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Quartz Crystal Microbalances (QCM) are widely used instruments thanks to their stability, low mass, and low cost. Nevertheless, the sensitivity to temperature is their main drawback and is often a driver for their design. Though the crystal average temperature is mostly considered as the only disturbance, temperature affects the QCM measurements also through the in-plane temperature gradients, an effect identified in the past but mostly neglected. Recently, it has been shown that this effect can prevail over that of the average temperature in implementations where the heat for thermal control is released directly on the crystal through deposited film heaters. In this study, the effect of temperature gradients for this kind of crystal is analyzed, the sensitivity of frequency to the average temperature gradient on the electrode border is determined, and a correction is proposed and verified. A numerical thermal model of the QCM has been created to determine the temperature gradients on the electrode borders. The frequency versus temperature-gradient function has been experimentally determined in different thermal conditions. The correction function has been eventually applied to a QCM implementing a crystal of the same manufacturing lot as the one used for the characterization. The residual errors after the implementation of the correction of both average temperature and temperature gradients were always lower than 5% of the initial temperature disturbance. Moreover, using the correlation between the heater power dissipation and the generated temperature gradients, it has been shown that an effective correction strategy can be based on the measurement of the power delivered to the crystal without the determination of the temperature gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quartz crystal microbalances are widely used sensors with applications for the detection of very-low-mass deposition in many different fields, from contamination monitoring in the high vacuum of deep space missions to the monitoring of biological activity or pollution using specifically designed active substrates. These sensors are very stable over time; nevertheless, their sensitivity to the temperature is well known, and different implementations have been devised to correct it, e.g., through compensation with a dual crystal. This paper deals with the effects of temperature on QCM but separates the case of uniform crystal temperature from the case of in-plane temperature gradients considering a QCM based on quartz crystals with deposited film resistors used as both RTDs and heaters. This configuration allows both an accurate temperature measurement and efficient thermal control, allowing the achievement of crystals temperatures in the order of 400 °C higher than the environment with a low power dissipation of the order of 1 W. The film resistors deposited around the electrodes allow directly measuring the average crystal temperature and directly delivering power to the crystal for thermal control. The localized delivery of the heat nevertheless also determines uncommon temperature fields on the crystal, and thus, an analysis of both the effects of temperature on the new microbalance was performed. The temperature gradient has strong effects on the frequency; therefore, along with the temperature, the thermal gradients have tobe compensated. The calibration of the QCM thermometers and the assessment of the achievable measurement accuracy were performed, as well as the determination of the frequency–temperature relationship. The comparison between frequency changes in the case of uniform temperature and those observed while using crystal heaters proved that temperature gradients have a strong effect on the crystal frequency. To identify the temperature field on the crystal surface of a QCM crystal, the gold coating of the deposited films was removed to achieve an emissivity acceptable for thermal imaging with an IR camera. Moreover, image processing for emissivity correction was developed. In order to correlate the temperature gradient with the frequency variation, a test campaign was performed to measure the frequency changes derived from different power levels delivered to the crystal heaters. From this test campaign and thermal analysis, the effect of the thermal gradient was assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A measurement system for the internal and external preforms temperature profiles has been developed. • Cheap IR detectors can effectively be used for the purpose. • Measurement uncertainties lower than 2 °C can be achieved if the material emissivity is known. • Using average PET emissivity leads to uncertainties up to 6 °C. • The system allows implementing an in line closed loop temperature control system. Abstract This paper describes a system for the measurement of the internal and external temperature profiles of PET preforms used in the Injection Stretch Blow Moulding (ISBM) process. Many works in literature highlighted the importance of these quantities to improve the production quality of PET bottles, but none addressed the development of a measuring system suitable for this scope. A measuring system based on two thermopiles for the identification of the internal temperature profile and a thermal camera for the measurement of the external one has been designed. The adopted sensors were individually calibrated and the uncertainty budget, accounting for both instrumental uncertainties and the effect of multiple reflections, was derived. A prototype of the measuring system was tested on an industrial ISBM machine. The dependence of the preforms temperature profile on the settings of the ISBM machine was investigated. Results evidenced that the minimum variations of the machine settings induced temperature differences significantly larger than the measurement uncertainty, thus proving the effectiveness of the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer calibration procedure based on an unusual source made from a spectrally selective surface. An alternative solution to the usual calibrators has been developed to cope with the tight mass budget of an instrument devoted to Mars surface exploration. The designed system has proved effective, in terms of achievable radiometric accuracy, despite the drawbacks due to the significant reflectivity of the sources. The proposed procedure is a standard “two-source” approach in which both cold and hot sources are thermally controlled surfaces, similar to an optical solar reflector, associated to a filament lamp. Such a system allows the required signal to be achieved in the 2–25 l m instrument wavelength range. Source optimization was performed using, as a cost function, the computed radiometric uncertainty, while the required absolute accuracy of the instrument was imposed as the optimization constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The linearity of thin-film thermometers with Cr-Au and Ti-Au deposited layers has been verified between −20 °C and 100 °C. • A setup for cryogenic testing of the deposited resistors has been designed and validated. • The maximum regression error at LN2 temperature is 0.4 °C if a third-order polynomial is used to calibrate the deposited thin-film thermometer. This work deals with temperature characterization of Cr-Au and Ti-Au deposited resistors on quartz crystal microbalances designed for Space. The advantage of the proposed configuration is that direct heating of the electrode's area can be obtained as well as a measurement of the quartz crystal temperature. In this view, characterization of the deposited materials is of primary importance to provide accurate temperature measurement and retrieve reliable results for thermogravimetric analyses. The behavior of the deposited material has been verified down to cryogenic temperatures. The characterization in cryogenic condition evidenced that the linearity error is limited to 4 °C at the liquid nitrogen temperature but the regression standard deviation can be reduced to one order of magnitude if a third-order polynomial is used to fit the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The system is compatible with very low environmental pressure, even high vacuum. • The amplification of noise due to the required numerical derivative is avoided thanks to the data interpolation, • The uncertainty has been analyzed and the critical sources identified. • Way for uncertainty reduction have been identified along with limitation. • The system has been successfully used. This paper presents the design and validation of a volume flow measurement system developed to measure volume flowrate of gas at pressures below 1 kPa. The system had to be developed because a suitable commercial transducer was not available for the unusual working environment, where outgassing and sublimation phenomena become relevant for many materials and the rarefied atmosphere changes dramatically its heat and mass exchange parameters. The development of a low-pressure compatible measurement system comes from the need of measuring the flow rate of a rotary vane pump working under an environmental absolute pressure in the range between 600 and 1000 Pa, mostly composed by CO 2 i.e. the average condition of the Martian atmosphere at the surface. The pump will be a key component of the MicroMED particle analyzer, an instrument of the ExoMars 2020 ESA-Roscosmos mission payload. The measurement system is based on a control volume, made by a stainless-steel bellow, which has been designed accounting for the environmental requirements and the expected flow rate. The measurement system has been calibrated at ambient condition and tests in low-pressure have been performed to validate the measurement system and to derive the flow rate characteristics of a pump mock-up at different environmental pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]