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The power sector is one of the major CO2-emitting industries in China. It is also the first key emissions control industry included in China's national carbon trading market established in 2021. Therefore, based on the data of 30 provinces and cities in China from 2015 to 2022, this study analyzes the impact of the national carbon market policy on the carbon emissions of the power industry based on the generalized Difference-in-Difference (DID) model. Based on the method of text analysis, this paper constructs the carbon market policy intensity index of each region and incorporates it into the DID model. Empirical analysis finds that the national carbon market policy can significantly inhibit the carbon emissions of the power industry. However, the heterogeneity analysis of 30 provinces and cities shows that the national carbon market policy has a significant impact on the regions that already have a carbon pilot, but not on the non-pilot regions. Therefore, this paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the national carbon market policy in the power industry emissions control, and also exposes the heterogeneity between regions, providing an important empirical basis for the inclusion of other energy-intensive industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The research objective of this paper is to investigate the direct and indirect impacts of green finance on agricultural carbon total factor productivity (ACTFP) within the framework of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality (dual carbon) goals, while also identifying the driving factors through an exponential decomposition of ACTFP, aiming to provide policy recommendations to enhance financial support for low-carbon agricultural development. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, the Global Malmquist Luenberger (GML) Index method was employed to analyze and decompose the ACTFP, while the direct and spillover effects of China's green finance pilot policy (GFPP) on ACTFP were assessed using the difference-in-differences (DID) method and the spatial differences-in-differences (SDID) method, respectively. Findings: After the implementation of the GFPP, the ACTFP in the pilot area has experienced significant improvement, with the enhancement of technical efficiency serving as the main driving force. In addition, the GFPP exhibits a positive low-carbon spatial spillover effect, indicating it benefits ACTFP in both the pilot and adjacent areas. Originality/value: Within the framework of the dual carbon goals, the paper highlights agriculture as a significant carbon emitter. ACTFP is assessed by considering the agricultural carbon emission factor as the sole non-desired output, and the impact of the GFPP on ACTFP is investigated through the DID method, thereby providing substantial validation of the hypotheses inferred from the mathematical model. Subsequently, the spillover effects of GFPP on ACTFP are analyzed in conjunction with the spatial econometric model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the 75th United Nations General Assembly, China formally proposed the goals of achieving carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, which is referred to as the "double carbon" strategic goal. And energy revolution is the key to achieve this goal. More and more energy enterprises seek to promote the "double carbon" goal through the digital platformization. However, the mechanism of digital platformization promoting the realization of "double carbon" goal is still unclear. Based on the perspective of platform ecosystem and organization structure, this paper deeply analyzes the key intermediary role of energy production mode change and energy trading mode change in energy transformation. This paper also studies the regulatory effect of policy environment, digital platform characteristics, platform leverage, value chain changes, and the ability of digital technology practice and innovatively puts forward the theoretical model. This model reveals the transmission path and internal mechanism of digital platformization of energy companies to promote the realization of dual-carbon goal. Through the established model, this paper analyzes a case that present the commercial digital platformization process developed by Chinese energy company. Such an innovative process in China context has been developed in order to contribute to achieve "double carbon" goals for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs a novel stress measurement system of carbon market from the perspective of trading, emission reduction, and external shocks and simulates the stress indices of national and pilot carbon markets of China with the methods of functional data analysis and criteria importance through intercriteria correlation. It concludes that the overall carbon market stress is in the shape of "W" and still at a high level, with frequent fluctuations and an upward trend. In addition, the stress of Hubei, Beijing, and Shanghai carbon market fluctuates and rises, while the stress of Guangdong carbon market decreases. Moreover, carbon market stress mainly comes from trading and emission reduction. Furthermore, stress fluctuation of Guangdong and Beijing carbon market is more prone to "big waves," indicating that the two markets are sensitive to big events. Finally, the pilot carbon markets are divided into stress-driven and stress-release market and the type of which keeps change in different period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses two interlinked problems in sustainable development and suggests a methodology to resolve them. The first is the reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide. The second is the maintenance of biodiversity. Current carbon financing and environmental stewardship mechanisms underwhelm, often diluting intended