disruption of endogenous opioid signalling due to prolonged opioid exposure is associated with some degree of anhedonia to non-drug rewards; however, new results leave open the possibility that this is not directly opioid-mediated.SummaryThe available human psychopharmacological evidence indicates that the healthy mu-opioid system contributes to the regulation of reward and threat processing. Overall, endogenous opioids can subtly increase liking and wanting responses to a wide variety of rewards, from sweet tastes to feelings of being connected to close others. For threat-related processing, human evidence suggests that endogenous opioids inhibit fear conditioning and reduce the sensitivity to aversive stimuli, although inconsistencies remain. The size of effects reported in healthy humans are however modest, clearly indicating that MORs play out their role in close concert with other neurotransmitter systems. Relevant candidate systems for future research include dopamine, serotonin and endocannabinoid signalling. Nevertheless, it is possible that endogenous opioid fine-tuning of reward and threat processing, when unbalanced by e.g. opioid misuse, could over time develop into symptoms associated with opioid use disorder, such as anhedonia and depression/anxiety.

Objectives The subject of the article are reflections on the issue of addiction in the XXIst century on the example of e-drugs. This is a relatively new type of threat. It affects young people who often use the Internet and are permanently online. E-drugs gained particular popularity in 2008-2010. The people who are currently in the 20-30 age range could be exposed to these resources at that time. Therefore, it was decided to determine what is the level of knowledge about e-drugs among young people in Poland, what are the experiences of the respondents regarding the use of psychoactive substances. Material and methods The research was carried out using the author’s survey, which was made available through an interactive Google survey. The responses of 102 respondents were included in the final analysis, including 54 men and 48 women (M = 22,3) living in the Lubelskie Voivodeship. Results More than half (53%) visited websites where can use e-drugs, 43% have used them, including 20% more than once. E-drugs are considered the least dangerous in terms of the possibility of addiction, compared to other. The average value given to e-drugs is 7.3 out of 12. On the other hand, alcohol (9), heroin (8.3), gambling (8.3) and computer games (8.3) were considered the most dangerous measures. Conclusions This work has a theoretical and practical dimension, because in addition to theories own research and practical implications will be presented.

The first step to realise the true potential of blockchain systems is to explain the associated security risks and vulnerabilities. These risks and vulnerabilities, exploited by the threat agent to affect the valuable assets and services. In this work, we use a security risk management (SRM) domain model and develop a framework to explore two security risks – Sybil and Double-spending – that are observed and considered most concerning security risks within blockchain systems. The framework illustrates the protected assets or assets to secure, the classification of threats that the attacker can trigger using Sybil attack, the identification of threats that cause Double-spending, the vulnerabilities of identified threats, and their countermeasures. We evaluated a newly built framework by exploring Sybil and Double-spending risks in Ethereum-based healthcare applications. We also recognise the various other security and implementation challenges of blockchain that hinder the acceptance of blockchain-enabled solutions. Furthermore, we discuss the permissioned blockchain systems making an appearance in industry-level enterprises and how permissioned blockchain systems control these challenges. We conclude the paper and outline the future work that aims to build an ontology-based blockchain security reference model. The results of this work could help blockchain developers, practitioners, and other associated stakeholders to communicate about Sybil and Double-spending risks, what security countermeasures should be introduced, and what security and implementation challenges are emerging in blockchain systems.

As an information-rich collective, there are always some people who choose to take risks for some ulterior purpose and others are committed to finding ways to deal with database security threats. The purpose of database security research is to prevent the database from being illegally used or destroyed. This paper introduces the main literature in the field of database security research in recent years. First of all, we classify these papers, the classification criteria are the influencing factors of database security. Compared with the traditional and machine learning (ML) methods, some explanations of concepts are interspersed to make these methods easier to understand. Secondly, we find that the related research has achieved some gratifying results, but there are also some shortcomings, such as weak generalization, deviation from reality. Then, possible future work in this research is proposed. Finally, we summarize the main contribution.

The article presents the results of applying the elements of the object security research methodology in the study of one of the threats hanging over society — pandemic COVID‑19. In this particular object, the author of the article tried to show the general, inherent in the collective concept of “a national security threat”. Knowledge of a common for all threats (the general) characteristics and particular one to each of them allows us to organise the protection of the object better, prepare to stop the threat and eliminate the consequences of its emergence. Based on the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation official data, the author shows a deterioration of the state of public health and science in modern Russia. The article also presents a mathematical model, used by the author to calculate the results of two ways to slow the spread of coronavirus infection. The first way is the isolation of citizens, second — the use of personal protective equipment. In particular, the conducted research confirmed two well-known theoretical statements. First, in studying the process of emergence of threats and in estimating the damage caused by them, it is advisable to rely on the results of model calculations. Second, when choosing counteraction measures, it is reasonable to search for the best combination of them.

