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1. Global position paper on cardiovascular regenerative medicine

Author

Fernández-Avilés, Francisco, Sanz-Ruiz, Ricardo, Climent, Andreu M, Badimon, Lina, Bolli, Roberto, Charron, Dominique, Fuster, Valentin, Janssens, Stefan, Kastrup, Jens, Kim, Hyo-Soo, Lüscher, Thomas F, Martin, John F, Menasché, Philippe, Simari, Robert D, Stone, Gregg W, Terzic, Andre, Willerson, James T, Wu, Joseph C, TACTICS (Transnational Alliance for Regenerative Therapies in Cardiovascular Syndromes) Writing Group, Authors/Task Force Members. Chairpersons, Basic Research Subcommittee, Translational Research Subcommittee, Challenges of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine Subcommittee, Tissue Engineering Subcommittee, Delivery, Navigation, Tracking and Assessment Subcommittee, Clinical Trials Subcommittee, and Regulatory and funding strategies subcommittee

Subjects
Consensus, Clinical Trials Subcommittee, Clinical Sciences, Authors/Task Force Members. Chairpersons, Tracking and Assessment Subcommittee, Basic Research Subcommittee, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, TACTICS (Transnational Alliance for Regenerative Therapies in Cardiovascular Syndromes) Writing Group, Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering Subcommittee, Navigation, Translational Research Subcommittee, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, Regulatory and funding strategies subcommittee, Cardiovascular Diseases, Challenges of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine Subcommittee, Humans, Precision Medicine, Delivery
Published
2017

2. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD

Author

Rydén, L, Grant, Pj, Anker, Sd, Berne, C, Cosentino, F, Danchin, N, Deaton, C, Escaned, J, Hammes, Hp, Huikuri, H, Marre, M, Marx, N, Mellbin, L, Ostergren, J, Patrono, C, Seferovic, P, Uva, Ms, Taskinen, Mr, Tendera, M, Tuomilehto, J, Valensi, P, Zamorano, Jl, Achenbach, S, Baumgartner, H, Bax, Jj, Bueno, H, Dean, V, Erol, C, Fagard, R, Ferrari, R, Hasdai, D, Hoes, Aw, Kirchhof, P, Knuuti, J, Kolh, P, Lancellotti, P, Linhart, A, Nihoyannopoulos, P, Piepoli, Mf, Ponikowski, P, Sirnes, Pa, Tamargo, Jl, Torbicki, A, Wijns, W, Windecker, S, De Backer, G, Ezquerra, Ea, Avogaro, Angelo, Badimon, L, Baranova, E, Betteridge, J, Ceriello, A, Funck Brentano, C, Gulba, Dc, Kjekshus, Jk, Lev, E, Mueller, C, Neyses, L, Nilsson, Pm, Perk, J, Reiner, Z, Sattar, N, Schächinger, V, Scheen, A, Schirmer, H, Strömberg, A, Sudzhaeva, S, Viigimaa, M, Vlachopoulos, C, Xuereb, Rg, Authors/Task Force Members, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines, and Document, Reviewers

Subjects
Male, Epidemiology, Smoking Prevention, Impaired glucose tolerance, Diabetes mellitus, Patient-Centered Care, Medicine, Child, Diagnostics, Smoking, Middle Aged, Cardiovascular disease, Prognosis, Patient management, Coronary Interventions, Cardiovascular Diseases, Pre diabetes, Child, Preschool, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Pharmacological treatment, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, 610 Medicine & health, Guidelines, Prediabetic State, Young Adult, Internal medicine, Humans, Exercise, Aged, Glycated Hemoglobin, business.industry, Task force, Prevention, Settore MED/09 - MEDICINA INTERNA, Infant, medicine.disease, Diet, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Risk factors, business, Diabetic Angiopathies
Published
2013

3. 2016 ESC Position Paper on cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity developed under the auspices of the ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines: The Task Force for cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