positive effects. Most existing carbon credits do not have protection after 40 years, placing projects substantially beneath the C02 radiative forcing cycle. This paper presents the 'Balance' approach to sustainable development, including contractual principles ensuring C02 reduction, biodiversity enhancement and financial accountability. We describe two novel measures: a carbon calculator for commercial entities, and a new metric, the Balance Unit, combining biodiversity creation with carbon credits. A case study, spanning over 20 years at the Forest of Marston Vale, is then presented. It finds an increase in tree cover, CO2 sequestration, reduction in agricultural GHG emissions, sulphur dioxide and particulate matter absorption, and annual local economic benefits totalling £UK12.83 million. Expository detail regarding the 'Planting Principles' practised at Marston Vale is also provided. We argue that the Balance methodology, especially the Balance Unit, enables greater measurement reliability and long-term efficacy for maintaining biodiversity and reducing GHG emissions than current carbon financing approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strengthening the synergistic management of carbon and haze is an important means to realize China's "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals" and green development. In this paper, the entropy method is used to measure the key core technology innovation level of 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2021, and the fixed-effect model is used to empirically test the impact of key core technology innovation on carbon haze synergistic governance and the internal mechanism. The study found that (1) key core technological innovation helps to promote carbon haze synergistic governance. (2) The mechanism test shows that key core technology innovation promotes the synergistic management of carbon haze by improving the clean energy structure. (3) The moderating effect shows that both market incentives and government environmental regulations will strengthen the positive relationship between key core technology innovation and carbon haze synergistic governance. The main contribution of this paper is to reveal the influence mechanism of key core technology innovation on carbon haze synergistic governance, and also to provide theoretical basis for the mechanism and law of carbon haze synergistic governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of globalization has separated the production and consumption of products spatially, and the international trade of products has become a carrier of embodied carbon trade. This paper adopted the perspective of value-added trade to calculate the amount of embodied carbon trade of China from 2006 to 2015 and perform a structural decomposition analysis of the changes in China's embodied carbon trade. This study found that: (1) China's embodied carbon exports are much larger than its embodied carbon imports, and there are differences between countries. China imported the largest amount of embodied carbon from South Korea, and it exported the largest amount of embodied carbon to the United States. (2) The structural decomposition analysis shows that changes in the value-added carbon emission coefficient during the study period would have caused China's embodied carbon trade to decrease, and changes in value-added trade would have caused China's embodied carbon trade to increase. Therefore, countries trading with China need to strengthen their cooperation with China in energy conservation, emission reduction, and product trade. In order to accurately reflect China's embodied carbon trade, it is necessary to calculate embodied carbon trade from the perspective of value-added trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to a series of problems brought about by rapid economic development, such as global warming and the continuous deterioration of the ecological environment, China has taken the initiative to shoulder the responsibility of a major country and continued to contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the goal of "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" at an early date. In this paper, Henan Province has been selected as the study area, and the changes in land use and carbon storage in Henan Province from 2000 to 2020 have been analyzed spatially and temporally. The PLUS model is used to predict future land use changes under different scenarios, and the InVEST model is used to estimate carbon storage under the corresponding scenarios. The results showed that (1) During 2000–2020, the farmland in Henan Province has been in a decreasing trend, grassland and construction land showed a decreasing trend and then an increasing trend, and woodland showed a decreasing trend. From 2000 to 2020, Henan's overall carbon storage showed a downward trend each year, with storage mainly in the western and southern regions of the province, with a spatial distribution of high storage in the west and low storage in the east. (2) Under the normal development scenario (SSP2-RCP4.5) from 2030 to 2050, the area of farmland and woodland basically showed a continuous downward trend, while construction land showed an upward trend annually, and farmland and construction land showed an increasing trend under the normal development scenario (SSP2-RCP4.5) and economic priority scenario (SSP5-RCP8.5). The decreasing trend of carbon storage was the smallest under the normal development scenario (SSP2-RCP4.5) and the ecological protection scenario (SSP1-RCP2.6). The results provide a basis for decision-making regarding low-carbon and circular developments and rational and optimal land use in Henan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting the inclusion of blue carbon in market trading is crucial for recognizing its value and protecting the marine ecological environment. However, China