Introduction. The current transformation of economic relations in the society caused by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses a threat to national security of all countries. However, the regulations of the Russian Federation on national security do not provide for such threats and measures to eliminate them, and the economic system has no reserves to provide social support to the bulk of the countryʼs population. The objective of the article is, based on the results of the study, to identify measures to create an effective national security system based on the rhizomatic logic, which allows the economic system to develop in the circumstances of constant bifurcations when a constant choice of the most effective attractor is required. Materials and Methods. Regulatory documents and publications by Russian and foreign scientists were used as the research materials. The study employed general scientific methods of empirical research, as well as general logical methods and research techniques: analysis of regulatory documents and trends in national security indicators, generalization, induction and deduction, the systematic approach, which made it possible to propose the use of the rhizomatic logic for the formation of an integrated national security system and draw conclusions. Results. The Strategy for Ensuring the National Security of the Russian Federation has been studied, as well as the parameters of the state of national security; it has been concluded that it is necessary to refine the regulatory framework. The study of the parameters of economic security as the basis of national security has shown that not all the approved indicators are calculated at the national level. These trends are dangerous for economic and national security due to objective reasons; therefore the national security system is not effective. Discussion and Conclusion. The formation of an effective system of national security of a new type should take place in terms of the rhizomatic logic, which makes it possible to see higher-order systems from the perspective of an observer. This is how effective re-combination of security factors and rapid restructuring of economic relations becomes possible. The article may be useful for researchers dealing with national security issues.

Introduction . The artificial intelligence (AI) performance in data storage systems is considered. When working with data, the advantage of its use both in economic terms and for security is determined. The work objective is the introduction of artificial intelligence in data storage systems. The key tasks involve the description of methods for data separation, organization of itsstorage and counteraction to security threats. Materials and Methods . The data that should be fed into the drives is divided into parts so that it can be restored without one of the parts. This is necessary to be able to access and recover information in the event of a software or hardware failure. Results . The AI performance under detecting security threats is considered. Since the model implies the interaction of users with data, it was found out how the data access control is carried out and the keys are stored. Discussion and Conclusions . The use of AI in organizing a data warehouse will speed up the system. Artificial intelligence with built-in machine-learning algorithms will provide responding to a situation that affects the state of the sys-tem. Analysis of the state of the drives will avoid a possible hardware or software failure. Minimization of the human factor in the system operation contributes to the improvement of its work.

The change of trends in the global industrial revolution has impacted various advances in the economic and industrial system until the realization of a liberalization system and capitalization of the global economy. This study aims to examine the impact of the liberalization and capitalization of the digital economy on the middle class, working class, and lower class societies in one of the developing countries in the Southeast Asian region, Indonesia. The methodology used in this study is a descriptive qualitative analysis approach, based on data obtained from official sources and literature studies. The class disparity between the capital owner class, middle class and working-lower class, poverty, and forms of social inequality in the structure of society is increasingly apparent. At present, the emergence of an era known as the Industrial Revolution 4.0 led to the change of social and economic trends towards more advanced systems. This study assumed the changes in the patterns and forms of economic liberalization and capitalization that were previously implemented traditionally towards digital system through opening new online markets platform. The study also argues that the Industrial Revolution 4.0 differently impacted the middle class, working class, and lower class society in developing countries, particularly Indonesia.

Cyberspace, virtual space, an illusion of the world – it facilitates the exchange and storage of information, simplifies the communication between humans and computers, as well as between citizens. Despite representing an opportunity for the development of an individual, it poses a threat to the security of its users, especially the juvenile ones. The aim of the article is to portray the threats of the cyberworld and the possibilities of addressing them through parents’ appropriate attitudes and actions. Basing on the analysis of relevant literature and statistical data it can be inferred that a rising percentage of juveniles display symptoms of addiction. Furthermore, according to data provided by Statistics Poland, the access of children and youth to digital media has been steadily increasing since 2012. In 2017, as many as 98,9 per cent of households with children had Internet access. The ubiquitous availability of digital media may result in a constant increase in pathological behaviours of children in the cyberworld, which will evolve under the influence of changes in society. Dangerous games such as Blue Whale, Fire Fairy, MOMO Challenge and phenomena such as cyberbullying, cyberpornography, online paedophilia and sexting do not only influence the personality and daily life of young Internet users, but also pose an actual threat to their life and health. It is, therefore, of profound importance to educate parents in order to enable them to guard their children in the Internet and instill appropriate behaviour. The article is divided into two parts. The first part explains and discusses the perils present in the cyberspace. The second part comprises reflection upon the pedagogical and educational role of the family and the possibilities of protecting the juveniles in the Internet by means of developing a security culture in the digital environment. The author postulates that the lack of conscious action of guardians prevents them from addressing the threats of the cyberworld in an effective manner, resulting in the emergence of antisocial individuals, who are unable to live and function in their surroundings.

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Testing the boundaries of the “neurologic pain signature” using salient breathlessness stimuli and somatomotor finger opposition, with additional modulation using opioids., Brain biomarkers of pain, including pain-predictive “signatures” based on brain activity, can provide measures of neurophysiological processes and potential targets for interventions. A central issue relates to the specificity of such measures, and understanding their current limits will both advance their development and explore potentially generalizable properties of pain to other states. Here, we used 2 data sets to test the neurologic pain signature (NPS), an established pain neuromarker. In study 1, brain activity was measured using high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging (7T fMRI, N = 40) during 5 to 25 seconds of experimental breathlessness (induced by inspiratory resistive loading), conditioned breathlessness anticipation, and finger opposition. In study 2, we assessed anticipation and breathlessness perception (3T, N = 19) under blinded saline (placebo) and remifentanil administration. The NPS responded to breathlessness, anticipation, and finger opposition, although no direct comparisons with painful events were possible. Local NPS patterns in anterior or midinsula, S2, and dorsal anterior cingulate responded to breathlessness and finger opposition and were reduced by remifentanil. Local NPS responses in the dorsal posterior insula did not respond to any manipulations. Therefore, significant global NPS activity alone is not specific for pain, and we offer insight into the overlap between NPS responses, breathlessness, and somatomotor demand.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19, is a recent disease that has struck the entire world. This review is conducted to study the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic to food safety as well as the food supply chain. The pandemic has caused various changes around the world as numerous countries and governments have implemented lockdowns and restrictions to help curb the rising cases due to COVID-19. However, these restrictions have impacted many aspects of everyday life, including the economic sectors such as the food industry. An overview of the current COVID-19 situation in Malaysia was discussed in this review along with its implication on food safety and food supply chain. This is followed by a discussion on the definition of food safety, the impact of the pandemic to food safety, as well as the steps to be taken to ensure food safety. Hygiene of food handlers, complete vaccination requirement, kitchen sanitation and strict standard operating procedures (SOPs) should be in place to ensure the safety of food products, either in food industries or small scale business. Additionally, the aspect of the food supply chain was also discussed, including the definition of the food supply chain and the impact of COVID-19 to the food supply chain. Travel restriction and lack of manpower had impacted the usual operation and production activities. Lack of customers and financial difficulties to sustain business operational costs had even resulted in business closure. As a conclusion, this article provides insight into crucial factors that need to be considered to effectively contain COVID-19 cases and highlights the precaution methods to be taken through continuous monitoring and implementation by Malaysian government.

