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Aims: To perform a systematic review of studies that sought to identify diagnostic biomarkers for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes mellitus (DM), which could be used in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where there is a lack of diagnostic equipment, treatments and training., Materials and Methods: Papers were sourced from six databases: the British Nursing Index, Google Scholar, PubMed, Sage, Science Direct and Scopus. Articles published between January 2002 and January 2023 were systematically reviewed by three reviewers and appropriate search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied., Results: A total of 18 studies were yielded, as well as 234 diagnostic biomarkers (74 for CVD and 160 for DM). Primary biomarkers for the diagnosis of CVDs included growth differentiation factor 15 and neurogenic locus notch homologue protein 1 (Notch1). For the diagnosis of DM, alpha-2-macroglobulin, C-peptides, isoleucine, glucose, tyrosine, linoleic acid and valine were frequently reported across the included studies. Advanced analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and vibrational spectroscopy, were also repeatedly reported in the included studies and were utilized in combination with traditional and alternative matrices such as fingernails, hair and saliva., Conclusions: While advanced analytical techniques are expensive, laboratories in LMICs should carry out a cost-benefit analysis of their use. Alternatively, laboratories may want to explore emerging techniques such as infrared, Fourier transform-infrared and near-infrared spectroscopy, which allow sensitive noninvasive analysis., (© 2024 The Authors. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose of Review: A range of cardiovascular biomarkers have come into the routine clinical use for the diagnosis and assessment of patients with symptomatic coronary disease. The review will consider the current evidence base for the role of measurement of a number of these biomarkers in asymptomatic patients., Recent Findings: Measurement of the cardiac troponins, cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin I, using sensitive methods, defines a true reference population, and has demonstrated risk of cardiovascular events with small elevations above the reference interval and a gradient of risk across the reference range even in normal healthy individuals. Similar results can be seen for the measurement of the ventricular stress marker B-type natriuretic peptide. In an asymptomatic population, there is occult cardiovascular disease which can be detected by cardiovascular biomarker measurement. Novel markers of myocardial inflammation and fibrosis, such as growth differentiation factor 15, are also powerful predictors of mortality. Measurement of these cardiovascular biomarkers provides additional risk prediction when added to risk prediction models based on the conventional risk factors., Summary: The measurement of cardiovascular biomarkers has the potential to provide additional risk stratification beyond conventional risk factors. The challenge is to translate biomarker measurements to treatment strategies which will reduce long-term cardiovascular risk.