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• A CMC/CPAM/SBR ternary composite binder is proposed for Si-based anode. • Multifunctional groups are designed for matching the surfaces of both Si and carbon. • Regional elasticity and integral rigidness are achieved for the volumetric effects. • The cyclability of a Si@C/graphite blended anode is improved. • The binder is effective in high-loading electrodes and full cells. Si/C blend anodes hold great promise in commercialized high-energy-density (HED) Li-ion batteries but suffer from volumetric effects and electrode integrity deterioration. This study reports a ternary composite binder consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), which can significantly improve the cyclability of a Si@C/graphite blend anode. A high capacity retention of 92.9% after 100 cycles was achieved in a half cell. Moreover, the ternary binder proves suitable for a very high mass loading (4.9 mAh/g) electrode and is effective in a 2 Ah-level full cell, which delivers an excellent capacity retention of 80.6% after 500 cycles. The beneficial effects were ascribed to the multifunctional groups compatible with the surfaces of both Si and carbon, and the designed rigidness and elasticity which restricts and accommodates the volumetric effects of the Si/C blend anode simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pd doped C 4 N electrocatalyst is firstly prepared. • The Pd-C 4 N has a narrow Δ E of 0.76 V in 0.1 M KOH. • The Pd-C 4 N is a potential candidate for bifunctional electrocatalyst. It is an important task for designing a facile bifunctional electrocatalyst that is applied to a zinc-air battery (ZAB). Herein, the 2D C 4 N is synthesized by hydrothermal method, and ultralow noble metal palladium (Pd) is doped into the C 4 N to form Pd-C 4 N. The Pd-C 4 N has a low Δ E of 0.76 V in 0.1 M KOH, which is a good candidate as the bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in the ZABs. This work provides a design idea of modified carbon-based material for bifunctional electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Waste PET bottles converted to carbon black for supercapacitors via 450 °C pyrolysis. • Sodium acetate WIS electrolyte gave highest potential window, capacitance at 2.4 V. • Supercapacitors achieved 233 F/g capacitance and 186.6 Wh/kg energy density. • CB showed 89.2 % crystallinity, 60 nm particles, and layered structure. • Demonstrates sustainable method to recycle PET waste into valuable energy materials. This study explores the conversion of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste into carbon black for its use in supercapacitors, offering a sustainable solution to waste management and energy storage needs. PET bottles were pyrolysed in an inert environment to produce carbon black. This plastic waste derived carbon was then characterised and used for electrode fabrication to explore its potential in supercapacitor applications. The supercapacitive properties of these electrodes were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge techniques in various "Water-in-salt" electrolytes (WIS). WIS are the electrolytes in which the concentration of water is less than the concentration of salts by weight and volume. electrolytes. Sodium acetate (CH 3 COONa) exhibited the highest potential window and specific capacitance among the tested electrolytes. The derived carbon black demonstrated promising electrochemical performance, with a specific capacitance of 233 F/g and an energy density of 186.6 Wh/kg. These findings underscore the potential of carbon black derived from waste PET bottles as an effective material for supercapacitors, contributing to sustainable energy storage solutions and waste reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ZnSe particles are embedded in N-doped carbon fiber to form ZnSe@CNFs composite. • ZnSe@CNFs anode exhibits long cycling stability of 2000 cycles at 1 A/g. • The lifted performance is owing to the structure engineering and synergistic effect. To encapsulate metal sulfides/selenides into carbon substrates is effective to enhance the cycling stability and rate capability of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). In this paper, ZnSe nanoparticles rooted in N-doped carbon nanofibers (ZnSe@CNFs) were prepared by typical electrospinning technique coupled with carbonization and selenylation. As a result, ZnSe nanoparticles were wrapped by multichannel carbon fibers, which is conducive to the fast transport of sodium-ions and electrons and ensure the structural integrity. Benefiting from the special structure and the synergistic effect of two constituent, ZnSe@CNFs anode exhibits superior cycling stability of 2000 cycles at 1 A/g, with a capacity retention rate of 97.4%, equivalent to 0.0132‰ of attenuation per cycle. The carbon-encapsulation method involved in this paper has great application potential in the preparation of electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The P-CPC is prepared via oxidation template and phosphorus-doping methods. • The P-CPC has through-hole channels and abundant active sites. • The ZIHC shows a high capacity and a superior energy density of 194.23 Wh kg−1. • The ZIHC shows a remarkable rate capability and a superb cycling stability at 0 °C. Zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs) as a promising energy storage system suffer from unsatisfactory capability due to mismatched pore structure and lack of active sites in the carbon cathodes. Herein, a coupling strategy of oxidation template and in-situ doping is proposed to design a P-modified carbon nanosheet with abundant through-hole channels. Phosphorus doping not only reduces the electrode/electrolyte interface impedance, but also increases the available active sites. Through-hole channels enhance the Zn2+ accessibility. Therefore, the assembled ZIHCs provide an ultra-high energy density of 194.23 Wh kg−1. Even at 0 °C, the ZIHCs retain a superior capacity of 166.0 mAh/g and stabilize for 10,000 cycles with capacity retention of 95.33 %. This work provides new insights into the design of carbon cathodes for boosting the Zn2+ storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Graphene oxide synthesis from used C-type batteries by electrochemical exfoliation. • Graphene oxide reduction using series of reduction methods. • Electrochemical analysis of reduced-GO (rGO) at each stage of reduction process. • rGO produced by water-based annealing has highest capacitance among rGO samples. • Capacitance is highest with maximum C-O functionalities and reduces as they decrease. Graphene oxide (GO) is reduced multiple times in sequence with different reduction techniques. Changes in capacitance of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) at each stage in multistep reduction process are evaluated as function of variations in oxygen functionalities. Physical and electrochemical properties of rGO samples are rigorously examined at each stage of reduction. rGO produced following microwave-reduction has the highest reduction effect as compared to other reduction steps. rGO produced after water-based reduction (rGO(W)) has the highest capacitance of 93.136F.g−1. Similarly, the C1s XPS spectra at each stage of reduction reveal that, the rGO(W) sample has the highest C-O contribution among all the rGO samples. It is also noticed that capacitance of rGO samples drops as the oxygen functionalities decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An original activated carbon is prepared using golden needle mushroom roots. • As-prepared AC-5 has excellent physical and chemical properties. • The AC-5 electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 360.4 F/g. • Such novel activated carbon shows a great potential prospect in supercapacitors. Herein, an original activated carbon (AC) is prepared using golden needle mushroom roots and potassium hydroxide. After carbonization under 500 °C, AC-5 exhibits good graphitization degree, appropriate nitrogen and oxygen elements, large specific surface area, and micro-meso porous structures. Notably, AC-5 as electrodes in supercapacitors has excellent electrochemical performances, e. g. high specific capacitance (360.4 F/g), impressive rate capability (77 %, from 10 mV/s to 200 mV/s), and outstanding cycling durability (99.56 %, after 10,000 cycles). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N, S-doped ultramicroporous carbons (NSUC-x) with a high nitrogen/sulfur content and a narrow pore-size distribution of around 0.55 nm were firstly prepared using L-cysteine as a nitrogen and sulfur source. The phase, graphitization degree, morphology, specific surface area, pore structure and surface condition of NSUC-x are investigated to analyze the key role in electrochemical performance. Such an ultramicroporous structure and N, S doping not merely provide a high-specific surface area and a suitable pore size, but also induce a good wettability for the fast transport and adsorption of electrolyte ions. Due to the above strategies, the typical NSUC-0.4 exhibits a high gravimetric capacitance of 339 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 as well as a capacity retention of 91.6% after 10,000 cycles in a three-electrode system using a 6 M KOH electrolyte. More attractively, a NSUC-0.4-assembled symmetrical supercapacitor delivers an energy output of 7.4 Wh kg−1 at 100 W kg−1 in 6 M KOH as well as a capacity retention of 92.4% after 10,000 cycles, indicating its practical application prospect. Our findings open up new prospects for the design and electrochemical application of N, S-doped ultramicroporous carbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mangosteen husk-derived porous carbon (MHPC) has foam-like morphology with high specific surface area. • MHPC and KOH gel-electrolyte are assembled in quasi solid-state supercapacitors with cost-effective and highly safety. • High specific capacitance and exceptional cyclability are achieved in coin-type supercapacitor. • Flexible supercapacitor maintains superior capacitive performance under arbitrary bending state. Exploiting advanced electrode materials and electrolytes are two fundamental approaches to enhance the electrochemical performances of supercapacitor. Herein, mangosteen husk-derived porous carbon (MHPC) and KOH gel-electrolyte are prepared and applied in quasi solid-state supercapacitor. In coin-type supercapacitor employing 6 M KOH gel-electrolyte, the MHPC electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 285 F g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1, coupled with exceptional cyclability, retaining 88.9 % of its initial capacity after 10,000 cycles. Additionally, the elaborated MHPC electrode and 6 M KOH gel-electrolyte enabled the flexible device in maintaining superior capacitive properties under arbitrary bending angles. Our findings present an avenue in the development of cost-effective and highly safe energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with other materials, the stability and high specific capacity of MoS 2 -CNT are particularly outstanding. The hydroxylation of CNT was carried out to make the morphology of MoS 2 -CNT more homogeneous, and the two were bonded together by C-O-Mo chemical bonding. The capacity of MoS 2 -CNT was not much degraded and stabilized at 774 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. [Display omitted] • Hydroxylation CNT provides growth sites for MoS 2. • MoS 2 is tightly bonded to CNT through C-O-Mo bonds. • MoS 2 -CNT has good cycling stability at 0.5 A g−1. • MoS 2 -CNT has a high specific capacity compared to MoS 2 /CNT. To mitigate the structural collapse of MoS 2 during charging and discharging, MoS 2 -CNT composites were fabricated as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Hydroxylation CNT was incorporated to provide growth sites for MoS 2 nanosheets, thereby enhancing their overall dispersion. This structure effectively improves the stability during cycling compared to MoS 2 /CNT, and to some extent improves the structural collapse of MoS 2. As a result, the initial discharge capacity of the MoS 2 -CNT anode was 1194 mAh g−1 and the sustained capacity was 774 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.5 A g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 composite electrode was prepared by a simple thermal method. • 20.6 F g−1 specific capacitance, 63 Wh kg−1 energy density was observed. • Electrode showed stable performance after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. • Electrode showed 92 % Coulombic efficiency and 100 % capacity retention. Supercapacitor research focuses on cheap, long-lasting electrode materials. As a semiconductor, titanium dioxide (TiO 2) is cheap and chemically stable, making it a promising electrode material for supercapacitors. The goal is to improve carbon-based composites by hybridizing conductive materials. The graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) is a stable and common allotrope of C 3 N 4. Its optical, electrical, and structural properties make it a good hybrid system for supercapacitors. With a simple, affordable, and successful thermal decomposition method, we synthesized a TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 composite material. Supercapacitors have 20.6 F g−1 specific capacitance, 63 Wh kg−1 energy density, and 92 % Coulombic efficiency. The TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 composite showed highly stable electrochemical performance even after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ultrafine PtCo nanoparticles anchored on CNFs is fabricated by rapid heating method. • The obtained PtCo/CNFs-HHR displays outstanding ORR/OER catalytic activity. • PtCo/CNFs-HHR based ZAB exhibits a high peak power density and excellent durability. Herein, rapid heating strategy was introduced to synthesize ultrafine PtCo nanoparticles attached to carbon nanofibers (CNFs) by a high heating rate (HHR) up to about 50 °C s−1. This novel tactic is beneficial to the formation and the homogeneous distribution of ultrathin PtCo nanoparticles on CNFs. The acquired PtCo/CNFs-HHR exhibits a half-wave potential of 0.88 V for ORR, along with a low potential difference ΔE of 0.79 V. When used as the cathode catalyst of ZABs, PtCo/CNFs-HHR displays a high open circuit voltage of 1.454 V, large peak power density of 138.6 mW cm−2, and excellent charge–discharge cycle stability over 300 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The ternary Prussian blue analogue material was successfully fabricated. • The electrode material has a highly reversible capacitance of 232.2F/g. • The Zn-ion capacitor achieves an high energy density of 63.1 Wh/kg. Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are renowned for their distinctive structural characteristics and cost-effectiveness; however, they encounter challenges due to limited active sites and structural defects, which resulting in low capacity. In this study, we introduce a hydroxylation method to enhance the energy storage capabilities of Co 2 CuMn-PBAs in aqueous zinc-ion capacitors. The modified Co 2 CuMn-PBA electrode exhibits enhanced capacitance and rate performance, demonstrating an remarkable reversible capacitance of 232.2F/g at 0.1A/g and a rate capacitance of 85.6F/g at 2 A/g, thus positioning it as a promising cathode material for supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The disordered mesoporous N, P co-doped polyacenes (NP-PAs) was synthesized. • NP-PAs provides more active sites to convert/adsorb polysulfides. • NP-PAs/S cathode exhibits enhanced cycling stability and rate performance. Polarizing carbon substrate by heteroatom-doping has been verified as an effective strategy to suppress shuttling effect of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). Polyacenes (PAs) derived from phenol-formaldehyde resin with controllable porous structure and high conductivity has been broadly integrated into lithium-ion batteries as conductivity coating material. Herein, a nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped polyacenes (NP-PAs) material was prepared for LSBs. The disordered mesoporous structure and high electronic conductivity of NP-PAs makes it suitable for sulfur host and plays the role of physical confinement. The polarized surface of NP-PAs further alleviates the shuttling effect. As a result, the NP-PAs/S cathode successfully meliorates the inherent vice of sulfur containing cathode, and presents elevated rate capabilities and robust long cycling stability (677.6 mAh/g of the 400th cycle at 1C with small average capacity attenuation of 0.071% for each cycle). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nitrogen heteroatom porous carbon (NPC) was prepared by oxalate activation strategy. • The NPC presents moderate heteroatom contents and hierarchical pore structures. • The NPC cathode displays large capacity, high energy density and long cycle life. Heteroatom doped porous carbons have been widely used in aqueous zinc ion hybrid capacitors (AZICs) due to their merits of simple preparation process, excellent electric conductivity and abundant expose active sites. However, toxic and corrosive processes hinder their further applications. Herein, we report a template-free strategy to prepare nitrogen doped porous carbons from coal tar pitch for AZICs. Due to the structural characteristics of hierarchical pores and N, O heteroatoms, the AZIC fabricated by cathode presents the highest discharge capacity (133.1 mAh g−1), the maximum energy density (112.3 Wh kg−1), an excellent rate performance (65.9 Wh kg−1 at 15.26 kW kg−1) and a superior cycle stability over 15,000 cycles. This study points to an environmentally-friendly strategy to construct heteroatom-doped porous carbons for high-performance AZICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carbon spheres decorated with SnS 2 nanosheets were assembled using common reagents and a simple solvothermal method. • SnS 2 @CS composite was used as counter electrode for DSSC. • The DSSC using SnS 2 @CS composite CE yielded a high average PCE value of 7.12%. In order to utilize the synergistic effect of SnS 2 and CS and further improve the electrochemical performance of SnS 2 , We prepared monodisperse SnS 2 @CS composite using common reagents and a simple solvothermal method, and studied its electrochemical performance as counter electrode (CE) of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). During the preparation process, glucose was used as the carbon source, thioacetamide as the reducing agent and sulfur source, and SnS 2 @CS composite with a shell structure was finally obtained. The results indicate that, compared to SnS 2 , the electrocatalytic performance of SnS 2 @CS composite has significantly improved. The DSSC using SnS 2 @CS composite CE yielded a high average PCE value of 7.12%, which is significantly higher than that of DSSC based on SnS 2 ′s CE (just 5.59%). The enhanced performance is mainly attributed to the addition of carbon spheres, which can improve the conductivity and increase the number of active catalytic sites on the SnS 2 @CS CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Leaf source converted to activated carbon by ZnCl 2 activation. • Porous carbon with network structure has a high specific surface area of 1300 m2/g. • High surface area and tuned porosity maximize ion diffusion. • The addition of redox additive in the electrolyte boosts specific capacitance with impressive cyclic stability. Carbon materials derived from palmyra palm leaves and chemically activated with ZnCl 2 exhibit remarkable energy storage characteristics. Carbon derived from leaves has a specific surface area of 1300 m2/g and provides extensive electrochemical interfaces. The leaf-derived carbon initially displays a specific capacitance of 75.60F/g at 5 mV/s in 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte. Specific capacitance is significantly improved by introducing a redox additive into the parent electrolyte. In a potential window of 1 V, the combination of 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 and 0.03 M KI yields a specific capacitance of 173.04F/g at 5 mV/s. The findings highlight the exceptional performance and higher stability of leaf-derived activated carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The double-layer structure of Li 2 C 4 O 4 -Super P modified separator was constructed. • The great adsorption and catalytic ability are achieved by the synergistic effect of Li 2 C 4 O 4 and Super P. • The Li 2 C 4 O 4 -Super P modified separator exhibits fantastic cycling performance. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have been considered as satisfying energy storage devices, but the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries is severely hindered by the shuttle effect and the sluggish sulfur redox kinetics. Herein, a double-layer separator modified with Li 2 C 4 O 4 and Super P through a simple coating method is prepared. The composite Li 2 C 4 O 4 -Super P exhibits great adsorption on polysulfides. Besides, the combination of Li 2 C 4 O 4 and Super P can reduce charge transfer resistance and improve Li+ transport ability. The Li 2 C 4 O 4 -Super P@PP cell shows an extremely low capacity decay rate of 0.045 % after 800 cycles at 1C and a fantastic capacity of 588.1 mAh·g−1 under the high rate of 5C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With good electrochemical performances and cost advantages, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have great potential in energy storage and other fields. It is crucial to research anode materials for SIBs with high performance and low cost to promote large-scale industrialization. In this study, the amorphous carbon-based anodes prepared by one-step carbonization of bituminous coal were firstly reported. When the materials were worked as anodes for SIBs in the voltage range of 0–1.5 V, an excellent reversible capacity of 270 mAh·g−1 and an initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 84.4% were achieved at a current density of 35 mA·g−1. More impressively, the carbon anodes possess merits of low cost, making the designed carbon anodes practicable to the industrial applications.