currently does not have an internationally influential blue carbon market trading platform, which hampers the transmission of supply and demand in the blue carbon market and prevents the realization of blue carbon value. In this study, we analyze the feasibility and necessity of establishing a trading mode for the blue carbon market in China. The introduction of futures trading in the blue carbon market’s trading mode allows for the use of futures pricing methods and multiple financial instruments to address the challenges of income cost mismatch in blue carbon project development. The paper also discusses key strategies for the development of China’s blue carbon market, including the creation of a blue carbon trading methodology, the improvement of preservation and appreciation mechanisms, and the establishment of a unified trading platform. These strategies aim to provide intellectual support and decision- making reference for the construction of the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon trading as a vital tool to reduce carbon dioxide emissions has developed rapidly in recent years. Reasonable prediction of the carbon price can improve the risk management in the carbon trading market and make healthy development of the carbon trading market. This paper aims to enhance the predictive performance of carbon price in the China's carbon markets, especially the China's national carbon market, by adding the online news sentiment index which is a kind of unconstructed data, to a deep learning model using traditionally constructed predictors innovatively. Long short–term memory (LSTM) network was applied as the primary model to predict carbon price and random forest as the additional experiment to validate the effectiveness of online news sentiment. The results in the China's national carbon market and Hubei pilot carbon market both proved that the model including the sentiment index performed better than the model does not, and the improvement was significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the carbon trading mechanism, carbon asset has become an important resource and new production factor for enterprises, and are one of the key factors for production operations. As an emerging mortgage-loan model, carbon asset pledge financing (CAPF) can not only revitalize the carbon assets, but also address insufficient capital for enterprises. For carbon emission-dependent engineering machinery enterprises, this paper examines the impacts of CAPF on the performances of an emission-dependent and capital-constrained remanufacturer. Based on the benchmark without financing, the pure carbon asset pledge financing (PCAPF) strategy and the hybrid carbon asset pledge financing (HCAPF) strategy, are explored. The results show that: (i) Whether the remanufacturer chooses CAPF depends on initial capital, only when its initial capital is below a threshold, it can benefit from the CAPF loan. (ii) The choice of PCAPF and HCAPF for a remanufacturer depends on the quantity of carbon assets, compared with no capital constraint, the PCAPF and HCAPF are all conducive to increasing the quantity of remanufactured products and reducing carbon emissions. (iii) The HCAPF always has a higher contribution rate to the remanufactured quantity and consumer surplus than PCAPF, while the former strategy contributes less than the latter in terms of reducing carbon emission and gaining profit. (iv) Due to the relatively high interest, the HCAPF strategy can realize higher environmental performances and consumer welfare than the strategy of PCAPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing carbon emissions have been a major concern for most countries around the world. And as a result, every country is concerned about developing appropriate strategies to curtail it. As a major economy and the largest carbon emitter in the world, China has pledged to reduce the carbon intensity by 60–65% by 2030, compared with 2005 levels, and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. Therefore, the analysis of the impact of China's carbon intensity is becoming an increasing important topic. Due to the spatial heterogeneity of carbon intensity, various spatial econometric models have been applied in this field. However, the existing literatures failed to consider the cross-products of relevant factors. This paper constructs our dynamic general nesting spatial panel model (GNS) with common factors to deal with the dilemma, and examines the direct and spatial–temporal spillover effects of industrial structure, GDP per capita, investment in anti-pollution projects as percentage of GDP and energy price on carbon intensity in China over the period 2003–2017. Our analysis shows that: (1) China's carbon intensity showed the spatial agglomeration and temporal "inertia" from 2003 to 2017. (2) From the time dimension, the long-term effect of industrial structure first increased and then gradually decreased. (3) From the spatial dimension, industrial structure and investment in anti-pollution projects as percentage of GDP accounted for the main spatial heterogeneity. Furthermore, this paper attempts to provide policy implications to help reduce carbon intensity and achieve carbon neutrality in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality ("double carbon"), it is urgent to clarify the effect of marine spatial planning (MSP) on carbon sink increases and emission reductions, since such planning acts as a spatial governance tool for the earth's largest carbon pool. In this paper, a linkage model between marine spatial functional zones and carbon distribution is established. To explore the relationship between marine spatial functional zones and carbon, the study analyzed the carbon increase or reduction role of sea-use activities in each zone and considered the carbon sequestration function of the marine ecosystem itself. A marine spatial pattern