As the human population increases, the landscape is altered to provide housing, food, and industry. Human activity poses a risk to the health of natural habitats that, in turn, affect biodiversity. Biodiversity is necessary for a functioning ecosystem, as species work synergistically to create a livable environment. It is, therefore, important to know how human practices and natural events threaten these habitats and the species living in them. A universal method of modeling habitat threats does not exist. This paper details the use of a literature review to formulate a new framework called Define–Investigate–Estimate–Map (DIEM). This framework is a process of defining threats, investigating an area to discover what threats are present, estimating the severity of those threats, and mapping the threats. Analysis of 62 studies was conducted to determine how different authors define and characterize threats in various contexts. The results of this analysis were then applied to a case study to evaluate the Choctawhatchee River and Bay Watershed. Results suggest that the most abundant threat in the watershed is agricultural development, and the most destructive threat is urban development. These two threats have the greatest impact on the total threat level of the watershed. Applying the DIEM framework demonstrates its helpfulness in regional analysis, watershed modeling, and land development planning.

Objectives Several studies have examined the health consequences of workplace threats and violence, however, due to methodological issues the epidemiological evidence is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the prospective association between self-labelled exposure to work-related threats and violence and the risk of depression, measured by a standardized psychiatric interview and new prescriptions of anti-depressive medication. Methods Employees were recruited from the Danish PRISME cohort established in 2007 where 4489 Danish public employees answered a postal questionnaire with follow-ups in 2009 and 2011. In all three waves, depression was diagnosed by clinical interviews with the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). In addition, we ascertained prescription of anti-depressive medication from a national register. Using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models, we estimated the association between exposure to threats and violence at baseline and SCAN depression and prescription of anti-depressive medication during two years of follow-up. Results Self-labelled exposure to work-related threats and violence was associated with a risk of SCAN diagnosed depression two years later, odds ratios (OR) 2.20 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–4.28] and OR 2.11 (95% CI 1.05–4.24), respectively, with indication of a dose–response. Self-labelled exposure to work-related threats and violence was associated with prescription of anti-depressive medication in a two-year period, hazard ratios (HR) 2.55 (95% CI 1.47–4.40) and HR 1.47 (95% CI 0.70–3.06), respectively. Conclusion Exposure to work-related threats or violence is associated with an increased risk of depression two years later, measured with a psychiatric interview and register data on prescribed antidepressants.

Background The outbreak and global spread of COVID-19 was accompanied by an increase in reports of stigmatization of Chinese and Asian-looking people. The behavioral immune system provides a framework for stigmatization in response to infectious disease threats. Specifically, stigmatization might increase with rising levels of infectious disease threat. The present study aimed to examine this hypothesis during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods As part of the “EUCLID” project (https://euclid.dbvis.de), a total of 5011 persons from Germany were surveyed via an online-questionnaire between February 2nd and April 3rd, 2020, covering the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic over three time periods which were defined by critical events. Results There was no evidence for an increase in the stigmatization of Chinese and Asian-looking people across three topics, that is personal proximity, air travel, and medical measures upon arrival from China. Conclusions The present findings provide good news in that participants showed an adaptive response to the infectious disease threat rather than displaying increased stigmatization. Further research is necessary to specify the conditions that increase the risk of stigmatization in response to infectious disease threats.

Objective findings of brain injury or dysfunction are typically lacking in mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) despite prolonged post-concussion symptoms in some patients. Thus, there is a need for objective biomarkers of MTBI that reflect altered brain physiology underlying subjective symptoms. We have previously reported increased attention to threat-related stimuli in subjects with MTBI, suggesting a physiological vulnerability to depression. Vulnerability to depression has been linked with relatively greater activity of the right than left frontal cortex reflected in inverse pattern in frontal alpha with greater power on the left than right. We investigated whether patients with previous MTBI show this pattern of frontal activity reflected in more negative frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) scores. Furthermore, in search for potential biomarkers of MTBI, we created a novel index, emotional modulation of FAA (eFAA) and investigated whether it correlates with subjective symptoms. EEG was recorded while subjects with previous MTBI and controls performed a computer-based reaction time task integrating different cognitive executive functions and containing either threat-related or emotionally neutral visual stimuli. Post-concussion symptoms and depression were assessed using the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) and Beck’s depression inventory (BDI). Task-induced FAA was assessed and eFAA calculated by subtracting FAA in the context of neutral stimuli from FAA in the context of emotional stimuli. The MTBI group showed FAA scores reflecting relatively greater right-sided frontal activity compared to healthy controls. eFAA differentiated the symptomatic MTBI from non-symptomatic MTBI group and from healthy controls. eFAA also correlated with RPQ and BDI scores. In conclusion, FAA pattern previously linked with vulnerability to depression, was observed in patients with previous MTBI. Furthermore, eFAA has potential as a biomarker of altered affective brain functions in MTBI. publishedVersion

The Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) used in electronic health, is computationally enhanced by the migration into the cloud, which reduces the cost of storage space and equipment. However, cloud-PACS technology is susceptible to threats and vulnerabilities. This paper implements a threat modeling approach on a cloud-PACS framework, using Microsoft Threat Modelling Tools. Security requirements and mitigation strategies were formulated for the implementation of the framework, in order to improve cloud PACS security.

It should be noted that the global practice of ensuring the socio–economic security of the state is wide and diverse. This article discusses the practice of its enforcement in Japan. This state has accumulated significant financial and economic experience, including in matters of social and economic security. Studying the financial and economic dynamics of Japan, we will focus on the financial, economic and political aspects of ensuring socio–economic security of the state, theaccompanying institutional circumstances. Scientists have noted that the financial and economic development of Japan in the post-war period is now a traditional case of realization of significant competitiveness of the state economy, in general, and some individual sectors of the economy, in particular, in the criteria of energy and raw material resources deficit. As a state with few natural resources; which was backward in almost all respects seventy years ago, Japan has transformed into a prosperous power in the world in terms of financial and economic development. However, the rise of the competitive economy is not determined by the involvement of an increasing number of means of the production process, but by the increase in the effectiveness of their application, theindicators of which act as financial and economic factors of the macro-competitiveness of thesectors of the economy, the state economy is innovative. At the same time, in recent years, thelabour index as a whole had a negative impact on the financial and economic recovery, which, in our opinion, is considered a harbinger of, in-1, increasing unemployment; in-2, the situation of population ageing. However, the rise in the productivity of the production process during the same time levelled the negative impact of the presented factor and provided a cumulative recovery of theeconomy.

This paper investigates how leaders construct ‘loss’ identity narratives which defuse the scope for external attack and sustain self-meanings. We draw on a sample of 31 United Kingdom business school deans, who although often depicted as multi-talented, high-status achievers, are also targets for criticism and have high rates of turnover. Our study makes two principal contributions. First, we argue that leaders may employ a specific pattern of identity work involving talk about loss to construct identities that bolster their leadership by presenting them as making sacrifices for their institutions. Losses are ubiquitous and malleable discursive resources that constitute both identity threats and opportunities for constructing preferred identities. Second, we deepen understanding of ‘preferred identities’, i.e. normative self-narratives that specify who people want to be, and to be seen to be, and which serve self-meaning and impression management functions. Preferred identities, though, do not necessarily serve people’s interests, and deans tied themselves to demanding requirements by authoring themselves as research credible, scrupulously moral, hard-working professionals.

Objectives In order to improve the security of departmental information technology systems and the rationality of the financial costs of hardware solutions in such systems, it is advisable to develop a simulation model of the information technology system of an internal affairs authority (ITS ATS) connected to the Internet to determine the likelihood of damage occurring denial of service attacks. Lead and clarify for the ITS ATS a classification of modern-time complex ITS, which will allow identifying possible threats to the ITS information resource ATS based on open federal and departmental regulatory documents in connection with Internet connection. Further development of the ATS ITS model was done in the Anylogic simulation environment, which makes it possible to simulate a denial of service attack on a departmental resource and investigate the likelihood of damage occurring. The expressions from the apparatus of queuing systems are given, which allow modeling the attack and calculating the probability of damage occurrence, which is advisable to use when designing such systems in ATS. Method. Analytical and mathematical modeling using the apparatus of queuing systems. Result. A simulation model of ITS ATS is proposed, which allows to determine the probability of a destructive impact on the departmental resources of such systems. Conclusion. The direction of this study is relevant and requires further development in order to develop a methodology for assessingthe occurrence of damage in ITS ATS.

Weapons of mass destruction pose a threat that all health care institutions should be prepared for. Every health care centre can be an essential part of the joint system of response when a critical situation occurs. Although, since 1945, no nuclear weapon has been employed in any armed conflict, cases of both chemical and radiological weapon use have been reported. Taking into account the analysts’ opinion that the 21st century has begun a super-terrorism era (Alexander and Hoenig 2001, p. 7) and, hence, the increased interest of terrorist organisations in acquiring mass destruction weapons, it is difficult to point out the location of a possible attack. A terrorist attack with the use of weapons of mass destruction may happen in any place, both urban and rural. According to the strategy adopted in the event of a critical situation resulting from such attack, the heavily injured should be transported to hospitals located in the closest location of the incident at the proper stage of evacuation. The problem is, however, to prepare a sufficient number of places for all victims of an attack and to provide them with professional medical care. In this context, it seems justified to consider the role and capabilities of the basic (primary) health care, as the most popular element of the health care system that has the resources to operate in a critical situation, and as the institution protecting citizens’ lives and health, i.e. the national safety attributes.