Author

Zamorano, JL, Lancellotti, P, Rodriguez Muñoz, D, Aboyans, V, Asteggiano, R, Galderisi, M, Habib, G, Lenihan, DJ, Lip, GY, Lyon, AR, Lopez Fernandez, T, Mohty, D, Piepoli, MF, Tamargo, J, Torbicki, A, Suter, TM, Achenbach, S, Agewall, S, Badimon, L, Barón-Esquivias, G, Baumgartner, H, Bax, JJ, Bueno, H, Carerj, S, Dean, V, Erol, Ç, Fitzsimons, D, Gaemperli, O, Kirchhof, P, Kolh, P, Nihoyannopoulos, P, Ponikowski, P, Roffi, M, Vaz Carneiro, A, Windecker, S, Authors/Task Force Members, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG), University of Zurich, Zamorano, Jose Luis, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège (CHU-Liège), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), British Heart Foundation, Action Against Cancer, Zamorano, Jose Lui, Lancellotti, Patrizio, Rodriguez Muñoz, Daniel, Aboyans, Victor, Asteggiano, Riccardo, Galderisi, Maurizio, Habib, Gilbert, Lenihan, Daniel J., Lip, Gregory Y. H., Lyon, Alexander R., Lopez Fernandez, Teresa, Mohty, Dania, Piepoli, Massimo F., Tamargo, Juan, Torbicki, Adam, Suter, Thomas M., Achenbach, Stephan, Agewall, Stefan, Badimon, Lina, Barón Esquivias, Gonzalo, Baumgartner, Helmut, Bax, Jeroen J., Bueno, Héctor, Carerj, Scipione, Dean, Veronica, Erol, Çetin, Fitzsimons, Donna, Gaemperli, Oliver, Kirchhof, Paulu, Kolh, Philippe, Nihoyannopoulos, Petro, Ponikowski, Piotr, Roffi, Marco, Vaz Carneiro, António, Windecker, Stephan, Lenihan, Daniel J, Lip, Gregory Y. H, Lyon, Alexander R, Piepoli, Massimo F, University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, and Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Angiotensin receptor, Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems, cardio-oncology, medicine.medical_treatment, myocardial dysfunction, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, ANTHRACYCLINE-INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY, chemotherapy, Coronary artery disease, 0302 clinical medicine, RENAL-CELL CARCINOMA, Authors/Task Force Members, Cancer Survivors, Neoplasms, Natriuretic peptide, 610 Medicine & health, early detection, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Societies, Medical, HER2-POSITIVE BREAST-CANCER, TRASTUZUMAB-INDUCED CARDIOTOXICITY, Chemotherapy regimen, 3. Good health, Europe, medicine.anatomical_structure, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED CARDIOTOXICITY, Practice Guidelines as Topic, cardiovascular system, Cardiology, surveillance, 10209 Clinic for Cardiology, cancer therapy, CORONARY-ARTERY-DISEASE, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG), ischaemia, Immunotherapy, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, arrhythmias, Arrhythmia, Artery, Cardiovascular toxicity, medicine.medical_specialty, Heart Diseases, medicine.drug_class, Advisory Committees, Cancer therapy, Early detection, Antineoplastic Agents, [SDV.MHEP.CHI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Surgery, 1102 Cardiovascular Medicine And Haematology, 2705 Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, European Society of Cardiology, 03 medical and health sciences, LEFT-VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, [SDV.MHEP.CSC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, Internal medicine, medicine, TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, Humans, cardiovascular diseases, Intensive care medicine, ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA, Cardiotoxicity, Science & Technology, CONGESTIVE-HEART-FAILURE, Radiotherapy, business.industry, Arrhythmias, Cardio-oncology, Chemotherapy, Ischaemia, Myocardial dysfunction, Surveillance, Cancer, 10181 Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, Congresses as Topic, medicine.disease, Radiation therapy, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, Cardiovascular System & Cardiology, Position paper, business, human activities, Document Reviewers
Abstract

2-D : two-dimensional 3-D : three-dimensional 5-FU : 5-fluorouracil ACE : angiotensin-converting enzyme ARB : angiotensin II receptor blocker ASE : American Society of Echocardiography BNP : B-type natriuretic peptide CABG : coronary artery bypass graft CAD : coronary artery

