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Public schools in the United States will face significant infrastructure needs within the next few years. Some of the numerous issues surrounding these needs, as they affect Nevada's schools, are detailed in this report. Current practices in Nevada have followed those of other quickly growing school systems in which funds are being diverted from routine maintenance and capital improvement so as to support programs. Some remedies to this practice, such as general obligation bonds or "pay-as-you-go" funding, are explored. For the benefit of comparison, capital construction in other states and varying levels of participation are presented. Some possible alternatives for state assistance in Nevada are covered, such as structural alternatives and financing alternatives, including state general obligation bonds, state revenue bonds, and state appropriations. Options currently under consideration in other states are likewise discussed. It is argued that the recent spate of equity lawsuits involving facilities construction in other states should guide any participation by Nevada in school construction; mechanisms to define state involvement should promote equity in capital expenditures. Four appendixes, which compose one-half of the paper, offer profiles of Nevada school demographics, the state's role in financing, needs assessment, and historical practices in state assistance. (RJM)

The effects of parental wealth and human capital on the probability of an individual entering self-employment and the relationship between gender and propensity toward self-employment were examined through an analysis of data from the four original cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experience. The data sets represented 11-15 survey years for each cohort and included demographic and income variables and education, self-employment, and asset measures. Among the study's main conclusions were the following: (1) although the annual rate of self-employment reaches only 15%, self-employment touches one-fifth of young men and occupies nearly one-half of their early careers; (2) self-employment among young women is roughly one-third lower than among young men; (3) parental history of self-employment is associated with a probability of entering self-employment but not with intensity of self-employment or age at which self-employment begins; (4) asset holdings are positively correlated with self-employment among young men but not among young women; (5) a moderate relationship exists between self-employment and parental wealth; and (6) own-wealth accumulation aids self-employment among young men but not young women. (Contains 17 references. Appended are a summary of NLS data sets and 20 tables.) (MN)

Twenty papers review past activities and future prospects for philanthropic activity in specific social areas. The report is part of a five volume series examining the relationship between nonprofit institutions and their donors. The purpose of the series is to provide impetus for ongoing research and to focus public attention on the significance of the voluntary sector. Volume II, Part I explores privately-financed activities in areas of elementary, secondary, and higher education; the sciences, health; social welfare and social policy; the arts; environment; and public and international affairs. In general the papers examine the changing roles of philanthropy and government in each area and the prospects for the future. Philanthropic profiles of five U.S. cities are included also. These discuss survey methodology, donor allocation findings, and issues such as: Are local foundations meeting their responsibilities to the community? and What would be the impact of changes in federal tax laws affecting the deductibility of charitable donations? (Author/AV)

Survey data and background information about foundations and corporations are presented. The report, which contains 19 papers, is Volume III in a series examining the relationship between nonprofit institutions and their donors. In the first part of this volume, past and present activities of private foundations are surveyed. A comparative analysis is made of foundation grants and federal expenditures in areas of health, education, science, social welfare services, arts and humanities, and public affairs. Future prospects are reviewed for community and public foundations, and for public funding agencies. In the section on corporations, papers examine the economic, legal, and tax aspects of corporate giving, as well as corporations' social responsibilities. Rationale and issues related to corporate giving are explored. Arguments against corporate contributions include negligible profits and stockholder objections. Arguments in favor of donations include building public respect and improving the climate for business in the community. In the concluding paper, tables illustrate a history of corporate giving since 1935 and a cross-sectional view of corporate giving in 1970. (Author/AV)

Twelve papers discuss future changes and trends in philanthropic giving and activities. The report is Volume II, Part II of a five volume series examining the relationship between nonprofit institutions and their donors. The opening paper reviews the needs for better definition of the government's role in contracting and grant making, and for increased stimulation of private giving. Two papers explore the relationship between social values, public needs, and philanthropic activity. Numerous papers are concerned with minority group interests, the poor, religious groups, and youth. These papers examine from the grantees' perspective the accessibility of grantmaking institutions such as foundations, corporations, unions, churches, and federated campaigns. Three additional topics are the role of foundations in broadcasting and cable communications policy development, the United Way, and patterns of ethnic and class discrimination in the corporate and philanthropic world. (Author/AV)

This is the first of five volumes containing 91 studies conducted to clarify the relationship between nonprofit institutions and their donors, to provide impetus for ongoing research, and to focus public attention on the significance of the voluntary sector. Coordinated by the Commission on Private Philanthropy and Public Needs, the studies review philanthropic giving, the wide range of philanthropic activities provided to our society, and the role of government in relation to philanthropy. Scope covers areas of health, education, welfare, religion, social action, culture, community action, and public policy. The first part of Volume I contains a report which gives a technical explanation of the Commission's recommendations and discusses ways of implementing them. The 13 recommendations concern broadening the base and improving the processes of philanthropic giving and activities. Nine papers in the second part of Volume I present historical perspectives and analyses of various aspects of private giving. These include magnitude and sources of private giving, allocation of private funds, impact of inflation on giving, extent of volunteer activity, and employment and earnings data. (Author/AV)