of "Two Spaces and Four Carbon Areas" is proposed to present the linkage. A carbon distribution pattern in marine space is delimited using the linkage model and the current MSP in the case study of the city of Tangshan, Hebei, China. Some measures have been taken or planned to be taken in Tangshan to improve the carbon sink function of the ecosystem and the marine space. The supporting role of MSP in achieving the "double carbon" goal is studied, and the paths and suggestions for integrating the "double carbon" goal into MSP are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving carbon productivity is of great significance to China's "30 · 60" carbon target, while the development of the digital economy is a driving force for green transformation. However, few studies discuss the relationship between the digital economy and carbon productivity. We investigate the influence of digital economic development on carbon productivity using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2020. Spatial econometric and moderating effects are considered. The results show that (i) digital economy has a positive direct and negative spatial spillover effect on carbon productivity, and this conclusion is still valid after the robustness test and endogeneity test; (ii) digital infrastructure has a greater impact on carbon productivity than digital industrialization and industrial digitalization; (iii) the mechanism analysis shows that environmental regulation negatively moderates the relationship between the digital economy and carbon productivity; (iv) heterogeneity analysis shows that the effect of the digital economy on carbon productivity is more obvious in the central region compared to the western region, while it is not significant in the eastern region. Overall, this paper not only provides a new analytical perspective for understanding the improvement of carbon productivity in the digital economy but also provides policy inspiration for promoting carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intrinsic link between carbon disclosure and firm value deserves in-depth study in light of the global proposal for "carbon neutrality" and the concurrent advancement of both declarative and interactive carbon disclosure practices. Extant research on separate value effects of declarative and interactive carbon disclosure is inconsistent with their simultaneous development. This paper reveals the heterogeneous value effects of declarative and interactive carbon disclosure in terms of information asymmetry and reputation and explores their intertwined value effects according to their characteristics and efficient market hypothesis, which is the first to consider both declarative and interactive carbon disclosure when examining the impact of carbon disclosure on firm value. In terms of methodology, a metric for assessing the quality of interactive carbon disclosure has been created. Using data from Chinese A-share listed firms from 2015 to 2021, we find that declarative carbon disclosure promotes firm value by alleviating information asymmetry and improving the firm reputation. Poor interactive carbon disclosure exacerbates information asymmetry, damages the firm reputation, and thus declines firm value, while high-quality one can alleviate information asymmetry and help firms gain word-of-mouth, thus enhancing firm value. Declarative and interactive carbon disclosure are substitutes for improving firm value. Heterogeneity analysis finds that high-quality interactive carbon disclosure containing positive carbon information and firms' business layouts can improve firm value. The results are beneficial to firms to synergize the use of multiple carbon disclosure methods to enhance firm value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As an underdeveloped region, the aviation industry in Africa is developing rapidly, and its carbon emissions play an essential role in achieving carbon neutrality in the aviation industry in underdeveloped areas. However, the problem of carbon transfer caused by passenger flow on international routes has not been addressed, especially in Africa. This paper first calculates the CO2 emissions of African international routes from 2019 to 2021 based on the Modified Fuel Percentage Method (MFPM) and the ICAO standard methods. Then, we measure African routes' carbon transfer and carbon compensation. The most carbon transfer routes between African countries and from countries outside Africa to African countries are from Ethiopia to Kenya and from Honduras to Ghana. Relatively poor countries bear a significant amount of carbon transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to elaborate on the concept of avoided emissions, as a topical issue in the carbon accounting debate, both in practice and in academia. It is a commentary on the paper by Revellino (2019) who analyses an avoided emissions technology in the transport sector. Design/methodology/approach: This is a commentary based on secondary data analysis. Findings: This commentary reviews the history of quantification for avoided emissions and elaborates on three major challenges that project using "avoided emissions" face. This commentary is also a reflection on why avoided emissions calculations are needed in a world of transition, and how this leads to the concept being used and abused while being central to the building of new foundations. Practical implications: The commentary flags a few areas that could be research focus areas in future. Social implications: This paper can lead to changes in the public perception of "avoided emissions" and corporate claims around emission avoidance. Originality/value: This commentary outlines clear avenues for research, asking notably to reflect on the acceptable uses and acceptable claims related to avoided emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality have become key agendas for