Published
2016

4. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction

Author

Thygesen, K, Alpert, Js, Jaffe, As, Simoons, Ml, Chaitman, Br, White, Hd, the Writing Group on behalf of the Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction, Authors/Task Force Members Chairpersons, Biomarker, Subcommittee, Katus, Ha, Apple, Fs, Lindahl, B, Morrow, Da, Ecg, Subcommittee, Clemmensen, Pm, Johanson, P, Hod, H, Imaging, Subcommittee, Underwood, R, Bax, Jj, Bonow, Ro, Pinto, F, Gibbons, Rj, Classification, Subcommittee, Fox, Ka, Atar, D, Newby, Lk, Galvani, M, Hamm, Cw, Intervention, Subcommittee, Uretsky, Bf, Gabriel Steg, P, Wijns, W, Bassand, Jp, Menasché, P, Ravkilde, J, Trials, Registries, Subcommittee, Ohman, Em, Antman, Em, Wallentin, Lc, Armstrong, Pw, Heart Failure Subcommittee, Januzzi, Jl, Nieminen, Ms, Gheorghiade, M, Filippatos, G, Epidemiology, Subcommittee, Luepker, Rv, Fortmann, Sp, Rosamond, Wd, Levy, D, Wood, D, Global Perspective Subcommittee, Smith, Sc, Hu, D, Lopez Sendon JL, Robertson, Rm, Weaver, D, Tendera, M, Bove, Aa, Parkhomenko, An, Vasilieva, Ej, Mendis, S, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines, Baumgartner, H, Ceconi, Claudio, Dean, V, Deaton, C, Fagard, R, Funck Brentano, C, Hasdai, D, Hoes, A, Kirchhof, P, Knuuti, J, Kolh, P, Mcdonagh, T, Moulin, C, Popescu, Ba, Reiner, Z, Sechtem, U, Sirnes, Pa, Torbicki, A, Vahanian, A, Windecker, S, Document, Reviewers, Morais, J, Aguiar, C, Almahmeed, W, Arnar, Do, Barili, F, Bloch, Kd, Bolger, Af, Bøtker, He, Bozkurt, B, Bugiardini, R, Cannon, C, de Lemos, J, Eberli, Fr, Escobar, E, Hlatky, M, James, S, Kern, Kb, Moliterno, Dj, Mueller, C, Neskovic, An, Pieske, Bm, Schulman, Sp, Storey, Rf, Taubert, Ka, Vranckx, P, Wagner, D. R., Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, Lindahl B, Morrow DA, Clemmensen PM, Johanson P, Hod H, Underwood R, Bax JJ, Bonow JJ, Pinto F, Gibbons RJ, Fox KA, Atar D, Newby LK, Galvani M, Hamm CW, Uretsky BF, Steg PG, Wijns W, Bassand JP, Menasche P, Ravkilde J, Ohman EM, Antman EM, Wallentin LC, Armstrong PW, Januzzi JL, Nieminen MS, Gheorghiade M, Filippatos G, Luepker RV, Fortmann SP, Rosamond WD, Levy D, Wood D, Smith SC, Hu D, Lopez-Sendon JL, Robertson RM, Weaver D, Tendera M, Bove AA, Parkhomenko AN, Vasilieva EJ, Mendis S, Baumgartner H, Ceconi C, Dean V, Deaton C, Fagard R, Funck-Brentano C, Hasdai D, Hoes A, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, McDonagh T, Moulin C, Popescu BA, Reiner Z, Sechtem U, Sirnes PA, Torbicki A, Vahanian A, Windecker S, Morais J, Aguiar C, Almahmeed W, Arnar DO, Barili F, Bloch KD, Bolger AF, Botker HE, Bozkurt B, Bugiardini R, Cannon C, de Lemos J, Eberli FR, Escobar E, Hlatky M, James S, Kern KB, Moliterno DJ, Mueller C, Neskovic AN, Pieske BM, Schulman SP, Storey RF, Taubert KA, Vranckx P, Wagner DR., Cardiology, lLindahl B, K. Thygesen, J. S. Alpert, A. S. Jaffe, M. L. Simoon, B. R. Chaitman, H. D. White, H. A. Katu, F. S. Apple, B. Lindahl, D. A. Morrow, P. M. Clemmensen, P. Johanson, H. Hod, R. Underwood, J. J. Bax, R. O. Bonow, F. Pinto, R. J. Gibbon, K. A. Fox, D. Atar, L. K. Newby, M. Galvani, C. W. Hamm, B. F. Uretsky, P. Gabriel Steg, W. Wijn, J.-P. Bassand, P. Menasche, J. Ravkilde, E. M. Ohman, E. M. Antman, L. C. Wallentin, P. W. Armstrong, J. L. Januzzi, M. S. Nieminen, M. Gheorghiade, G. Filippato, R. V. Luepker, S. P. Fortmann, W. D. Rosamond, D. Levy, D. Wood, S. C. Smith, D. Hu, J.-L. Lopez-Sendon, R. M. Robertson, D. Weaver, M. Tendera, A. A. Bove, A. N. Parkhomenko, E. J. Vasilieva, S. Mendi, H. Baumgartner, C. Ceconi, V. Dean, C. Deaton, R. Fagard, C. Funck-Brentano, D. Hasdai, A. Hoe, P. Kirchhof, J. Knuuti, P. Kolh, T. McDonagh, C. Moulin, B. A. Popescu, Z. Reiner, U. Sechtem, P. A. Sirne, A. Torbicki, A. Vahanian, S. Windecker, J. Morai, C. Aguiar, W. Almahmeed, D. O. Arnar, F. Barili, K. D. Bloch, A. F. Bolger, H. E. Botker, B. Bozkurt, R. Bugiardini, C. Cannon, J. de Lemo, F. R. Eberli, E. Escobar, M. Hlatky, S. Jame, K. B. Kern, D. J. Moliterno, C. Mueller, A. N. Neskovic, B. M. Pieske, S. P. Schulman, R. F. Storey, K. A. Taubert, P. Vranckx, D. R. Wagner, Thygesen, K, Alpert, J, Jaffe, A, Simoons, Ml, Chaitman, Br, White, Hd, Katus, Ha, Apple, F, Lindahl, B, Morrow, Da, Clemmensen, Pm, Johanson, P, Hod, H, Underwood, R, Bax, Jj, Bonow, Jj, Pinto, F, Gibbons, Rj, Fox, Ka, Atar, D, Newby, Lk, Galvani, M, Hamm, Cw, Uretsky, Bf, Steg, Pg, Wijns, W, Bassand, Jp, Menasche, P, Ravkilde, J, Ohman, Em, Antman, Em, Wallentin, Lc, Armstrong, Pw, Januzzi, Jl, Nieminen, M, Gheorghiade, M, Filippatos, G, Luepker, Rv, Fortmann, Sp, Rosamond, Wd, Levy, D, Wood, D, Smith, Sc, Hu, D, Lopez-Sendon, Jl, Robertson, Rm, Weaver, D, Tendera, M, Bove, Aa, Parkhomenko, An, Vasilieva, Ej, Mendis, S, Baumgartner, H, Ceconi, C, Dean, V, Deaton, C, Fagard, R, Funck-Brentano, C, Hasdai, D, Hoes, A, Kirchhof, P, Knuuti, J, Kolh, P, Mcdonagh, T, Moulin, C, Popescu, Ba, Reiner, Z, Sechtem, U, Sirnes, Pa, Torbicki, A, Vahanian, A, Windecker, S, Morais, J, Aguiar, C, Almahmeed, W, Arnar, Do, Barili, F, Bloch, Kd, Bolger, Af, Botker, He, Bozkurt, B, Bugiardini, R, Cannon, C, de Lemos, J, Eberli, Fr, Escobar, E, Hlatky, M, James, S, Kern, Kb, Moliterno, Dj, Mueller, C, Neskovic, An, Pieske, Bm, Schulman, Sp, Storey, Rf, Taubert, Ka, Vranckx, P, and Wagner, Dr