Abstract Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are of quite a significance in the field of inorganic‐organic hybrid crystals. Especially, MOFs have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their large specific surface area, desirable electrical conductivity, controllable porosity, tunable geometric structure, and excellent thermal/chemical stability. Some recent studies have shown that carbon materials prepared by MOFs as precursors can retain the privileged structure of MOFs, such as large specific surface area and porous structure and, in contrast, realize in situ doping with heteroatoms (eg, N, S, P, and B). Moreover, by selecting appropriate MOF precursors, the composition and morphology of the carbon products can be easily adjusted. These remarkable structural advantages enable the great potential of MOF‐derived carbon as high‐performance energy materials, which to date have been applied in the fields of energy storage and conversion systems. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in MOF‐derived carbon materials for energy storage applications. We first introduce the compositions, structures, and synthesis methods of MOF‐derived carbon materials, and then discuss their applications and potentials in energy storage systems, including rechargeable lithium/sodium‐ion batteries, lithium‐sulfur batteries, supercapacitors, and so forth, in detail. Finally, we put forward our own perspectives on the future development of MOF‐derived carbon materials.

• KTP nanoparticles (about 400 nm) effectively wrapped in 3D rGO is prepared. • The synergies of 3D carbon networks and KTP endow excellent property. • The composite as anode for KIBs shows excellent electrochemical performance. Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) have drawn great attention because of the abundant resources and low cost of potassium. Nevertheless, large size K+ slows the reaction kinetics of the ion and increases volume expansion of the host material, thus hindering its practical application. Herein, we construct nanocomposite of KTi 2 (PO 4) 3 nanoparticles and rGO (KTP-rGO) as electrode for KIBs by solvothermal-annealing process. In this nanocomposite, KTP nanoparticles (about 400 nm) effectively were wrapped in 3D rGO. The synergistic effects of 3D conductive carbon networks and active KTP nanoparticle improve electronic conductivity, alleviate the volume varies, and provide a wider diffusion channel to accelerate ion transport. Therefore, the KTP-rGO displays impressive reversible capacity of 66 mAh g−1 at 2 C after 150 cycles, superior rate of 28 mAh g−1 at 20 C, and good cycling ability. The strategy can offer new sights for the design and preparation of composite anode for KIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The nanoporous carbon matrix provides sufficient mechanical support for the Si nanoparticles. • Micro-fiber shaped carbon materials offer a fast ion transport pathway for the electrochemical reactions. • The as-synthesized anode materials show remarkably enhanced cycle stability and rate retention. Silicon is considered as one of the best anode material candidates for future lithium-ion battery. The composite engineering of silicon/carbon matrix is of great importance to prevent the silicon volume change. Traditional method of carbon coating although provide mechanical support but the ion transport is blocked by carbons. Herein, we developed a novel nanoporous carbon matrix synthesized by polymer template. The silicon/carbon nanoporous fiber anode shows high stability and high-rate performance thanks to the strong binding and robust porous structure between silicon nanoparticles and carbon matrix. The silicon/carbon nanoporous fiber anode provides high capacity of 992 mAh/g after 200 cycles at 1C rate and stable cycle retention of 84.4% after 200 cycles at 2C rate, and also shows impressive rate capacity retention of 68.2% at 2C compared with 34.5% retention of bare silicon anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Natural bacterial (GPBBS) carbon-based material and Sn2+ resource for Li ion batteries. • Its special capacity is creasing with the increase of the cycle. • The C/Sn/SnS sample has an ultra-high first coulombic efficiency. • The C/Sn/SnS sample has a stable cycle performance for lithium-ion battery anodes. In this paper, the authors use the bacteria as an outer and inner template, and compound Sn2+ precursor (not usual Sn4+ precursor). The resulting sample of the C/Sn/SnS anode shows its excellent performance. Its specific capacity increases with the increase of the cycle and its specific capacity can research 814.71 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles. Moreover, its first coulombic efficiency can reach an ultra-high value of 84.78 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A single atom Co and N, P co-doped 3D carbon was synthesized using a biomass based method. • The Co atoms show good monodispersity on the surface of Co-NPC-6 M. • Co-NPC-6 M exhibits the catalytic activity comparable to Pt-C. Fuel cells are an important and promising energy system which has attracted lots of attention. The research on non precious metal catalysts is extremely important for the development of fuel cells. In this work, we fabricated metal organic hybrids (MOH) from chitosan, phytic acid, and CoCl 2 through a simple chemical method, and further obtained the Co, N, and P co-doped 3D porous carbon material, with the Co atoms exhibiting good monodispersity on the surface. Due to the size effect brought by the single atom doping of Co and the influence of N and P doping on the microenvironment of the active center, the obtained Co-NPC-6 M exhibits excellent catalytic performance for ORR in the alkaline aqueous electrolyte solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Graphene-PPy hydrogel was prepared via in-situ polymerization on graphene scaffold. • The composite hydrogel can be used as cathode in Mg-air bioelectric battery. • The output of the hydrogel electrode outperformed many of similar counterparts. • Such bioelectric battery would be sufficient to power some bioelectronic devices. A bioelectric Mg-air battery offers a promising solution for powering implantable medical devices due to obvious merits such as easy miniaturization and ease of battery package. One of the key challenges in bioelectric battery is to seek air cathode materials with both satisfied electrocatalytic activity and good biocompatibility. 