Building on empirical qualitative research, this article explores the nature ofsecurity and threat resulting from the contemporary security practice atVáclav Havel Airport Prague. The article, building on Actor-Network Theory,interprets a security check as a chain of translation, the possibility of threatdeployment as a program of action, and activities aiming to disable threatsas a security antiprogram. Deployment of threats is further conceptualisedas a failure of a security chain implementation, its design, threat programexpectation, and the sole existence of a particular program. Consideringinflight explosions as the main threat to be identified, the article proceedsby finding divergences between travellers and employees regarding thesubject of protection, and analyses the notion of terrorism present inpractice as well as its consequences. Security is then identified as a serviceof agency take-over. The article indicates the importance of security agencyand the ANT-based inquiry enabling its exploration.

The article studies the category of risk caused by uncertainty of external and internal environment, which exists in the work of any organization during its life cycle. The author analyzes the hypothesis that understanding risk not only as a threat but also as an opportunity has a great potential for the development of the enterprise. The idea and use of the uncertainty factor are discussed from the point of view of prospects of raising the organization efficiency. Specific features of the process of decision-making in uncertainty conditions are identified. Special attention is paid to the impact of subjective parameters on the process of risk management, including individual characteristics of people responsible for decision -making in conditions of risk, such as the desire to reach success and wish to avoid failure, personal attitude to risk, inclination to team or individual decision-making, a degree of responsibility, etc. In conclusion the author proves the idea that risk itself is not a hazard for the organization but an assessment of possibility to attain the result corresponding to the goal, including a positive one.

The paper studies application of social networks as a component of the educational information environment of an educational institution in the educational process. The aim of the research is to justify the need to train specialists in the field of information security to provide protection and safe use of social networks in the educational process. To ensure information security of social networks applied in educational processes, it is proposed to incorporate training programs for information security specialists to build their competencies of information security of social networks, including gaining advanced skills to combat new challenging cyber threats, as well as to employ information security specialists with a high level of expertise in cyber security of social networks, determine their work functions in the elaboration of organizational and technical measures to protect users of social networks. In the course of the research, publications on incorporating social networks into the educational process as a didactic tool were analyzed. In particular, on the basis of the conducted analysis of the cited publications and taking into account the authors’ own experience, the properties of social networks that are most promising for their use as a learning platform were determined. However, along with the above positive aspects and advantages, social networks can also be considered as indirect and even direct sources of cyber threats targeted at both the entire educational process and individual users’ accounts. Theoretical and empirical pedagogical methods were used to accomplish the objectives. This facilitated efficient systematization of the collected data for its successful study and identification of the most typical features of the social networks when applied in the educational process and extension of those with specific properties were identified. The paper also describes threats that may arise when using such networks in an educational organization, suggests measures to mitigate risks and discusses functions of information security specialists in ensuring security of social networks used in the educational process. Also, it was established that for the effective and safe use of social networks in the educational process, the organizer of this activity requires specific professional competence in the field of information security, which can be insufficient among the overwhelming majority of lecturers of both general and vocational education. Moreover, a conclusion was drawn about the need to train specialists in the information security of social networks, so they can gain the required professional competences and execute their specific occupations. Proposals were made on the possible development of these competences in the course of studying certain disciplines at the level of the secondary vocational education. Integration of the described approach into the educational process of training information security specialists in institutions of secondary vocational education, aimed at providing maintenance of social networks, will allow meeting the demand for such specialists and, thereby, increasing their competitiveness in the market of educational services.

Research question: Are the accounting graduates prepared to deal with mobile devices’ security issues? Motivation: Nowadays, mobile computing is a part of the younger generation, the entering workforce in coming years, and from this point of view the BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) approach will continue its increasing trend. The authors investigated the accounting bachelors’ knowledge in regard with mobile devices’ use aiming at signaling the existing gap on mobile devices’ security awareness. IT security specialists consider that both, academia and industry should focus their security awareness campaigns aiming at combat the false sense of security that mobile devices’ users have. Idea: The authors aimed at providing an in-depth understanding of the accounting students’ profile as mobile devices’ users and their knowledge and awareness in regard with mobile security threats. Data: The analyzed sample includes 180 subjects, out of which 81% are bachelors in accounting (38% 1st year; 43% 3rd year) and 19% master students in accounting and banking. Tools: The literature review helped us in structuring our research objectives and design a multiple-choice questionnaire used in the empirical study. Findings: The study reflects the students’ insufficient information in regard with mobile devices features and security issues. This is the result of the limited IT lectures and seminars in the curriculum and the insufficient focus on mobile devices’ use in the accounting profession. Students should understand the mobile devices as complex devices providing diverse features, not limited to communication with friends and Internet information searching. Contribution: The study contributes towards closing the existing gap in the Romanian research and literature in regard with young generation insufficient knowledge on mobile devices’ security and the potential threat brought by BYOD on the companies’ IT environment.