Subjects
High-sensitivity troponin, Ticagrelor, Chest pain unit, Quality Assurance, Health Care, Epidemiology, medicine.medical_treatment, Myocardial Infarction, Myocardial ischaemia, Global Health, Early invasive strategy, Electrocardiography, Stent, Myocardial Revascularization, Myocardial infarction, Coronary Artery Bypass, Intraoperative Complications, Left bundle branch block, Health Policy, Electrocardiography in myocardial infarction, Cangrelor, Stents, Acute coronary syndrome, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Prasugrel, Diagnostic Imaging, medicine.medical_specialty, Public Policy, Risk Assessment, Vorapaxar, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Physiology (medical), Terminology as Topic, Humans, Enoxaparin, Bypass surgery, Community and Home Care, Heart Failure, Rhythm monitoring, Aspirin, Unstable angina, Angioplasty, Recommendation, ta3121, medicine.disease, Myocardial infarction diagnosis, Bivalirudin, Biomarkers, Time Factors, Platelet inhibition, Consensus Development Conferences as Topic, Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular, Myocardial Ischemia, Guideline, Diabete, Nitrate, Left ventricular hypertrophy, Coronary artery disease, Rivaroxaban, Recurrence, Apixaban, Clinical Trials as Topic, Graft Occlusion, Vascular, Atherothrombosi, Acute cardiac care, Right bundle branch block, Clopidogrel, Dabigatran, Prosthesis Failure, AHA Scientific Statements, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Cardiology, Biological Markers, Radiology, Critical Care, Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, European Society of Cardiology, Diagnosis, Differential, Anticoagulation, Internal medicine, medicine, Beta-blocker, cardiovascular diseases, Heparin, business.industry, Revascularization, Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, Statin, Percutaneous coronary intervention, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Cardiac Imaging Techniques, Fondaparinux, Heart failure, Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, business
Abstract

ACCF : American College of Cardiology Foundation ACS : acute coronary syndrome AHA : American Heart Association CAD : coronary artery disease CABG : coronary artery bypass grafting CKMB : creatine kinase MB isoform cTn : cardiac troponin CT : computed tomography CV : coefficient of variation ECG : electrocardiogram ESC : European Society of Cardiology FDG : fluorodeoxyglucose h : hour(s) HF : heart failure LBBB : left bundle branch block LV : left ventricle LVH : left ventricular hypertrophy MI : myocardial infarction mIBG : meta-iodo-benzylguanidine min : minute(s) MONICA : Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease) MPS : myocardial perfusion scintigraphy MRI : magnetic resonance imaging mV : millivolt(s) ng/L : nanogram(s) per litre Non-Q MI : non-Q wave myocardial infarction NSTEMI : non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction PCI : percutaneous coronary intervention PET : positron emission tomography pg/mL : pictogram(s) per millilitre Q wave MI : Q wave myocardial infarction RBBB : right bundle branch block sec : second(s) SPECT : single photon emission computed tomography STEMI : ST elevation myocardial infarction ST–T : ST-segment –T wave URL : upper reference limit WHF : World Heart Federation WHO : World Health Organization Myocardial infarction (MI) can be recognised by clinical features, including electrocardiographic (ECG) findings, elevated values of biochemical markers (biomarkers) of myocardial necrosis, and by imaging, or may be defined by pathology. It is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. MI may be the first manifestation of coronary artery disease (CAD) or it may occur, repeatedly, in patients with established disease. Information on MI rates can provide useful information regarding the burden of CAD within and across populations, especially if standardized data are collected in a manner that …