countries to participate in global climate change governance. Research on China's carbon peaking has a guidance significance for the actions to achieve a nationwide carbon peaking by 2030. This paper builds a STIRPAT model which, in combination with a scenario -setting method, predicts the carbon peaking time of eight comprehensive economic zones in China, and analyzes the possible path of achieving carbon peaking at national level. The result shows a disparity in carbon peaking time among the zones--there are zones that can achieve carbon peaking under baseline scenario; zones that can achieve carbon peaking under conditional scenarios; and zones that cannot achieve carbon peaking under any scenario. In the first group, the zones can achieve carbon emission through both active path (southwest and eastern coastal comprehensive economic zones) and passive path (northeast comprehensive economic zones) according to characteristics of regional socio-economic development. The second group includes two economic anchors (northern coastal and southern coastal comprehensive economic zones) and an energy-exporting center (the middle reaches of Yellow River comprehensive economic zone). Zones in the third group generally witness a late development (the middle reaches of Yangtze River and northwest comprehensive zones). Based on characteristics of regional economy, population, industry, and energy of each zone, this paper proposes an initiative that the achievement of a nationwide carbon peaking should take regional development equity into consideration, and presumes that making each zone adopts differentiated peaking strategies may have a stronger effectiveness in controlling carbon emission growth than making all zones adopt strategies constraining on single factors on industry or energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global climate change, countries around the world are actively implementing carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. In-depth research on carbon peak can help improve environmental conditions and achieve a harmonious coexistence between economic development and environmental protection. However, a comprehensive review of the current status of research in this area is scarce. Therefore, this article explores the current research evolution and hotspots of "carbon peak" with the help of CiteSpace visualization software, predicts the future development trends, and builds a knowledge network framework. A comprehensive analysis of the research on carbon peak from multiple perspectives is presented. The results show that the number of papers published on carbon peak is increasing every year, and that carbon peak has become a widely participated research area. Publications from various institutions and journals have also attracted widespread attention. The research hotspots of carbon peak have constantly changed with time, resulting in many theoretical and technological innovations. The knowledge framework of the field is constructed on this basis, which gives readers a clearer understanding of the development and trends in the field and provides some reference and help for future researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on China's empirical data from 2000 to 2020 of 1875 county-level administrative units, combined with the multi-phase by the propensity score matching and difference-in-difference (PSM-DID) model, this paper studies the impact of clean energy demonstration province policies on the carbon intensity of pilot counties, and its further impact on carbon emissions and economic development level. The results showed that 1. from a county-level perspective, although the economic development level of the pilot areas of clean energy demonstration provinces has improved as the carbon emissions have also increased, what is more, the carbon intensity has also significantly improved in this process; 2. there is no time lag in the impact of policies on the carbon intensity of counties, and the impact effects gradually increase over time along with strong regional heterogeneity; 3. the clean energy demonstration policy has weakened the technological level of the county and reduced the proportion of industrial-added value to GDP, thereby increasing the carbon intensity of the county through these intermediaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the release of the national energy-saving emission reduction policy and the improvement of consumers' awareness of environmental protection, the demand for low-carbon products is growing rapidly. In a retailer-led low-carbon supply chain, the increased cost of carbon emission reduction puts manufacturers at a disadvantage. Under the carbon quota policy, to improve manufacturers' profits as well as enhance carbon emission reduction, this paper studies the players' decisions in a low-carbon supply chain consisting of one dominant retailer and one manufacturer. To maintain the supply chain's stability and sustainability, the dominant retailer tends to employ altruistic preference policies towards the manufacturer. The optimal decision, carbon emission reduction and supply chain profit are compared and analyzed under three decision models: (i) centralized decision, (ii) decentralized decision without altruistic preference and (iii) decentralized decision with altruistic preference. The results indicate that the carbon emission reduction rate, market demand and profit in the centralized model are higher than in the decentralized model. The retailer's altruistic preference is beneficial to the improvement of carbon emission reduction, market demand and the profit of the manufacturer and the supply chain. Under certain conditions, carbon trading can effectively reduce the cost pressure of manufacturers and improve the level of carbon emission reduction and the overall profit of the supply chain. These results will guide low-carbon