Introduction . The article defines the conceptual features and characteristic semantic features of the terms "danger", "challenge", "threat" and "risk". The list of popular and suitable approaches for defining the essence of the concept of financial security as a scientific and management category, and their advantages and disadvantages, have been established. The concept of financial security as a scientific and management category in relation to the definitions of challenge, danger, threat and risk is explored . One such interest in times of economic instability and the presence of destructive processes in the financial systems of even economically advanced nations, triggered by financial threats and risks, is to ensure financial security at the macro level. The lack of a unified universal approach to the definition of the concept of financial security, which is an important component of economic security, the lack of formation of thesaurus of security studies for the processes of formation, operation and management of the financial security system of subjects of the national economy and the state as a whole actualize the scientific task of developing a methodology for managing financial and macroeconomic security strategic levels and the applied task of applying its provisions in the practical plane. Purpose . The purpose of the article is to provide suggestions for specifying the substantive features of the concept of financial security. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to perform such tasks as: to establish conceptual features and characteristic semantic features of the terms "danger", "challenge", "threat" and "risk", to establish the essence, advantages and disadvantages of popular approaches to defining the essence of financial security as scientific and management category. Methods. The method of theoretical analysis, the method of generalization, comparison is used. Results. From the managerial position of the manager, the risk always exists and has an uncertain outcome for the security state; a challenge is a risk that has not been taken by management and preventive action; danger is a phenomenon with probable negative consequence, and threat is a consequence of unsuccessful risk management. Features of such popular approaches to the definition of financial security as classical (traditional), systemic, stakeholder-oriented, resource, multilevel (structural), risk-oriented (threat-oriented), complex, mixed are described. Originality. Financial security is not only an activity for managing risks (in particular, financial) and protecting the financial interests of the enterprise from external and internal threats, but also the ability of the enterprise to effectively carry out its economic, first and foremost, financial, activities. Financial security is not only a balanced state of finances, a sufficient level of liquidity of assets and availability of necessary financial reserves, but also resistance to negative influences of the internal and external environment and the ability of the enterprise to independently develop and implement a strategy for conducting its own financial activity in the future. Conclusion. Studying the problems of providing financial security at the micro and macro level has led to the conclusion that there is a lack of common understanding of the concept of financial security of the national economy, the lack of thesaurus of security studies to form a financial security system, its functioning and management in the process of activity of the subjects of the national economy.

The rapid development of information technology and its introduction into accounting practices have jeopardized the security of accounting data circulating in cyberspace and brought to the fore the problems of defining measures to increase their cybersecurity. The article is aimed at disclosing the current status of such security, as well as identifying cyberthreats in the sphere of use of accounting information, and defining the means for its protection against theft, damage or loss in cyberspace. Based on an analysis of statistics published in both domestic and foreign studies, the status of cybersecurity in the world is described according to various indicators, the main sources of cyberthreats for accounting information at enterprise, as well as situation with cybercrime in Ukraine are discussed. The approaches of scholars to grouping the cyberthreats are systematized and the preconditions for the emergence of these threats for accounting information both in general and in the introduction of separate technologies that are promising for use in accounting are formulated. The construction of a system of measures to ensure the cybersecurity of accounting information at enterprise, based on the use of common and specific means of protection of organizational, technical, personnel and legal nature, is substantiated. Prospects for further research in this direction are determined as search for criteria plus assessment of the success of implementation of the measures to protect accounting information and ensure its cybersecurity.

Background COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease that has created health care challenges worldwide. Pregnant women are particularly affected by this disease. Objective The aims of this study are to assess the levels of perceived threat (susceptibility, severity, impact), negative emotions (fear, worry), and self-efficacy of pregnant women in China related to COVID-19 and to examine their associations with mental health (depression and anxiety) and personal protective behavior (wearing a face mask). Methods A total of 4087 pregnant women from China completed a cross-sectional web-based survey between March 3 and 10, 2020. Results The prevalence of probable depression and anxiety was 48.7% (1989/4087) and 33.0% (1347/4087), respectively; 23.8% participants (974/4087) reported always wearing a face mask when going out. Of the 4087 participants, 32.1% (1313) and 36.4% (1490) perceived themselves or their family members to be susceptible to COVID-19 infection, respectively; 3216-3518 (78.7%-86.1%) agreed the disease would have various severe consequences. Additionally, 2275 of the 4087 participants (55.7%) showed self-efficacy in protecting themselves from contracting COVID-19, and 2232 (54.6%) showed efficacy in protecting their family members; 1303 (31.9%) reported a high level of fear of the disease, and 2780-3056 (68.0%-74.8%) expressed worry about various aspects of COVID-19. The results of the multivariate multinominal logistic regression analyses showed that perceived severity, perceived impact, fear, and worry were risk factors for probable depression and anxiety, while self-efficacy was a protective factor. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that perceived susceptibility was associated with always wearing a face mask. Conclusions Chinese pregnant women showed high levels of mental distress but low levels of personal protective behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions are needed to promote the mental health and health behavior of pregnant women during the pandemic.

By conforming to ingroup norms, individuals coordinate with other group members, preserve cohesion, and avoid costs of exclusion. Experimental studies have shown that increased concerns about infectious disease increases conformity. However, coordination with other group members has myriad benefits, most of which exist independent of pathogenic infection. Accordingly, a strong causal effect of pathogen avoidance motivations on conformity appears unlikely. In line with this theoretical concern, results from five studies (N = 1943) showed no support for the hypothesis that experimentally increasing pathogen avoidance motivations influences conformity. The findings are inconsistent with the notion that associations between the prevalence of infectious disease and conformity observed at the cross-cultural level result from a fast-acting psychological mechanism that regulates conformity as a function of pathogen avoidance motivations.