Published
2012

5. ESC core curriculum for the general cardiologist (2013)

Author

European Society of Cardiology, Committee for Education, Authors/Task Force Members, Gillebert, Tc, Brooks, N, Fontes-Carvalho, R, Fras, Z, Gueret, P, Lopez-Sendon, J, Salvador, Mj, van den Brink RB, Smiseth, Oa, Observer on behalf of the UEMS (Cardiology Section), Griebenow, R, Review, Coordinators, Kearney, P, Vahanian, A, Contributors and reviewers, Bauersachs, J, Bax, J, Burri, H, Caforio, A, Calvo, F, Charron, P, Ertl, G, Flachskampf, F, Giannuzzi, P, Gibbs, S, Gonçalves, L, González-Juanatey, Jr, Hall, J, Herpin, D, Iaccarino, G, Iung, B, Kitsiou, A, Lancellotti, P, Mcdonough, T, Monsuez, Jj, Nuñez, Ij, Plein, S, Porta-Sánchez, A, Priori, S, Price, S, Regitz-Zagrosek, V, Reiner, Z, Ruilope, Lm, Schmid, Jp, Sirnes, Pa, Sousa-Ouva, M, Stepinska, J, Szymanski, C, Taggart, D, Tendera, M, Tokgözoglu, L, Trindade, P, Zeppenfeld, K, Esc, Staff, Joubert, L, Carrera, C., Gillebert, T. C., Brooks, N., Fontes-Carvalho, R., Fras, Z., Gueret, P., Lopez-Sendon, J., Salvador, M. J., Van Den Brink, R. B. A., Smiseth, O. A., Griebenow, R., Kearney, P., Vahanian, A., Bauersachs, J., Bax, J., Burri, H., Caforio, A. L. P., Calvo, F., Charron, P., Ertl, G., Flachskampf, F., Giannuzzi, P., Gibbs, S., Goncalves, L., Gonzalez-Juanatey, J. R., Hall, J., Herpin, D., Iaccarino, G., Iung, B., Kitsiou, A., Lancellotti, P., Mcdonough, T., Monsuez, J. J., Nunez, I. J., Plein, S., Porta-Sanchez, A., Priori, S., Price, S., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Reiner, Z., Ruilope, L. M., Schmid, J. P., Sirnes, P. A., Sousa-Ouva, M., Stepinska, J., Szymanski, C., Taggart, D., Tendera, M., Tokgozoglu, L., Trindade, P., Zeppenfeld, K., Joubert, L., and Carrera, C.

Subjects
health care facilities, manpower, and services, Teaching method, Behaviours, Certification, Sports Medicine, GUIDELINES, RECOMMENDATIONS, Electrocardiography, Pregnancy, Competence, CME, Medicine and Health Sciences, Heart Team, Medical History Taking, health care economics and organizations, Schools, Medical, Societies, Medical, Skills, Rehabilitation, VERSION 2009, ASSOCIATION, Objectives, EUROPEAN-SOCIETY, Europe, Obstetrics, Knowledge, CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE, Pharmacology, Clinical, Cardiology, HEART-FAILURE, Female, Clinical Competence, Curriculum, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Attitude of Health Personnel, Genetics, Medical, education, Heart Centre, Specialty, MEDLINE, Expertise, DIAGNOSIS, Core curriculum, Education, health services administration, Internal medicine, medicine, Internal Medicine, MANAGEMENT, Humans, Training, cardiovascular diseases, Competence (human resources), Physical Examination, Preventive healthcare, business.industry, Teaching, Subspecialties, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Cardiac Imaging Techniques, Education, Medical, Graduate, Attitudes, Preventive Medicine, business, End-terms, TASK-FORCE
Abstract

The previous Core Curriculum for the General Cardiologist defined a model for cardiology training in Europe and it has been adopted as the standard for regulating training, for access to the specialty (certification), and for revalidation in several countries.1 During the last 5 years we have witnessed profound changes in cardiological practice. The work of both hospital and independent cardiologists has been better integrated with that of general practitioners. It has taken into account the requirements of national authorities, re-imbursement organizations, and hospital administrations. Cardiologists face changing patient expectations. General cardiologists, interventional …

Published
2013

6. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) : the fifth joint task force of the European society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)

