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The carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of acrolein was examined by whole body inhalation to groups of 50 F344/DuCrlCrlj rats and 50 B6D2F1/Crlj mice of both sexes for two years. The concentration of acrolein was 0, 0.1, 0.5 or 2 ppm (v/v) for male and female rats; and 0, 0.1, 0.4 or 1.6 ppm for male and female mice. Two-year administration of acrolein induced the squamous cell carcinomas in nasal cavity which is rare tumor in one male and two female rats. In females, rhabdomyoma in nasal cavity was observed in four rats exposed to 2 ppm. In mice, since the survival rate of male and female of mice control group were lowered than 25% in late of the administration periods due to renal lesion and/or amyloid deposition, the mice study was terminated at 93rd week in males, and was terminated at 99th week in females. The incidences of adenomas in nasal cavity were observed in 16 females and significantly increased only in female mice. Thus, acrolein is carcinogenic in two species, i.e. rats and mice. Additionally, non-neoplastic nasal cavity lesions in rats and mice were observed., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Butyl 2,3-epoxypropyl ether (CAS No. 2426-08-6, synonym: n-butylglycidyl ether, BGE) was exposed by whole body inhalation to F344 rats and BDF1 mice of both sexes (50 animals per group) 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 104 weeks at targeted concentrations of 0, 10, 30 or 90 ppm (v/v) for rats and 0, 5, 15 or 45 ppm for mice. In rats, 90 ppm of BGE increased the incidences of nasal squamous cell carcinomas in both sexes. Nasal adenomas and splenic mononuclear cell leukemia were increased in male rats exposed to 30 ppm. Splenic mononuclear cell leukemia was increased in female rats by trend test. Non-neoplastic nasal lesions, such as squamous cell hyperplasia with atypia, squamous cell metaplasia and the inflammation of the respiratory region and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium were increased in both sexes in a dose-dependent manner. In mice, the incidences of histiocytic sarcomas of the uterus in female mice were increased in a dose-dependent manner and the incidences of nasal hemangiomas in both sexes were increased in a dose-dependent manner. Nasal squamous cell carcinoma, a rare tumor, was observed, although not statistically significant, in both sexes. Non-neoplastic lesions such as nodular hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium and cuboidal changes of the respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavity, were increased both in males and females in a dose-dependent manner. The present study demonstrated clear evidence of carcinogenicity of BGE in both rats and mice by the 2-year whole body inhalation exposure.

The carcinogenicity of inhaled dichloromethane (DCM) was examined by exposing groups of 50 F344/DuCrj rats and 50 Crj: BDF1 mice of both sexes to 0, 1000, 2000, or 4000 ppm (w/w) DCM-containing aerosol for 2 years. Inhalation of DCM resulted in increased incidences of subcutis fibromas, mammary gland fibroadenoma, and peritoneum mesotheliomas in male rats; mammary gland fibroadenomas in female rats; and bronchiolar-alveolar adenomas and carcinomas in the lung and hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in male and female mice. These results clearly indicate that inhaled DCM is carcinogenic in F344/DuCrj (SPF) rats and Crj: BDF1 (SPF) mice.

Carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of 2,4-dichloro-1-nitrobenzene (2,4-DCNB) were examined by dietary administration to F344/DuCrj rats and Crj:BDF(1) mice of both sexes for 2 years. Dietary administration commenced when the animals were 6 weeks old. The dietary concentration of 2,4-DCNB was 0 (control), 750, 1,500 and 3,000 ppm (w/w) for male and female rats; 0, 750, 1,500 and 3,000 ppm for male mice; and 0, 1,500, 3,000 and 6,000 ppm for female mice. In rats, there was a dose-dependent and significant induction of renal cell adenomas and carcinomas in both sexes and of preputial glands adenomas in males. In all the 2,4-DCNB-fed groups of both sexes, the incidence of atypical tubular hyperplasia, a pre-neoplastic lesion in the kidney, in the proximal tubule was significantly increased. In mice, there was a dose-dependent and significant induction of hepatocellular adenomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, hepatoblastomas and peritoneal hemangiosarcomas in both sexes. The incidence of acidophilic hepatocellular foci was also significantly increased in female mice. Thus, clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 2,4-DCNB by 2-year feeding was demonstrated in both rats and mice.