supply chain decision-making and provide insight into the research of irrational behaviors in supply chain decision-making under carbon policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The University of Michigan (U-M) is planning its course toward carbon neutrality. A key component in U-M carbon accounting is the calculation of carbon sinks via estimation of carbon storage and biosequestration on U-M landholdings. Here, this paper aims to compare multiple remote sensing methods across U-M natural lands and urban campuses to determine the accurate and efficient protocol for land assessment and ecosystem service valuation that other institutions may scale as relevant. Design/methodology/approach: This paper tested three remote sensing methods to determine land use and land cover (LULC), namely, unsupervised classification, supervised classification and supervised classification incorporating delineated wetlands. Using confusion matrices, this paper tested remote sensing approaches to ground-truthed data, the paper obtained via field-based vegetation surveys across a subset of U-M landholdings. Findings: In natural areas, supervised classification incorporating delineated wetlands was the most accurate and efficient approach. In urban settings, maps incorporating institutional knowledge and campus tree surveys better estimated LULC. Using LULC and literature-based carbon data, this paper estimated that U-M lands store 1.37–3.68 million metric tons of carbon and sequester 45,000–86,000 Mt CO2e/yr, valued at $2.2m–$4.3m annually ($50/metric ton, social cost of carbon). Originality/value: This paper compared methods to identify an efficient and accurate remote sensing methodology to identify LULC and estimate carbon storage, biosequestration rates and economic values of ecosystem services provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the leading programs and largest subnational carbon-crediting mechanism in the world, California's Offset Program and carbon market reflect key aspects of polycentric governance, including public and private actors interacting in rule-governed relationships, multifaceted strategies for carbon reductions, multiple jurisdictions, and standards of accountability, legitimacy, and environmental integrity. Participation in California's program, however, remains low particularly among private forest owners who own the majority (56%) of forests in the United States (Butler et al. Family forest ownerships of the United States, 2018: results from the USDA Forest Service, National Woodland Owner Survey. General Technical Reports NRS-199. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Madison. https://doi.org/10.2737/NRS-GTR-199). This paper therefore asks: what characteristics encourage or discourage participation in California's program, and which interactions among related situations inform participation and the supply of forest offsets? To address these questions, the analysis adopts the network of action situations approach as a diagnostic tool for understanding interactions among related decisions for forest carbon commoditization under California's system for climate mitigation. The analysis relies on policy documents, offset projects data, semi-structured interviews, and empirical literature. Findings show how technically complex rules designed to protect the environmental integrity of offsets create interdependencies via multiple long-term contracts and increase participation costs relative to uncertain future payoffs. Results also highlight the important role of expert and state actors, and suggest that experimentation with carbon accounting methodologies, issues of scale, and uncertainty are likely to shape the future of forest carbon governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countryside is rich in large-scale blue and green spaces such as woodland, farmland, grassland and water, which means a great potential of carbon sink. Rural architecture still has a long way to go in terms of low-carbon construction, which makes countryside carbon source and carbon sink significant in researches and practices of realizing objectives of carbon neutral. In view of the problems of current researches on rural carbon source and carbon sink, such as indistinct rural characteristics, incomplete system construction, this paper through sorting out these researches systematically classified the types of countryside carbon source and carbon sink, proposed corresponding strategies, made prospects on researches and practices of countryside carbon source and carbon sink, so as to provide references for future researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although government subsidies provide some financial support for firms to invest in low-carbon technologies, carbon price fluctuations bring greater uncertainty risks to firms' investment. The paper constructs a real option model to analyze the timing of low-carbon technology adoption between upstream dominant high energy consuming firms and downstream retailers in case of collaborative decision-making and Stackelberg game, and a numerical simulation is conducted to analyze factors affecting the timing for low-carbon investment. We find that the proportion of cost subsidies, carbon price volatility, carbon emission reduction rate, and cost-sharing ratio will affect firms to choose the optimal investment opportunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of green carbon science is to promote the goal of achieving carbon neutrality, the importance and urgency of which have been well‐recognized and received worldwide attention. Carbon neutrality has become the focus of research work in many fields, and correspondingly, a growing number of papers and publications have been published over the last few years. However, since carbon neutralization is a real problem that urgently requires technical solutions, the transition from