Author

Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, Z., Verschuren, M., Albus, C., Benlian, P., Boysen, G., Cifkova, R., Deaton, C., Ebrahim, S., Fisher, M., Germano, G., Hobbs, R., Hoes, A., Karadeniz, S., Mezzani, A., Prescott, E., Ryden, L., Scherer, M., Syvanne, M., Scholte Op Reimer, W. J. M., Vrints, C., Wood, D., Zamorano, J. L., Zannad, F., Cooney, M. T., Bax, J., Baumgartner, H., Ceconi, C., Dean, V., Fagard, R., Funck Brentano, C., Hasdai, D., Kirchhof, P., Knuuti, J., Kolh, P., Mcdonagh, T., Moulin, C., Popescu, B. A., Sechtem, U., Sirnes, P. A., Tendera, M., Torbicki, A., Vahanian, A., Windecker, S., Aboyans, V., Ezquerra, E. A., Baigent, C., Brotons, C., Burell, G., Ceriello, A., De Sutter, J., Deckers, J., Del Prato, S., Diener, H. C., Fitzsimons, D., Fras, Z., Hambrecht, R., Jankowski, P., Keil, U., Kirby, M., Larsen, M. L., Mancia, G., Manolis, A. J., Mcmurray, J., Pajak, A., Parkhomenko, A., Rallidis, L., Rigo, F., Rocha, E., Ruilope, L. M., Van Der Velde, E., Vanuzzo, D., Viigimaa, M., Volpe, Massimo, Wiklund, O., Wolpert, C., Authors/task Force Members, Parts Of The Guidelines:, Other Experts Who Contributed T. O., Esc, Committee For Practice Guidelines :., Document, Reviewers, School of Health and Caring Sciences, Linnaeus University, Department of Public Health, University of Gent, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health [London], London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Service de Cardiologie [CHRU Nancy], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), and Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)

Subjects
Male, Epidemiology, medicine.medical_treatment, General Practice, physical activity, Blood Pressure, Smoking Prevention, Comorbidity, prevention, Electronic Health Records, Myocardial infarction, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, education.field_of_study, Rehabilitation, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Evidence-Based Medicine, Prognosis, Cardiovascular disease, Lipids, Drug Combinations, nutrition, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Diagnostic Imaging, medicine.medical_specialty, Hypercholesterolemia, Advisory Committees, Health Promotion, Risk Assessment, Medication Adherence, European guidelines, cardiovascular disease prevention, Humans, education, Physician's Role, Exercise, Life Style, Aged, Primary Health Care, Patient Selection, Cardiovascular Agents, medicine.disease, Self Care, Health promotion, Early Diagnosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Cardiology, Disease prevention, Risk Reduction Behavior, Biomarkers, Diabetic Angiopathies, Systolic hypertension, Risk Factors, Preventive Health Services, Applied Psychology, Middle Aged, Clopidogrel, Clinical Practice, Hospitalization, Europe, Treatment Outcome, Heart Function Tests, Hypertension, Female, Heart Protection Study, medicine.drug, Adult, Consensus, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, Population, MEDLINE, psychosocial factors, risk assessment, risk management, smoking, Nurse's Role, Predictive Value of Tests, Internal medicine, medicine, Obesity, cardiovascular diseases, Antihypertensive Agents, Task force, business.industry, Percutaneous coronary intervention, Diet, Socioeconomic Factors, Family medicine, Heart failure, Chronic Disease, Smoking Cessation, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Delivery of Health Care, Stress, Psychological, Kidney disease
Abstract

ABI : ankle–brachial index ACCORD : Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ADVANCE : Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation AGREE : Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation AHA : American Heart Association apoA1 : apolipoprotein A1 apoB : apolipoprotein B CABG : coronary artery bypass graft surgery CARDS : Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study CCNAP : Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions CHARISMA : Clopidogrel for High Athero-thrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilisation, Management, and Avoidance CHD : coronary heart disease CKD : chronic kidney disease COMMIT : Clopidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial CRP : C-reactive protein CURE : Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events CVD : cardiovascular disease DALYs : disability-adjusted life years DBP : diastolic blood pressure DCCT : Diabetes Control and Complications Trial ED : erectile dysfunction eGFR : estimated glomerular filtration rate EHN : European Heart Network EPIC : European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition EUROASPIRE : European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events GFR : glomerular filtration rate GOSPEL : Global Secondary Prevention Strategies to Limit Event Recurrence After MI GRADE : Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation HbA1c : glycated haemoglobin HDL : high-density lipoprotein HF-ACTION : Heart Failure and A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise TraiNing HOT : Hypertension Optimal Treatment Study HPS : Heart Protection Study HR : hazard ratio hsCRP : high-sensitivity C-reactive protein HYVET : Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial ICD : International Classification of Diseases IMT : intima-media thickness INVEST : International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril JTF : Joint Task Force LDL : low-density lipoprotein Lp(a) : lipoprotein(a) LpPLA2 : lipoprotein-associated phospholipase 2 LVH : left ventricular hypertrophy MATCH : Management of Atherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients with Recent Transient Ischaemic Attack or Ischaemic Stroke MDRD : Modification of Diet in Renal Disease MET : metabolic equivalent MONICA : Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease NICE : National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence NRT : nicotine replacement therapy NSTEMI : non-ST elevation myocardial infarction ONTARGET : Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial OSA : obstructive sleep apnoea PAD : peripheral artery disease PCI : percutaneous coronary intervention PROactive : Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events PWV : pulse wave velocity QOF : Quality and Outcomes Framework RCT : randomized clinical trial RR : relative risk SBP : systolic blood pressure SCORE : Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation Project SEARCH : Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and SHEP : Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program STEMI : ST-elevation myocardial infarction SU.FOL.OM3 : SUpplementation with FOlate, vitamin B6 and B12 and/or OMega-3 fatty acids Syst-Eur : Systolic Hypertension in Europe TNT : Treating to New Targets UKPDS : United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study VADT : Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial VALUE : Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use VITATOPS : VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke VLDL : very low-density lipoprotein WHO : World Health Organization ### 1.1 Introduction Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a chronic disorder developing insidiously throughout life and usually progressing to an advanced stage by the time symptoms occur. It remains the major cause of premature death in Europe, even though CVD mortality has …

