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The article discusses the advantages of the utilization of delta-sigma modulator (DSM). The author states that most commercialized DSMs are made up of switched capacitor technology. He cites that a DSM should have a different (delta) circuit, an integrate (sigma) circuit and a quantization (modulation) circuit comprising of an ADC and a DAC. He adds that the op-ohm feedback induces the quantized output to be subtracted from the input and the result is integrated. He further adds that the comparator on the output functions as the single bit ADC and is the density output.

Focuses on the utilization of switched capacitors in programmable analog current source. Achievement of a closed-loop stability; Characteristics of the voltage across the reference resistor; Addition of a bipolar transistor to the output of the differential integrator to make a current source.