3D graphene macroassembly is the material of interest in metal air batteries as well as bioelectronics. For further performance enhancement, it is essential to incorporate other materials with better electrocatalytic performance into graphene matrix. Polypyrrole (PPy) has been intensively implemented in biomedical applications and energy storage for its biocompatibility and versatile properties including inherent electrocatalytic activity. In this work, a graphene-PPy composite was prepared based on a paper-like graphene hydrogel scaffold via facile interfacial gelation, and followed by PPy electrodeposition. The obtained G-PPy gel exhibited excellent performance in a Mg-air bioelectric battery, with stable voltage output of 1.15 V and 13.6 mAh cm−2 at 200 μA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The prepared catalyst efficiency increased via sulfur and nitrogen doping. • N (0.75) , S (0.25) -CBC catalyst has an overpotential value of 117 mV. • N, S-CBC catalysts have excellent stability after the 50,000 sec. Developing highly efficient hydrogen evolution catalysts with low cost has been a big challenge in industrial applications. Herein, we developed non-metallic heteroatoms doped waste cypress biomass-derived biochar via a facile one-step pyrolysis route. By utilizing defect engineering and charge carriers facilitation, we have constructed appropriated defects with numerous charge carriers for manufacturing efficient catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). Through N (0.75) , S (0.25)- CBC, we attained a low over-potential value of 122 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 and minimized the Tafel slope value of 112 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH solution for HER. Furthermore, it attained robust chemical stability of over 50,000 s without any degradation. Hence, this work provides a practical pathway to synthesize cost-effective, non-metallic heteroatoms doped efficient catalysts for hydrogen generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choosing the appropriate carbon hosts is crucial for enhancing the electrochemical performance of zinc-sulfur batteries. In this work, Ex-situ XRD, EDS mapping, and XPS Ar ion etching techniques were utilized to analyze the factors contributing to the capacity decay of sulfur cathode materials. The insights gained from this study not only enhance our understanding of the electrochemical behavior of Zinc-Sulfur batteries, but also provide potential strategies for improving their performance. [Display omitted] • The pore structure is crucial for enhancing the electrochemical performance. • Microporous carbon host can effectively alleviate capacity decay. • The causes of capacity decay have been revealed through various techniques. The zinc-sulfur (Zn-S) batteries have attracted extensive research due to its high energy density and safety. However, numerous research focus has focused on optimizing the aqueous electrolyte, the effect of different confinement effects of carbon pores on sulfur on batteries is unclear. In this work, the effects of mesoporous and microporous hosts on electrochemical performance were investigated in detail. The microporous carbon structure provides higher confinement ability for sulfur compared to mesoporous carbon. Ex-situ XRD, EDS mapping, and XPS Ar ion etching techniques were utilized to analyze the factors contributing to the capacity decay of sulfur cathode materials. The insights gained from this study will not only enhance our understanding of the electrochemical behavior of Zn-S batteries, but also provide potential strategies for improving their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N, S-doped ultramicroporous carbons (NSUC-x) with a high nitrogen/sulfur content and a narrow pore-size distribution of around 0.55 nm were firstly prepared using L-cysteine as a nitrogen and sulfur source. The phase, graphitization degree, morphology, specific surface area, pore structure and surface condition of NSUC-x are investigated to analyze the key role in electrochemical performance. Such an ultramicroporous structure and N, S doping not merely provide a high-specific surface area and a suitable pore size, but also induce a good wettability for the fast transport and adsorption of electrolyte ions. Due to the above strategies, the typical NSUC-0.4 exhibits a high gravimetric capacitance of 339 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 as well as a capacity retention of 91.6% after 10,000 cycles in a three-electrode system using a 6 M KOH electrolyte. More attractively, a NSUC-0.4-assembled symmetrical supercapacitor delivers an energy output of 7.4 Wh kg−1 at 100 W kg−1 in 6 M KOH as well as a capacity retention of 92.4% after 10,000 cycles, indicating its practical application prospect. Our findings open up new prospects for the design and electrochemical application of N, S-doped ultramicroporous carbons.