It is important to understand the dynamics of population size to accurately assess threats and implement conservation activities when required. However, inaccurate estimates are harming both the threat estimation process, and the resulting conservation actions. Here, we address the extinction threats to Scincella huanrenensis, a species described in the People’s Republic of China, but also occurring on the Korean peninsula. Estimating the threats to the species is not an easy task due to its unknown population status in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Here we analysed the literature to acquire the known presence point for the species, along with datapoints originating from opportunistic field surveys, and employed habitat suitability models to estimate the range of the species. We then followed the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to assess the extinction risk of the species. We found the species not to be fitting the threatened category at the global scale based on the range size, the only category for which enough data was available. We recommend the status of the species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to be updated as it is now listed as critically endangered (CR), a listing fitting a national assessment for the People’s Republic (PR) of China. While this species is possibly less threatened than currently listed, this is not a genuine improvement, and specific conservation aspects should not be neglected due to its specialisation to medium to high elevation habitat.

[...]similar to other disasters, this pandemic has seen a rise in “spontaneous volunteers” or volunteers who take initiative to help vulnerable members of their communities with transportation and delivering supplies, well-being checks, call center support, or administration and computing tasks (Butler, 2020). [...]directive leaders could also emphasize the importance of following the pandemic rules by highlighting benefits of compliance for not only self but vulnerable community members. [...]to satisfy their competence needs or sense of accomplishment, volunteers could use their newly freed time during a pandemic, while volunteers’ activities are put on hold, for online training to either learn new skills or update their existing ones.

Photoperiod is considered an environmental factor that influences reproduction and the growth processes of fish throughout the year. In the present study, we subjected dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus to different photoperiods in order to evaluate growth and survival. Juvenile dusky grouper were randomly distributed in twelve 100 L tanks containing four fish per aquarium. The fish were exposed to continuous light, normal photoperiod or continuous darkness for 50 days. Fish were fed 3% of their total biomass, twice a day, and the diet consisted of ground commercial dry pellets (42% crude protein, 12% humidity, 9% ether extract, 15% mineral matter, 4% crude fiber, 3.5% calcium and 3% vitamin C, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions). There was no mortality during the experiment. After 50 days, the best performance was found for exposure to continuous light (24 h artificial light). The final weight of the fish reared under continuous light was significantly higher than that of the fish exposed to continuous darkness. The specific growth rate of the fish exposed to continuous light was significantly higher than that of the fish exposed to the natural photoperiod and to continuous darkness. Modifications to the photoperiod can be a key factor in increasing the efficacy of current production and the improvement of current aquaculture protocols.

Survivability is defined as the capability of a platform to avoid or withstand a man-made hostile environment. Military aircraft in particular, but also other kinds of platforms subjected to external, impacting threats, are commonly designed according to increasing survivability requirements. The concept of survivability was first formalized by R. Ball in 1985 in its seminal work on combat aircraft survivability. On the basis of the theory presented in his work, many computer programs have been developed which implement the modelling techniques and computations required by vulnerability assessments. However, a clear and general view of the operative computational procedures is still lacking. Moreover, to date only a limited number of applications to helicopter platforms have been investigated in the survivability field, even though these platforms experience numerous flight conditions exposing the system to different types of threats. In this context, this work aims at establishing a multi-purpose general framework for the vulnerability assessment of different types of platforms subjected to external threats, with a focus on helicopters. The in-house software specifically developed for this application is here described in detail and employed to present a case study on a representative military helicopter.

The regulation on defects of consent loses its usefulness and should be replaced by special regulations, more suited to the requirements of consumer e-commerce. The study’s main objective is to verify whether, due to the evolution of the concept of the declaration of intent, the emergence of non-individual consumer protection instruments, and technological developments the code regulation of defects in the declaration of will remains useful in the case of contracts concluded by consumers on the Internet. The impact of the development of the Internet environment on the applicability and effectiveness of this traditional private institution is analyzed. Mechanisms that, in practice, displace the regulation of vice of consent are indicated.

The world’s staple food crops, and other food crops that optimize human nutrition, suffer from global virus disease pandemics and epidemics that greatly diminish their yields and/or produce quality. This situation is becoming increasingly serious because of the human population’s growing food requirements and increasing difficulties in managing virus diseases effectively arising from global warming. This review provides historical and recent information about virus disease pandemics and major epidemics that originated within different world regions, spread to other continents, and now have very wide distributions. Because they threaten food security, all are cause for considerable concern for humanity. The pandemic disease examples described are six (maize lethal necrosis, rice tungro, sweet potato virus, banana bunchy top, citrus tristeza, plum pox). The major epidemic disease examples described are seven (wheat yellow dwarf, wheat streak mosaic, potato tuber necrotic ringspot, faba bean necrotic yellows, pepino mosaic, tomato brown rugose fruit, and cucumber green mottle mosaic). Most examples involve long-distance virus dispersal, albeit inadvertent, by international trade in seed or planting material. With every example, the factors responsible for its development, geographical distribution and global importance are explained. Finally, an overall explanation is given of how to manage global virus disease pandemics and epidemics effectively.

This paper is devoted to the disclosure of the term ‘information operations’, which are components of a broader concept - hybrid warfare. The paper examines the main thing of this modern term and reveals the logical and semantic content by studying its historical origin and analyzing information sources containing information on this topic. The material also provides a semantic description of the concept of ‘information warfare’, which is similar to information operations, but is a separate war, which can then develop into a hybrid warfare. Also, the elements of information operations, such as psychological impact, electronic warfare and computer security, are considered. In the paper, the main focus is on the description of methods of protection against computer threats. Also, in addition to the very definition of the meaning of hybrid warfare, attention is paid to the economic, social and political elements that are part of this concept. In parallel, methods of identifying elements of information operations - cyberattacks, analysis of schemes and methods of their implementation, using which such attacks are detected and eliminated are considered. Methods of protection against cyberattacks and methods of ensuring computer security are also described. The topic under consideration will be of interest to specialists in the field of information security and IT technologies. The study of this material will expand knowledge in the field of information security in the modern world and will provide a basis for further study of the topic in this area.

