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This is a sustainable study of China amidst high carbon emissions. China has experienced tremendous increase in its economic operations and development which involve the excessive utilization of fossil fuel energy sources. This has put China in the list of nations that contribute towards global warming via carbon emission. On this note, data from China over the period 2002Q1–2019Q4 is analyzed, using multiple techniques (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag-NARDL, fully modified ordinary least square-FMOLS, and bootstrap approach of Granger causality) for clear insight into China's sustainable development. Relevant instruments (technological innovation, entrepreneurial activities, economic growth proxied by GDP, fossil fuel energy consumption, and FDI) are used to measure China's economic and environmental performance to determine the level of sustainable development of the country. NARDL and FMOLS results reveal that technological innovation and entrepreneurial activity mitigate carbon emissions, while fossil fuels and economic growth induce China's carbon emissions. Also, findings from the bootstrap approach affirm the NARDL and FMOLS outcomes, with both two-way and one-way nexus established among the selected variables. Policies targeting the reduction of fossil fuel consumption in China despite the technological innovations and entrepreneurial activities are thus recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the Indian inclusive sustainable development. India ranked third in global carbon emissions amidst its economic performance. This tells more about one-sided sustainable development policy of the country. With this trend of development anchored only on Indian economic activities, we consider it important to research the economy with instruments (such as technological innovation, foreign direct investment (FDI), and agriculture) that are unique to the country. India's data from 1980 to 2019 are applied to this study with two models for testing both economic and environmental developments. We utilized two scientific methods (non-linear autoregressive distributive lag (NARDL) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS)) to demonstrate both symmetric and asymmetric technical analyses. Findings from NARDL show that technological innovation and FDI are mitigating carbon emissions, while economic growth and agriculture are increasing carbon emissions thereby impacting negatively the environment. Also, the result from the economic model confirms that all variables are impacting favorably on economic development except carbon emission. The findings from DOLS support the findings from NARDL. The result confirmed that India is yet to attain inclusive sustainable development, however, it is evident that with the right policy framed on tech innovation and FDI, the country could attain balanced sustainable development. Having seen, the dual capacity of both technological innovation and FDI toward strengthening both the economy and environment, it is worthy to consider these instruments as among the sustainable policies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is anchored on the global best practice policies for achieving sustainable goals for Malaysia. Malaysia is among the countries that made commitment at 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference to reduce its carbon emissions by 2030. This is expected to contribute to the country's sustainable development. Malaysian quarterly data of 1992Q1–2019Q4 with relevant policy-based instruments (renewable energy policy, technological innovations, financial development, and entrepreneur activities) are adopted in our study for explicit and clear insight on the subject. Different scientific and analytical methods are equally applied in this study, but the focus and emphasis are laid on the findings from linear (dynamic ordinary least square, DOLS) and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) and Granger causality. Findings from both NARDL and DOLS confirmed the positive shocks of renewable energy policy, technological innovations, financial development, and entrepreneur activities are mitigating carbon emissions. Also, inverted U shape of EKC hypothesis is found for Malaysia. Findings from Granger causality support the findings from both estimates by establishing both feedback and unidirectional causal nexus among the instruments. From the finding myms, policy-based instruments are mitigating carbon emissions in Malaysia; thus, it will be a very good idea to frame policies around these instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We researched China's climate and sustainable development goal with relevant and susceptible instruments capable of inducing and mitigating carbon emissions. Amidst the contributor to the global carbon emissions, China is caught in between mitigating its carbon emission and aiming towards placing its national contribution of emissions to the acceptable levels of 1.5 °C and below 2 °C. Following the intricacies surrounding China's sustainable development as it contains its economic and environmental performance, we adopt China's data of 1980 and 2018 with different scientific approaches (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL), dynamic ordinary least square test, and bootstrap Granger causality) with different instruments (such as economic growth, financial development, renewable energy, and innovation policies) to research China's sustainable development. For clear exposition and insight into our findings with policies attached, we draw a conclusion from the outcomes of the mentioned approaches. From NARDL and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), we find that economic growth through economic activities is statistically significant in determining the trend (increase) of carbon emissions in China in both periods (short run and long run). However, other selected instruments (financial, renewable, and innovation policies) tend towards controlling and moderating the carbon emissions in China. Thus, China has good prospects to mitigate its carbon emissions if considered tailoring its policies towards favorable instruments. From bootstrap Granger causality, we find similar inferential results that support previous findings thereby confirming the positive implication of the selected instruments to China's sustainable development. Hence, the nexus that is established among the selected instruments clearly show the importance of technological innovation and renewable energy in mitigating carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is dual analysis of Turkish sustainable development amidst some high industrial and economic activities. Turkey is currently prioritizing the economic growth to the environmental sustainability and trying to achieve its 2023 goals and place in top 10 economies by date. This action might spark increase in emission level and decrease the environmental quality for both term. For effective and clear analysis, we apply the empirical analyses with both symmetric (dynamic ordinary least square-DOLS) and asymmetric (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag-NARDL) approaches in short run and the long run periods for policy inferences through forecast. We apply the economic features (entrepreneurs, FDI, technological innovation proxy by R&D, renewable energy and economic growth) of Turkey that are important in determining both economic and environment development of the country to investigate its ability to achieve its climate goals. Turkey's data of 1985–2018 were adopted. Findings from both approaches (symmetric and asymmetric) show that carbon emission can be reduced and good environmental quality obtained through the instruments of renewable energy, technological innovation, FDI and entrepreneurial activities. A nexus is established among the instruments (renewable energy, technological innovation, entrepreneur activities and FDI) pointing towards carbon mitigation for Turkey, and this gives support to the findings from both symmetric and asymmetric approaches. Also, from symmetric analysis with dynamic ordinary least square, EKC is found for the case of Turkey which shows the ability of Turkey achieving its climate goal if right policies are implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied Malaysia's ability to achieve its climate goal amidst high rate of entrepreneurial activities and influx of people from rural to urban cities (urbanization) due to massive and prospective economic activities in the cities. For this, we investigate the impact of urbanization, entrepreneurial activities, and economic growth on its environmental performance. Renewable energy and financial development were also incorporated in the analyses to see if they have mitigating effect on the country's carbon emissions. Malaysian data of 1992Q1 to 2017Q4 were adopted for this study, and we also adopted both linear (dynamic ordinary least square-DOLS) and non-linear (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag-NARDL) scientific and analytical approaches for better and clear insight from our study. Granger causality is equally applied as a robust check to the findings from DOLS and NARDL through direct inference from the selected variables. Findings from NARDL exposed significant impacts of the selected variables on the carbon emissions. Specifically, entrepreneurial activities, urbanization, financial development and renewables are mitigating carbon emissions, while economic growth is increasing emissions. Findings from DOLS and granger causality support the findings from the NARDL with more light on the trend of impact from economic growth to the Malaysia environment through inverted U-Shape EKC hypothesis. From granger causality nexus is established among the variable of interest in this study. From the findings, policy to mitigate carbon emissions can be framed with renewables, urbanization, entrepreneurial activities and financial activities. Authorities can initiate subsidising policies that will enable both private and public players to invest in energy sector strictly for the purpose of expanding renewable energy source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]