N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), a ubiquitous contaminant in living and working environments, enters the human body by inhalation, as well as by oral and dermal routes of exposure. In order to provide bioassay data for carcinogenic risk assessment of humans exposed to DMF by multiple routes of exposure, hepatocarcinogenic effect of combined inhalation and oral exposures of rats to DMF was examined. A group of 50 male F344 rats, 6-week-old, was exposed by inhalation to 0 (clean air), 200, or 400 ppm (v/v) of DMF vapor-containing air for 6 hr/day and 5 days/week during a 104-week period, and each inhalation group was given ad libitum DMF-formulated drinking water at 0, 800 or 1,600 ppm (w/w) for 104 weeks. Incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas and their combined incidences were significantly increased in the combined-exposure groups compared with the untreated control group or each of the inhalation-alone and oral-alone groups with matching concentrations. Incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas induced by the combined exposures were greater than the sum of the two incidences of the hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas induced by the single-route exposures through inhalation and ingestion. The combined exposures enhanced tumor malignancy. It was concluded that the combined inhalation and oral exposures markedly enhance the incidences and malignancy of hepatocellular tumors, suggesting that the hepatocarcinogenic effect of the combined exposures is greater than the effect that would be expected under the assumption that the two effects of single-route exposures through inhalation and drinking are additive.

Carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) were examined by inhalation exposure of groups of 50 F344 rats and 50 BDF1 mice of both sexes to DCE vapor or clean air as control for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk and 104 wk. The rats were exposed to 10, 40 or 160 ppm (v/v) DCE, while the mice were exposed to 10, 30 or 90 ppm. The 2-yr exposure to DCE produced a dose-dependent increase in incidences of benign and malignant tumors, including subcutaneous fibroma, mammary gland fibroadenoma and peritoneal mesothelioma in male rats; subcutaneous fibroma and mammary gland adenoma, fibroadenoma and adenocarcinoma in female rats; and bronchiolo-alveolar adenoma and carcinoma, endometrial stromal polyp, mammary gland adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular adenoma in female mice. No exposure-related change in the incidence of non-neoplastic lesions or in any hematological, blood biochemical or urinary parameter occurred in any DCE-exposed rat or mouse group. The types of tumors and their target organs found in this study were consistent with those observed in rats and mice administered DCE by gavage in a NCI study. Selection of the exposure concentrations was considered appropriate with reference to the maximum tolerated dose for the highest doses and an occupational exposure limit of DCE for the lowest dose. The present findings suggest that those carcinogenic responses be primarily considered for standard setting of occupational and environmental exposure to DCE.

Carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of para-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) were examined by feeding diets containing p-CNB to rats and mice of both sexes for two years. The dietary concentration of p-CNB was 0 (control), 40, 200, or 1000 ppm (w/w) for rats and 0, 125, 500, or 2000 ppm for mice. Survival rates of the high-dosed male rats and male mice were significantly decreased compared with those of the respective controls, and this was attributed to the increased number of cancer deaths. Therefore, the high-dose levels were considered not to exceed the maximum tolerated dose. Significant decreases in red blood cell counts and hematocrit value and an increase in mean corpuscular volume were noted in the p-CNB-fed rats and mice. Nonneoplastic splenic lesions were characterized by capsule hyperplasia, fibrosis, fatty metamorphosis, and increased extramedullary hematopoiesis in rats, and congestion, increased extramedullary hematopoiesis, hemosiderin deposition, and ossification in mice. Incidences of fibromas, fibrosarcomas, osteosarcomas, sarcomas (NOS), and hemangiosarcomas in males and fibrosarcomas in females were significantly increased in the spleen of high-dosed rats. The most frequently observed splenic tumor was fibrosarcomas, followed by fibromas. The tumor incidences were increased in a dose-related manner and were more prevalent in males than in females. The malignant tumors metastasized mainly to the liver, peritoneum, and pancreas. Adrena/medullary hyperplasia and pheochromocytomas were significantly increased in the p-CNB-fed females. No tumor was induced in any of the p-CNB-fed mice of either sex except hepatic hemangiosarcomas in the 2000 ppm-fed females. Causative factors of p-CNB-induced carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity are discussed in light of the subchronic and chronic hematotoxicity reported in our present and previous studies and in the literature.