African nations have been experiencing rapid rates of urbanization accompanied by serious problems of urban unemployment due to the rate of rural-urban migration and the lack of an adequate understanding of the migration process for economic policy formulation. The aim of this paper was to review the present knowledge of African rural-urban migration, suggesting future directions for improved methodology and theory for economic research on migration. Focus was on: (1) Migrants (identity) and the Migrant Process; (2) Determinants of Rural-Urban Migration (noneconomic factors and income differentials); (3) Implications of Migration for Economic Development (distortions in factor markets, migration as capital transfer, and externalities associated with migration). The literature revealed that younger, better educated people have dominated rural-urban migration in Africa; economic motives have been important in determining the rate of rural-urban migration (little agreement as to the relevant economic variables in the decision to migrate); divergence between the private and social returns of migration (almost no research establishing the divergence magnitude). Future migration theory should include the human capital approach; methodology should utilize sample survey techniques, rather than unreliable census data, and migration research should be linked with policy concerning education, population distribution, industrial decentralization, and rural-urban labor markets. (JC)

Within the context of the role of rural employment in overall economic development, the objectives were to summarize existing knowledge of the rural African nonfarm sector and to develop an analytical framework for examing utilization of labor in this sector, using a descriptive profile, a theoretical model, and a research approach to rural nonfarm employment in Sierra Leone. Empirical evidence assembled for the profile revealed that the rural nonfarm sector was an important source of income and employment in Africa. The most important occupational groups in this sector were "sales workers" and "craftsmen and production process workers" (70 percent). Modifications of the Hymer-Resnick model included relaxing the assumption that output of the rural nonfarm sector cannot be traded to urban areas and abroad, and considering the effects of the backward and forward linkages of agriculture on growth of this sector. Providing the framework for proposed research in Sierra Leone and other African countries, the modified model included the following components: an estimate of total population of rural and nonfarm establishments; a description of these establishments (type of activity and workshop, number of workers and machines, quantity of output and input, and capital assets); characteristics of the entrepeneur; and farm household activities, income, and expenditures. (JC)

Employment problems in Africa were examined with special emphasis on rural employment and migration within the context of overall economic development. A framework was provided for analyzing rural employment in development; that framework was used to analyze empirical information from Africa; and theoretical issues were raised in analyzing rural employment and migration in economic development. The framework consisted of a micro-economic analysis of the rural labor market; an analysis of rural urban migration; and an aggregate analysis of rural employment as influenced by interaction in the product and factor markets of four sectors--urban, large and small scale; rural nonfarm; and agriculture. Results showed deficiencies in micro-level information (role of the nonfarm sector and farm mechanization); migration information (rural-urban income differentials, capital transfer measurements, and migration elasticity); and established macro-models (they lacked adequate employment focus, were partial equilibrium analyses of more complex problems, and reflected institutional assumptions not widely applicable in the African context). Recommendations emphasized development of better theory and collection of more solid micro-level data, specifically further research on rural employment, off farm employment, and migration. (JC)

The purpose of the paper is to analyze U.S. policies toward financial investment in developing nations. The paper is presented in two sections. In section I, the controversial effects of direct foreign investment on development are discussed. Case studies of investment policies toward India, the Philippines, Ghana, Guatemala, and Argentina are presented. Review of theoretical and empirical knowledge concerning the impact of direct foreign investment on development indicates serious limitations in existing expertise. The effects of national income, jobs, and government revenues are generally positive. However, the impact on balance-of-payment positions and the exploitative nature of much investment are criticized. Section II presents an appraisal of post World War II investment policies. Topics discussed include taxation of foreign income, tax provisions applicable to developing countries, expropriation losses, alternative approaches, trade policies, risk insurance, and balance-of-payment controls. Review of these policies indicates that the effects of the American tax system in promoting direct foreign investment are highly questionable. The conclusion is that U.S. policy should respond differentially to particular cases and to interactions between policies of the host and home countries. (Author/DB)

Focusing on economic development in the People's Republic of China beginning at the eve of the communist takeover, this monograph analyzes the ways and patterns in which mass media and interpersonal communication were used to change economically relevant social structures in the interclass confrontation and the part these patterns played in the process of capital formation. Topics covered are: social structural change, including land reform, the "Wu Fan" movement, and the socialist transformation; and surplus value and investment, specifically production increase campaigns and restricted consumption. (FL)