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are of quite a significance in the field of inorganic‐organic hybrid crystals. Especially, MOFs have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their large specific surface area, desirable electrical conductivity, controllable porosity, tunable geometric structure, and excellent thermal/chemical stability. Some recent studies have shown that carbon materials prepared by MOFs as precursors can retain the privileged structure of MOFs, such as large specific surface area and porous structure and, in contrast, realize in situ doping with heteroatoms (eg, N, S, P, and B). Moreover, by selecting appropriate MOF precursors, the composition and morphology of the carbon products can be easily adjusted. These remarkable structural advantages enable the great potential of MOF‐derived carbon as high‐performance energy materials, which to date have been applied in the fields of energy storage and conversion systems. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in MOF‐derived carbon materials for energy storage applications. We first introduce the compositions, structures, and synthesis methods of MOF‐derived carbon materials, and then discuss their applications and potentials in energy storage systems, including rechargeable lithium/sodium‐ion batteries, lithium‐sulfur batteries, supercapacitors, and so forth, in detail. Finally, we put forward our own perspectives on the future development of MOF‐derived carbon materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The synergetic effect of CoS 2 /MCHS combining physical adsorption and chemical interaction. • A high initial capacity of 1416 mAh g−1. • A discharge capacity of 671 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 2 C. • A reversible capacity of 596 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles. Li-S batteries with high theoretical energy density are considered as promising energy storage devices. However, the reduction reaction of element sulfur converts to the long-chain lithium polysulfide, which could soluble into the liquid electrolyte. As a result, the utilization of active sulfur materials is low, leading to a rapid capacity deceasing. Herein, the strategy of separator modification were used to introduce the mesoporous carbon hollow spheres impregnated with CoS 2 into Li-S batteries. The CoS 2 with polar groups provide chemical bonding sites for polysulfides. Meanwhile, the mesoporous carbon hollow spheres with large specific surface area served as the polysulfide trappers through strong physical affinity. Owing to the synergetic effects of physical and chemical interaction, the prepared composite could efficiently hinder the shuttle effect, which is the soluble polysulfides shuttling between the anode and cathode. Therefore, Li-S batteries with modified separators exhibit highly reversible capacity of 651 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 1.0 C and superior rate capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A metal free cathode of graphite in aluminum-ion batteries is attempted. • Using a light weight polyvinyl-alcohol/graphene composite film as current collector. • High cell performances are realized. The use of rare metals as current collectors in aluminum-ion batteries is an urgent problem to be solved, so there are significant interests in the development of light-weight and high-efficiency materials as current collector. Herein, we report a polyvinyl-alcohol/graphene composite film as current collector in aluminum-ion batteries which synthesized by a simple solution method. The film containing 20 wt% graphene demonstrates high electrical conductivity up to 164S·cm−1 with ∼30 μm in thicknesses and 2.8 mg cm−2 in areal density. According to the electrochemical measurements, a reversible capacity of 89 mAh g−1 is obtained at a rate of 1C in aluminum-graphite battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SiO 2 nanoparticles are embedded into rGO/CNTs nanocomposite via using a facile high temperature calcination method and SiO 2 /rGO/CNTs anode material are obtained. The as-prepared SiO 2 /rGO/CNTs electrode has a very stable reversible capacity and exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. [Display omitted] • SiO 2 /rGO/CNTs anode materials with three-dimensional stabilized structure was prepared. • SiO 2 nanoparticles anchored on rGO substrates supported by CNTs. • Three-dimensional structure effectively mitigates volume expansion of SiO 2 anode. • The SiO 2 /rGO/CNTs exhibited good electrochemical performance. To mitigate the volume expansion of SiO 2 during the processes of charging and discharging, SiO 2 /rGO/CNTs composite was fabricated as lithium-ion-battery anode. Within this composite, CNTs are dispersed on the flexible rGO, serving as the supporting framework and conductive bridge of SiO 2 /rGO. This unique arrangement effectively mitigates the volume expansion of SiO 2 as well as concurrently enhances its conductivity, resulting in significant improvement of electrochemical performances. As a result, the SiO 2 /rGO/CNTs anode exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 1521 mA h g−1, with a sustained capacity of 612 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles at 1 A g-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• F-doped graphene nanosheets were prepared via a hydrothermal method. • The formation of C-F bond modulates the local electronic structure. • The tuned F-doped graphene anode demonstrated enhanced Na-ion storage. Improving the electrochemical performance of graphene electrodes is an urgent obstacle in the field of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Therefore, tuning the electrochemical properties in SIBs of graphene via F doping has been tactfully raised. The introduction of F promotes the formation of C-F bond, which tunes the local electronic structure and further facilitates the diffusion of sodium. Inspiringly, the F-modulated graphene achieved enhanced sodium storage with a reversible capacity of 191 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 after 100 cycles and a rate capability of 162.5 mA h g−1 even at 800 mA g−1. This work provides an effective strategy for the fabrication of electrode materials in renewable battery technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iodine is firmly anchored in hierarchical micro-mesoporous carbon nanospheres generated by Ca2+ and Zn2+ regulation as the cathode material for aqueous zinc-iodine batteries, which effectively suppresses the polyiodide ion shuttle effect and achieves exceptional electrochemical performance due to the high conductivity and intense limitation of the carbon matrix. [Display omitted] • The hierarchical micro-mesoporous carbon host material tightly anchors iodine. • The redox reaction process of active iodine is one-step and reversible. • The micro-mesoporous structure realizes rapid electrochemical reaction kinetics. • Extended life (9200 cycles) and remarkable capacity retention (92.1%) are achieved at 8 A g−1. Aqueous rechargeable zinc-iodine battery is a hot research topic in energy storage devices. However, limited by iodine dissolution and polyiodide ions shuttle, zinc-iodine cells suffer from severe degradation of the performance. In this paper, we realized high-performance aqueous zinc-iodine batteries by anchoring iodine on hierarchical micro-mesoporous carbon nanospheres (HMMC NSs) with homogeneous pore distribution. The unique hierarchical micro-mesoporous structure provides high immobilization capacity, effectively inhibiting iodine dissolution and polyiodide ions shuttling. When applying the HMMC-I 2 NSs as the cathode of zinc-iodine battery, it shows superior cycling capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A facile method was reported by us to sustainably obtain 3D and defective nanocarbon from waste RS residue. • The key role of bacterial played in the formation of RS residue with unque structure and composition was revealed. • The underlying pyrolysis mechanism of RS residue is explored. • The obtained bio-char was demonstrated as a promising candidate for supercapacitor. Defective carbon nanomaterials with three-dimensional (3D) structure are showing great potential for advanced electrochemical storage and conversion devices, but its application is restricted by the synthesis, which is usually involved with complicate and energy-intensive processes. Herein, pyrolysis of rice straw (RS) residue, of which is collected from the bacterial assisted hydrolysis, is proposed by us here, and the obtained bio-char is defective with 3D structure and rich in oxygen-containing functional groups. Compared to the pristine one, specific surface area of the representative RS carbon (RSC2) was increased from 428.8 to 1131.7 m2 g−1. The assembled supercapacitor with RSC2 showed a high specific capacitance of 331F g−1 at a charge–discharge current density of 0.5 A g−1, and a capacity retention of 97.6% was maintained at 5 A g−1 even after 10,000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• N-doped carbon encapsulated FeSe 2 (FeSe 2 @NC) has prepared for sodium-ion batteries. • The carbon layer improves electronic conductivity and alleviates volume expansion. • FeSe 2 @NC exhibits superior pseudocapacitance contribution and Na-ion storage. • Sodium-ion capacitors were assembled using FeSe 2 @NC anode and AC cathode. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have great potential for large-scale energy storage, whereas the development of satisfactory anode material is still a challenge. Herein, the nitrogen-doped carbon encapsulated FeSe 2 (FeSe 2 @NC) with spindle-like nanostructures are proposed by polymerization, carbonization and selenization strategies. The N-doped carbon layer effectively improves the electronic conductivity, provides more activity sites, and alleviates the volume expansion. As expected, the prepared FeSe 2 @NC delivers excellent rate performance (232.3 mAhg−1 at 1.0 Ag−1) and superior cycle stability (269.8 mAhg−1 after 500 cycles). Significantly, this work proposes an effective material engineering approach for designing transition metal selenides for high-performance SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract High quality and naturally continuous structure of three-dimensional graphene network (3DGN) endow it a promising candidate to modify TiO2. Although the resulting composite photocatalysts display outstanding performances, the lacking of active sites of the 3DGN not only goes against a close contact between the graphene basal plane and TiO2 nanoparticles (weaken electron transport ability) but also limits the efficient adsorption of pollutant molecules. Similar with surface functional groups of the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets, surface defects of the 3DGN can act as the adsorption sites. However, the defect density of the 3DGN is difficult to control (a strict cool rate of substrate and a strict flow of precursor gas are necessary) because of its growth approach (chemical vapor deposition method). In this study, to give full play to the functions of graphene, the RGO nanosheets and 3DGN co-modified TiO2 composite photocatalysts are prepared. After optimizing the mass fraction of the RGO nanosheets in the composite photocatalyst, the resulting chemical adsorption ability and yields of strong oxidizing free radicals increase significantly, indicating the synergy of the RGO nanosheets and 3DGN.

• Novel preparation of mesoporous carbon material (SBA-C) using SBA-15 as a template. • A higher specific surface area (849.5 m2 g−1) of SBA-C-K-N. • Enhancing capacitance (134.4 F g−1) by introducing extra-framework cations. We design and prepare a novel hierarchical carbonaceous electrode material (SBA-C-K-N) for supercapacitor. The combination of micro/mesoporous structure and extra-framework cations endow SBA-C-K-N with outstanding electrochemical performance, including high specific capacitance of 134.4 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and ideal rate capability. Meanwhile, 97.3% of the specific capacitance is well-maintained after 1000 cycles. Surprisingly, comprehensive characterization showed extra-framework cations (K+) could boost capacitance and decrease charge-transfer resistance, which might result from pre-fixed extra-framework cations decreased interfacial barrier between electrode surface and electrolyte and sped up mass transport between both phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Food waste was first used as precursor to prepare porous carbon. • Many edge defects were formed in carbon sheet. • The electrode exhibited super-high capacitance of 442 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1. • The capacitance remained 94.41% after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Food waste, a common municipal domestic organic waste, has been successfully converted into porous carbon with abundant edge defects as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Owning to the synergistic effect of the edge defects and porous structure, the as-obtained porous carbon electrode exhibited super-high specific capacitance of 442 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 in three-electrode system using 6 M KOH as electrolyte. Furthermore, the specific capacitance at a current density of 10 A g−1 remained 94.41% after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles, indicating a superior cycling stability of the food waste-derived porous carbon electrode. This study could inspire a new paradigm in recycling food waste into promising porous carbon with desirable characteristics for energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CoS x /RGO nanocomposite has been prepared with solid Co/RGO as the precursor. • The introduction of RGO prevents the agglomeration of CoS x and RGO. • The reversible capacity of CoS x /RGO is 796 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. • The enhanced electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the synergistic effect. Cobalt sulfide is regarded as a candidate for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries. However, it suffers from large volumetric variation during the charge/discharge cycling. Herein, cobalt sulfide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite has been fabricated via an unique synthetic methodology with solid cobalt/reduced graphene oxide as the precursor, which can inhibit the agglomeration of cobalt sulfide effectively. In the composite, cobalt sulfide nanoparticles are uniformly embedded in reduced graphene oxide. When utilized in lithium–ion batteries, the nanocomposite demonstrates a high discharge capacity of 796 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. The superior lithium-ion storage performance can be ascribed to the hybrid nanostructure and the synergistic effect originated from the unique synthetic methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• N, S-doped hollow core-shell carbon spheres were synthesized via water bath method. • N, S-doped hollow core-shell carbon spheres with large specific surface area enhance the electrolyte reaction activity. • For the first time, hollow core-shell carbon spheres were used in DSSCs and achieve the value exceeded Pt. The development of the metal-free materials with hollow core-shell construction as higher efficient catalysts in related energy conversion field is still a great challenge. This