fundamental research to practical applications must be accelerated. A number of research teams are bold in putting things into practice and blazing new trails. This Review summarizes the recent technological developments within the framework of green carbon science, focusing on conducted pilot tests, industrial demonstrations, and commercial applications beyond the laboratory stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the constraints of the target peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality, how the international carbon tariff can be levied have become an important question for scholars and research institutions all over the world. This paper aimed to comprehensively sort the relevant literature on the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism from an economic perspective. Based on defining the concept connotation and extension of carbon tariff, we summarized and determined the price mechanism, institutional mechanism, and coordination mechanism of the carbon tariff, and analyzed the impact of carbon tariff on the economic environment and other fields. Further, this paper makes an international comparison of the existing reasonably operable carbon tariff, points out the focus and direction of the next research, and strives to provide valuable experience and theoretical reference for the innovative practice of building the international Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Neutrality goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as new requirements for global development at this stage, have raised higher requirements for achieving the coordination of economic efficiency and ecological development of transportation infrastructure, especially highways. To promote the achievement of Carbon neutrality goals and SDGs, this research intends to study the effect of highways on the efficiency of carbon unlocking in each province. In this paper, we take China as an example, use the data of 18 listed highway companies and their provinces from 2010–2021 to conduct the study, measure the static carbon unlocking efficiency by using the super-efficiency SBM model with undesirable outputs, combine with the Malmquist index model for the decomposition of the efficiency and the dynamic analysis, and use the Tobit regression model to analyze the factors affecting the carbon unlocking efficiency. The results show that (1) From a static perspective, the carbon unlocking efficiency shows a steady upward trend, and the carbon unlocking efficiency has been in a state of low efficiency in general, with obvious regional differences. (2) From a dynamic perspective, carbon unlocking efficiency changes are relatively flat, and the carbon unlocking efficiency change index is in the rising stage, relying on technical efficiency can effectively improve the level of carbon unlocking efficiency. (3) The regional economic level, industrial structure, and urbanization level have a significant positive correlation with carbon unlocking efficiency, while the level of scientific and technological development and the level of opening up have a negative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural production has dual functions as a carbon emitter and sink, and fully exploiting the carbon sink function of agriculture is highly valuable for ensuring carbon neutrality. The layout of net carbon in agriculture shows an imbalance, i.e., underscaling in areas with a net carbon advantage or overscaling in areas with a net carbon disadvantage, which restricts the fulfillment of agricultural carbon sinks. Clarifying the global pattern of net carbon imbalances in agriculture and their drivers is highly important for improving the overall net carbon. In this regard, this paper focuses on the global net carbon in agriculture in 155 countries and regions, and a spatial mismatch index of net carbon in agriculture (MNCA) is constructed based on the relative difference between net carbon and cultivated land. Spatial autocorrelation analysis and the standard deviation ellipse are used to reflect its spatiotemporal evolution pattern. In addition, through geographically weighted regression, we explored the effects of agricultural structure, agricultural economic development, the scale of labor and cultivated land and organized the mismatches into carbon and area effects. The results show that (1) global agricultural production represents net carbon emissions, while developing countries represent net carbon sinks, and there is a mismatch of net agricultural carbon in most regions; (2) the MNCA is characterized by low-low clustering in North America, Asia and Europe, with its center of gravity falling in western Africa and migrating northeastward; and (3) the main factors influencing the MNCA are the agricultural structure and economic level. Underscaling in areas with a net carbon advantage is a major problem. To increase the global agricultural carbon sink capacity, we suggest that North America, South Asia and other regions strictly implement agricultural emission reduction policies and that Central America, South America and Africa tentatively upgrade agricultural technology and their economies to alleviate farmland pressure through transnational cooperation. In this paper, the global net carbon imbalance in agriculture is identified and the overall implementation path of increasing carbon sinks is explored to provide a reference for achieving carbon neutrality. This study reports a global mismatch in net carbon in agriculture and identifies the wasted carbon sink advantage of developing countries as the root problem. • It is a new indicator to measure the efficiency of net carbon allocation in the agricultural production process. • Agricultural production in developing countries shows a net carbon sink advantage. • Under-scaling of net carbon advantage is major problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, by