Published
2012

7. ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases: Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries: the Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Artery Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

Author

Tendera, M., Aboyans, V., Bartelink, M. l., Baumgartner, I., Clement, D., Collet, J. p., Cremonesi, A., De Carlo, M., Erbel, R., Fowkes, F. g. r., Heras, M., Kownator, S., Minar, E., Ostergren, J., Poldermans, D., Riambau, V., Roffi, M., Rother, J., Sievert, H., Van Sambeek, M., Zeller, T., Bax, J., Auricchio, A., Baumgartner, H., Ceconi, C., Dean, V., Deaton, C., Fagard, R., Funck Brentano, C., Hasdai, D., Hoes, A., Knuuti, J., Kolh, P., Mcdonagh, T., Moulin, C., Popescu, B., Reiner, Z., Sechtem, U., Sirnes, P. a., Torbicki, A., Vahanian, A., Windecker, S., Agewall, S., Blinc, A., Bulvas, M., Cosentino, Francesco, De Backer, T., Gottsater, A., Gulba, D., Guzik, T. j., Jonsson, B., Késmárky, G., Kitsiou, A., Kuczmik, W., Larsen, M. l., Madaric, J., Mas, J. l., Mcmurray, J. j., Micari, A., Mosseri, M., Muller, C., Naylor, R., Norrving, B., Oto, O., Pasierski, T., Plouin, P. f., Ribichini, F., Ricco, J. b., Ruilope, L., Schmid, J. p., Schwehr, U., Sol, B. g., Sprynger, M., Tiefenbacher, C., Tsioufis, C., Van Damme, H., Endorsed By: The European Stroke Organisation, Authors/task Force Members, Committee For Practice Guidelines, E. s. c., Reviewers, Document, Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire - Médecine vasculaire [CHU Limoges], CHU Limoges, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée (NETEC), Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Health Care, Department of cardiology, Universität Duisburg-Essen [Essen], Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institut Clinic de Tòrax, Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Asklepios Klinik Altona, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Service de pharmacologie - Dosage de médicaments [CHU Saint-Antoine], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Saint-Antoine [APHP], CIC Saint-Antoine, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Saint-Antoine [APHP], Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Hospital Center Zagreb, Service de cardiologie, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris]-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP), Karolinska Institute, karolinska institute, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Cooltech Applications, Cooltech, Department of Neurology Lunds University Hospital Lund, Service de médecine vasculaire et hypertension artérielle [CHU HEGP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Cardiology, Università degli Studi di Verona, Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST FR CNRS 3503), CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), University of Pécs Medical School (UP MS), University of Pecs-University of Pecs, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), and University of Verona (UNIVR)

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_treatment, Carotid endarterectomy, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Renal artery stenosis, MESH: Risk Assessment, Coronary artery disease, Coronary artery bypass surgery, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Risk Factors, Risk Factors, MESH: Peripheral Arterial Disease, 80 and over, 030212 general & internal medicine, Medical History Taking, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Endarterectomy, Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Aged, MESH: Middle Aged, Endovascular Procedures, Middle Aged, Prognosis, 3. Good health, Exercise Therapy, Cardiology, Female, Radiology, medicine.symptom, MESH: Cardiovascular Agents, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Surgical Procedures, Adult, Diagnostic Imaging, medicine.medical_specialty, MESH: Endovascular Procedures, Risk Assessment, MESH: Prognosis, methods, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Physical Examination, Peripheral Arterial Disease, Angioplasty, Internal medicine, medicine, MESH: Exercise Therapy, Humans, cardiovascular diseases, MESH: Vascular Surgical Procedures, Physical Examination, Aged, MESH: Humans, business.industry, MESH: Diagnostic Imaging, MESH: Medical History Taking, MESH: Adult, Cardiovascular Agents, medicine.disease, Intermittent claudication, MESH: Male, MESH: Reperfusion, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiovascular Agents, therapeutic use, Diagnostic Imaging, Endovascular Procedures, methods, Exercise Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Medical History Taking, Middle Aged, Peripheral Arterial Disease, diagnosis/therapy, Physical Examination, Prognosis, Reperfusion, methods, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Vascular Surgical Procedures, diagnosis/therapy, therapeutic use, Reperfusion, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Carotid stenting, business, MESH: Female
Abstract