The rapid evolution in technology is a great challenge for network security against computer threats. Indeed, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks aim to deplete or even cripple target networks with malicious traffic. However, before they can be dealt with, these attacks must be identified through real-time analysis of the NetFlow sent by the routers. A large amount of flow during attacks requires the design of a standalone detector with high capacity to support this load and capable of processing traffic in real-time but with low computation time. For the same purpose, detectors based on machine learning suffer from being uncompetitive because they produce many false positives and above all require a lot of computing resources. In order to overcome these problems, in this article, we propose DDoS-Detector, a new identification and detection system, we identify the most relevant features of malicious traffic and develop a suitable concept for real-time DDoS detection.

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying economic downturn have dramatically impacted the lives of consumers around the world. From a conceptual perspective, such health and economic threats can severely disrupt consumers’ sense of ontological security and elicit adaptive responses by both consumers and marketers. Given the opportune timing, this issue of the Journal of Consumer Research is focused on articles that address questions of consumers’ responses to external threats. The purpose of this introduction is to provide an organizing “conceptual tapestry” to connect the articles appearing in the issue. This framework is provided as a tool to help researchers structure their particular projects within the broader landscape of consumer threat response and to present some potential directions for future research. In conjunction with these articles, we hope that this conceptual framework will provide a point of departure for researchers seeking to enhance the understanding of how consumers and markets collectively respond over the short term and long term to threats that disrupt consumers’ routines, lives, or even the fabric of society.

According to the recapitulation of the utilization of Community Health Center inpatient services in Depok in 2016-2018, it was very low. The results of an initial survey in October 2018 conducted by Community Heath Center researchers who only served inpatients in only 3 districts, while 1 sub-district had not served general inpatients since one year ago. Of the three sub-districts, only 1 sub-district has inpatients, while others sometimes do not have an in-patient visit within one month. Sukmajaya Community Health Center was appointed to serve general inpatient care, basic neonatal obstetric services and care for malnourished children. Because of the low number of inpatient visits in the city of Depok, the researchers were interested in knowing the strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats of the Sukmajaya Community Health Center. This study used a qualitative method conducted in February 2020 with in-depth interviews using interview guidelines and voice recording devices. Interviews were conducted with the Head of the Community Health Center, Head of Administration, Responsible for Inpatients, Doctors and Nurses. As a result, Sukmajaya Community Health Center was unable to compete with Private Hospitals because private hospitals had better health personnel and infrastructure than Sukmajaya Community Health Center. Besides that, the number of private hospitals in the city of Depok is large and the location is easy to reach, so people prefer hospitals with more convenient facilities.

Smart city concept becomes more and more popular last years for research and development. A lot of technologies appear every day that allows to automate the human life. Modern intelligent transportation systems provide possibilities to automate the driver process and increase the safety in the public roads. However, information and telecommunication technologies bring benefits as well as vulnerabilities that third parties can use for their own purposes. The paper presents comprehensive state-of-the art in the topic of human-computer threats detection for intelligent transportation systems. We discuss modern intelligent transportation systems and potential problems that appears due to interaction of human with computer. Then we consider in-cabin driver monitoring system as an example of intelligent transportation system to prove the developed classification.

IoT technologies are becoming pervasive in public and private sectors and represent presently an integral part of our daily life. The advantages offered by these technologies are frequently coupled with serious security issues that are often not properly overseen or even ignored. The IoT threat landscape is extremely wide and complex and involves a wide variety of hardware and software technologies. In this framework, the security of application layer protocols is of paramount importance since these protocols are at the basis of the communications among applications and services running on different IoT devices and on cloud/edge infrastructures. This paper offers a comprehensive survey of application layer protocol security by presenting the main challenges and findings. More specifically, the paper focuses on the most popular protocols devised in IoT environments for messaging/data sharing and for service discovery. The main threats of these protocols as well as the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) for their products and services are analyzed and discussed in detail. Good practices and measures that can be adopted to mitigate threats and attacks are also investigated. Our findings indicate that ensuring security at the application layer is very challenging. IoT devices are exposed to numerous security risks due to lack of appropriate security services in the protocols as well as to vulnerabilities or incorrect configuration of the products and services being deployed. Moreover, the constrained capabilities of these devices affect the types of security services that can be implemented.

Different kinds of computer threats exist to damage the computer system, and Malicious programs is one of them. Internet can be the main source to spread some threats. Experts continuously detect those which can slow down the system, or totally damage it. Malware creators have always been a step ahead. To detect malware threat, there are two basic approaches, based on signature and heuristic. For accurate and efficient result of malware detection there are detection techniques based on heuristic method. Polymorphic malwares are growing day by day and heuristic method is combined with machine learning to get more precise and effective detection. Malware detection system using data mining and machine learning methods have been proposed by many researchers to detect known and unknown malware. In this paper we present the ideas behind our malware detection framework by PCA based ANN to detect known and unknown malware. To design the proposed framework we have used MATLAB GUI.ANN is used to detect the presence of malware in CSDMC2019 API dataset. The computational time for ANN classifier is less than 0.2 s compared to NB classifier which has a computational time of 0.82 s.

The general principles of risk, security, and assurance are discussed. Criteria for actual system assurance are introduced and defined. Risk management, risk assessments, and security controls are all defined.