combining the development characteristics of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, the fractional accumulation GM (1,1) model was used to predict the peak time of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, and the carbon peak year was predicted to be 2044. Then, according to the urbanization level and the proportion of the added value of the secondary industry in different regions in 2018, regions were divided into four categories: the first to reach the peak, the peak on schedule (easy), the peak on schedule (general), and the peak may be delayed. The Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region plans to achieve a carbon peak by 2044 and proposes specific suggestions to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 to achieve coordinated development of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and high-quality development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver electrocatalysts enable the conversion of CO2 to CO, thereby facilitating the transition to a carbon neutral society. To lower the cost of the expensive metal, silver nanostructures are often supported on carbon. This substrate offers great electrical conductivity, but it enhances the selectivity towards the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. In this work, carbon supports were functionalized with linear alkylamines of different chain lengths, to understand its effect on electrochemical performance. Alkylamines interact with the carbon surface and confer hydrophobic properties to the carbon support as well as making the local environment less acidic. These properties led not only to a suppression of the hydrogen evolution, but also to a remarkable enhancement in CO production. Despite the low silver weight loading (0.0016 mgAg cm−2), hexylamine‐functionalized carbon‐based catalysts achieved a CO to H2 ratio of 2.0, while the same material without the alkylamine functionalization only reached a ratio of 0.3, at −1.3 V vs RHE. This demonstrates the potential of hydrophobic functionalization for enhancing the CO selectivity of carbon‐supported catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A social science perspective to carbon accounting is essential for determining the appropriate allocation of reduction responsibility, and thus contributing to addressing the climate crisis. It is crucial to have a comprehensive review of the literature in this field to better understand how relevant research has evolved, and to identify gaps that future studies need to work on. Based on the bibliographic database from the Web of Science (WOS), we identified 897 publications relevant to carbon accounting in the social sciences published between 1997 and 2020. Bibliometric analysis is applied to analyze the trends and features of carbon accounting research in the social sciences. The results show that international trade has spurred considerable scholarly interest in responsibility allocation from a consumption perspective. IO (input–output) analysis that can be used to derive embodied emissions in trade has therefore become the most popular method in this domain. It is also revealed that few publications have addressed quantification of emissions at organizational level. In consideration of the importance of organizations especially corporations in emission reduction, a shift of priority to this particular area is needed for further research. Carbon label and supply chain have emerged as a subject in keywords analysis, but have not been addressed enough either. To achieve carbon neutrality, solely relying on actions at country and organizational level may not be sufficient. Greener consumption behaviors of the public and individuals could play a remarkable role. Thus, it is important to formulate a consistent framework for labeling carbon embodied in products and investigate the drivers of consumers' low-carbon choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon neutrality agenda requires that carbon lock-in enters an endgame. A well-developed energy system, which is secure, equitable, and sustainable is paramount to getting rid of carbon lock-in and realizing decarbonization. We carry out systematic research to empirically study the possible carbon lock-in reduction effect of energy trilemma based on the instrumental variable-generalized method of moment (IV-GMM) model. We also detect heterogeneous effects in terms of geographical locations and endowments of capital, as well as the impact mechanisms. Moreover, this paper highlights the mediating and threshold role of environmental regulation. We thus get the following conclusions. (1) The paper's primary findings underscore that the continuous increase of energy trilemma exacerbates carbon lock-in and hampers the process of decarbonization; (2) Energy trilemma has a higher stimulating effect on carbon lock-in in provinces that lie in the central region and that have a comparatively low level of physical, social, and human capital; (3) Energy trilemma can also indirectly aggravate carbon lock-in by inhibiting technology innovation and exacerbating carbon emissions intensity; (4) The interaction of environmental regulation and energy trilemma can alleviate the energy trilemma - carbon lock-in nexus, and environmental regulation also shows a significant threshold effect. • We investigate the impact of the energy trilemma on carbon lock-in. • Energy trilemma eradication is an effective way to realize the carbon lock-in endgame. • The nexus between energy trilemma and carbon lock-in is more prominent in provinces with high capital endowments. • Environmental regulation shows significant mediating and threshold effects. • The exacerbate carbon lock-in effect of energy trilemma depends on technology and intensity effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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