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Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally, despite the recent advancements in clinical research. Early diagnosis of CVD and prevention of future complications are important for the management of CVD. In the present study, we determined the genotypic linkage of interleukin-6 (IL-6) promoters with the clinical, biochemical, and inflammatory markers of CVD in the Saudi population., Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 89 patients (male and female) with CVD who were admitted at the King Abdulaziz university hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The biochemical parameters were evaluated using an automated chemistry analyzer, and inflammatory markers were measured using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. For genotypic analysis, Sanger sequencing was performed. We observed a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) between GG (66.29%), GC (30.34%), and CC (3.37%) genotypes at the - 174G/C (rs1800795) hotspot and neopterin levels. However, the genotypes at the - 572G/C (rs1800796) hotspot did not show any association with age, gender, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and coronary artery status. In addition, no significant association was observed with biochemical and inflammatory markers, namely fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin A1c, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, IL-6, and C-reactive protein. The comparison between different possible genotypic groups and CVD risk factors showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) association between the male gender and HDL with GG, rs1800795 group vs. GC, rs1800796 group. Similarly, neopterin level was also found to be significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the genotypes GC, rs1800795, and GG, rs1800796. Additionally, the male gender (p < 0.01), age (p < 0.05), serum creatinine (p < 0.001), and neopterin (p < 0.05) were found to be significantly associated with GG, rs1800795 + GG, rs1800796, GC, rs1800795 + GC, and rs1800796 GC., Conclusion: The direct association of neopterin level with IL-6 promoter polymorphism at - 174G/C (rs1800795) hotspot indicated the role of inflammation in CVD pathogenesis in the Saudi population., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Early diagnosis of CVD could provide the opportunity for sensible management and better clinical outcome along with the prevention of further progression of the disease. In the current study, we used an untargeted metabolomic approach to identify possible metabolite(s) that associate well with the CVD and could serve either as therapeutic target or disease-associated metabolite. We identified 26 rationally adjusted unique metabolites that were differentially present in the serum of CVD patients compared with healthy individuals, among them 15 were found to be statistically significant. Out of these metabolites, we identified some novel metabolites like UDP-l-rhamnose and N 1-acetylspermidine that have not been reported to be linked with CVD directly. Further, we also found that some metabolites like ethanolamide, solanidine, dimethylarginine, N -acetyl-l-tyrosine, can act as a discriminator of CVD. Metabolites integrating pathway enrichment analysis showed enrichment of various important metabolic pathways like histidine metabolism, methyl histidine metabolism, carnitine synthesis, along with arginine and proline metabolism in CVD patients. Our study provides a great opportunity to understand the pathophysiological role and impact of the identified unique metabolites and can be extrapolated as specific CVD specific metabolites., (© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti inflammatory cytokine involved in the ongoing coronary inflammation and related patho-physiological processes. The piece of work presented herein is aimed at investigating possible association of polymorphisms in IL-10 promoter with Saudi cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. The study included 80 confirmed CVD patients with diabetes and 75 healthy control individuals both men and women. Concentration of IL-10 in the serum samples were measured by ELISA method. For single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, Sanger method of DNA sequencing was followed. The IL-10 level was found to be significantly elevated in CVD patients (P < 0.001) and its associated complications viz. ST-elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI] (P <0.01), non ST-elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI] (P < 0.05), and unstable angina [UA] (P < 0.001). We also observed a significant association between polymorphisms in IL-10 promoter at -1082 and -819 locus with Saudi CVD patients. Moreover, at -1082 A/G locus, AA haplotype was found to be less frequent in the CVD patients compared with control individuals. On the other hand, highly significant rise in heterozygous (A/G genotype) condition was observed in patient samples compared with control ones (P < 0.001). Similarly, the genotypic frequencies at -819 C/T locus were also found to be significantly associated (P < 0.001) with CVD patients compared with control individuals. Our study provides the status of polymorphism in IL-10 promoter and its association with CVD risk in Saudi population. As per our information, ours is the first article that shows the genetic diversity in IL-10 promoters and its level in the Saudi CVD patients. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(7):522-527, 2017., (© 2017 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.)

Cells constantly adapt to external humoral cues like cytokines and hormones, but practically most cellular behavior is under locally guided control via cell-cell interactions. Galectins (Gals) are one of the most prominent members of the group of molecules involved in this intercellular signaling. They are the family of β-galactoside specific lectins and consist of 15 different types, each with a specific function. They play crucial role in the immune system, inflammation, wound healing and carcinogenesis. In recent times, the role of Gals in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has gained attention. Gals have been reported to act ambiguously by both relieving ischemia and accelerating atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis can ultimately lead to myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke, which are both associated with Gals. There is also a role for Gals in the development of myocarditis by their influence on inflammatory processes. Moreover, Gal acts as a biomarker for the severity of myocardial ischemia and heart failure (HF). This review summarizes the association between Gals and the development and pathogenesis of CVD like atherosclerosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, and HF. A comprehensive outline of the association between Gals and more general mechanisms such as angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and atherosclerosis has also been provided. Modulation of Gal signaling holds great promise for the treatment of CVD as evident from preclinical studies., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)

Despite the significant advances in the medical research and treatment methods, the rate of mortality associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is continuously rising and it remains the leading cause of death worldwide. There are several treatment methods for CVD and associated complications that have been considered till now. The current treatment methods cannot produce rapid cure, but could prevent or reduce the progression of this devastating disease. In the current article, we have summarized the use of various pharmacological agents viz. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), antihypertensive, thrombolytic and anticoagulation agents that are currently being used for the management of CVD which targets different biochemical or molecular events. Based on our article, more research in this field is advocated which will provide the rapid and effective treatment methods in order to avoid fatal complications associated with CVD.

Cardio vascular disease (CVD) is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries and remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Vascular inflammation and associated ongoing inflammatory responses have been considered as the critical culprits in the pathogenesis of CVD. Moreover, the activation of inflammatory pathways is not confined to coronary lesions only but involves the activation of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes in peripheral blood. In view of high mortality rate associated with this devastated disease, it is essential that CVD and related complications should be taken care off at its earliest. To achieve that goal, some inflammatory mediators could be potentially targeted. In the current article, we will highlight targeting some inflammatory mediators viz. IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α etc for CVD management. As far as our knowledge goes, we are for the first time reporting the targeting inflammatory mediators especially IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α together in a single article. Based on our review, we believe that scientific community will come up with certain anti-inflammatory agents against atherosclerosis in near future and hopefully that will be used for the successful management of CVD patients.