structure usually possesses a larger specific surface area. However, the catalytic activity of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is weakened due to its fewer active edge sites. Here, a novel strategy is described by building a category of N, S doped hollow core-shell carbon microspheres (N, S-HCCS) in the process of simple easy operation. The electrochemical measurements include electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Tafel polarization measurements and cyclic voltammetry, which unravel the outstanding electrocatalytic activities of N, S-HCCS as counter electrode (CE) for iodine ion. The photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) value of the whole cell reaches 8.03%, which is far larger than Pt's value (7.52%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Free-standing Li 2 S-rGO film and MnO 2 -rGO film with active material wrapped by rGO was prepared. • MnO 2 -rGO half-cell presents a high capacity retention of 98.0% during 150 cycles referring to the 2nd cycle. • Li 2 S/MnO 2 full cell was firstly studied, it shows a high specific energy of 827.3 Wh kg−1 Li2S. Lithium sulfide (Li 2 S)-based rechargeable battery has aroused much interest in the last few years because of its enhanced safety stemming from eliminating lithium metal anode and its high energy density. Here, we demonstrated a new-designed Li 2 S-based full cell with high energy density composed of the free-standing Li 2 S-rGO cathode and MnO 2 -rGO anode. Li 2 S-rGO cathode and rGO-MnO 2 anode exhibit a high capacity even based on the whole electrode, 367.5 mAh g−1 Li2S electrode and 644.1 mAh g−1 MnO2 electrode , respectively, which are benefitted from their free-standing nature and unique morphology of active material wrapped by rGO sheets. When incorporating Li 2 S-rGO cathode and MnO 2 -rGO anode, Li 2 S/MnO 2 full cell can achieve a high capacity of 587.5 mAh g−1 Li2S and a high energy density of 827.3 Wh kg−1 Li2S at 0.2 C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hierarchically porous carbon with an ultrahigh surface area is produced from leaves. • The synthesis route enables producing useful materials from natural wastes. • The pore structure of the carbon is tunable by adjusting the processing parameters. • The porous carbon exhibits high capacitance and rate capability in supercapacitor. Hierarchically porous activated carbons with high specific surface areas are synthesized by chemical activation of the leaves of Schefflera octophylla. The specific surface areas of the materials are over 2300 m2 g−1 and the specific pore volume is as high as 1.92 cm3 g−1. The optimized material achieves a high specific capacitance of 336 F g−1 in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, and it also shows excellent cycling stability with 97.5% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g−1. The simple synthesis route of hierarchically porous activated carbon from renewable bio-wastes enables a promising strategy in both reducing wastes and producing useful energy storage materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • 3D graphene scaffolded FeP anode is designed for advanced Li-ion batteries. • Excellent rate performance and stable long cycling performance are achieved. • The full cell with LiFePO 4 cathode and FeP-rGO anode shows excellent performance. Abstract Iron monophosphide (FeP) anode, with high theoretical capacity and available resources applied in advanced lithium ion batteries, is faced with the challenge of dramatic volume expansion during cycling. Here, a novel 3D graphene framework scaffolded FeP nanoparticles composite was designed and fabricated via a facial three-step method. 3D FeP-rGO anode delivers an unprecedented rate performance (458 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1) and excellent long cycling performance (448 mA h g−1 at the high current density of 3 A g−1 over 500 cycles). More impressively, the full cell consisting of 3D FeP-rGO anode and LiFePO 4 cathode shows a stable Li+ storage performance with a high capacity retention of 97% (373 mA h g−1) at 0.5 A g−1 after 120 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the special hierarchical 3D graphene framework of composite that can provide abundant channels to facilitate the rapid Li+ diffusion and accommodate the volume change during cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a high-performance electrode material has been fabricated by the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polyaniline (PANI) on a carbon foams (CF) to improve its electrochemical performance. The microstructure and performance of as-prepared material was characterized in detail. Results showed that the resultant material exhibited a high gravimetric capacitance up to 467.1 F g−1, higher energy density of 104. 2 Wh kg−1 and power density of 3000 W kg−1 at a current density 3 A g−1 when the electrochemical doping time of PANI equals to 20 min. Furthermore, it appeared a good cycling stability with capacitance retention of 94.5% after 10000 cycles. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the unique carbon nanostructure and synergistic effects of active materials CNTs and PANI. It indicates that this novel CF/CNTs/PANI-20 composite is a promising candidate for electrochemical capacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Hollow carbon nanospheres were prepared by thermal oxidation etching strategy. • Hollow carbon spheres were obtained by controlling thermal oxidation times. • Hollow carbon nanospheres showed high specific surface and total pore volume. • MHCN-sulfur cathodes achieved high initial discharge capacity. • MHCN-sulfur cathodes achieved excellent discharge capacity and rate performance. Abstract The mesoporous hollow carbon spheres have been prepared by thermal oxidation etching strategy, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. The mesoporous hollow carbon spheres can be obtained by means of controlling the thermal oxidation times of solid carbon spheres in air. The mesoporous hollow carbon spheres at the optimum thermal oxidation time of 1.5 h in air showed the highest specific surface and the highest total pore volume. Furthermore, the hollow carbon sphere-sulfur composite cathodes achieved high initial discharge capacity of 1423.9 mAh g−1, excellent discharge capacity and excellent rate performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Carbon nanofibers with hierarchical pore structure (HPCNFs) were applied as conductive matrices to hybridize with red P. • Red P were embedded in HPCHFs with a homogeneous and sufficient distribution. • P-HPCNFs anodes exhibited promising electrochemical performance. Abstract Red phosphorus (P) with high theoretical capacity and cost-efficiency shows tremendous potential as high-performance anode material. Here, we designed hierarchical porous carbon nanofibers (HPCNFs) by electro-blown spinning of polyvinyl alcohol/polytetrafluoroethylene (PVA/PTFE) with following carbonization and then encapsulated P into this HPCNFs via vaporization-condensation. The P-HPCNFs anodes presented a promising cyclability with reversible capacity of 883 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles and rate performance of 606 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1. The improvement of electrochemical performance for P-HPCNFs could result from unique nanostructure, in which HPCNFs ensured not only the high conductivity of electrons but also the stable structural integrity. Additionally, the designed hierarchical pore structure with sufficient surface area well accommodated the volume change and highly facilitated the access of electrolyte to active P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]