2D : two-dimensional 3D : three-dimensional ABI : ankle–brachial index ACAS : Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study ACCF : American College of Cardiology Foundation ACE : angiotensin-converting enzyme ACS : acute coronary syndrome ACST : Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial ALI : acute limb ischaemia ASTRAL : Angioplasty and Stenting for Renal Artery Lesions trial BASIL : Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg BOA : Dutch Bypass Oral Anticoagulants or Aspirin CABG : coronary artery bypass grafting CAD : coronary artery disease CAPRIE : Clopidogrel versus Aspirin in Patients at Risk for Ischaemic Events CAPTURE : Carotid ACCULINK/ACCUNET Post Approval Trial to Uncover Rare Events CARP : Coronary Artery Revascularization Prophylaxis CAS : carotid artery stenting CASPAR : Clopidogrel and Acetylsalicylic Acid in Bypass Surgery for Peripheral Arterial Disease CASS : Coronary Artery Surgery Study CAVATAS : CArotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study CEA : carotid endarterectomy CHARISMA : Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischaemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance CI : confidence interval CLEVER : Claudication: Exercise Versus Endoluminal Revascularization CLI : critical limb ischaemia CORAL : Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions COURAGE : Clinical Outcomes Utilization Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation CPG : Committee for Practice Guidelines CREST : Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy vs. Stenting Trial CT : computed tomography CTA : computed tomography angiography CVD : cardiovascular disease DECREASE-V : Dutch Echocardiographic Cardiac Risk Evaluation DRASTIC : Dutch Renal Artery Stenosis Intervention Cooperative Study DSA : digital subtraction angiography DUS : duplex ultrasound/duplex ultrasonography EACTS : European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery EAS : European Atherosclerosis Society ECST : European Carotid Surgery Trial EPD : embolic protection device ESC : European Society of Cardiology ESH : European Society of Hypertension ESRD : end-stage renal disease EUROSCORE : European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation EVA-3S : Endarterectomy Versus Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis EXACT : Emboshield and Xact Post Approval Carotid Stent Trial GALA : General Anaesthesia versus Local Anaesthesia for Carotid Surgery GFR : glomerular filtration rate GRACE : Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events HbA1c : glycated haemoglobin HDL : high-density lipoprotein HOPE : Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation HR : hazard ratio IC : intermittent claudication ICSS : International Carotid Stenting Study IMT : intima–media thickness ITT : intention to treat LDL : low-density lipoprotein LEAD : lower extremity artery disease MACCEs : major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events MDCT : multidetector computed tomography MONICA : Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease MRA : magnetic resonance angiography MRI : magnetic resonance imaging NASCET : North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial ONTARGET : Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial OR : odds ratio PAD : peripheral artery diseases PARTNERS : Peripheral Arterial Disease Awareness, Risk, and Treatment: New Resources for Survival PCI : percutaneous coronary intervention PET : positron emission tomography PRO-CAS : Predictors of Death and Stroke in CAS PTA : percutaneous transluminal angioplasty RAAS : renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system RADAR : Randomized, Multicentre, Prospective Study Comparing Best Medical Treatment Versus Best Medical Treatment Plus Renal Artery Stenting in Patients With Haemodynamically Relevant Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis RAS : renal artery stenosis RCT : randomized controlled trial REACH : Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health RR : risk ratio SAPPHIRE : Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy SCAI : Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions SIR : Society of Interventional Radiology SPACE : Stent-Protected Angioplasty versus Carotid Endarterectomy SPARCL : Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels Study STAR : Stent Placement in Patients With Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis and Impaired Renal Function SSYLVIA : Stenting of Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Vertebral or Intracranial Arteries SVMB : Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology TASC : TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus TIA : transient ischaemic attack UEAD : upper extremity artery disease VA : vertebral artery Guidelines summarize and evaluate all available evidence, at the time of the writing process, on a particular issue with the aim of assisting physicians in selecting the best management strategies for an individual patient, with a given condition, taking into account the impact on outcome, as well as the risk–benefit ratio of particular diagnostic or therapeutic means. Guidelines are no substitutes but are complements for textbooks and cover the ESC Core Curriculum topics. Guidelines and recommendations should help the physicians to make decisions in their daily practice. However, the final decisions concerning an individual patient must be made by the responsible physician(s). A large number of Guidelines have been issued in recent years by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) as well as by other societies and organizations. Because of the impact on clinical practice, quality criteria for the development of guidelines have been established in order to make all decisions transparent to the user. The recommendations for formulating and issuing ESC Guidelines can be found on the ESC website (http://www.escardio.org/guidelines-surveys/esc-guidelines/about/Pages/rules-writing.aspx). ESC Guidelines represent the official position of the ESC on a given topic and are regularly updated. Members of this Task Force were selected by the ESC to represent professionals involved with the medical care of patients with this pathology. Selected experts in the field undertook a comprehensive review of the published evidence for diagnosis, management, and/or prevention of a given condition according to ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG) policy. A critical evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures was performed including assessment of the risk–benefit ratio. Estimates of expected health outcomes for larger populations were included, where data exist. The level of evidence and the strength of recommendation of particular treatment options were weighed and graded according to pre-defined scales, as outlined in Tables 1 and 2 . …

Published
2011

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