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Abstract In China, cats cause about 5% of human rabies cases. Rabies control in cats plays a role in achieving the ultimate goal of elimination of dog rabies-mediated human deaths. However, there is no cat-specific rabies vaccine in China yet. In this study, we constructed a recombinant rabies vaccine by using a felid herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) isolate, and deleted the gI/E in the FHV-1 and replaced the region with a glycoprotein (G) of rabies virus (RABV) strain BD06 through homologous recombination. The recombinant virus FHV-RVG was recovered and purified, and the expression of RABV glycoprotein was verified by indirect immunofluorescent assay. For potency in cats, each animal was inoculated intranasally with 1 ml FHV-RVG at 106.5 TCID 50. Blood samples were collected at defined intervals for antibody titration. The animals were challenged by herpes and rabies after completion of vaccination on day 180 and day 194, respectively. Our results demonstrated all vaccinated cats generated antibodies against both FHV-1 and RABV, and reached an arbitrary protective titer > 0.5 IU/ml for rabies viral neutralizing antibody (VNA) by day 14 post inoculation (dpi) and titer peaked on 30 dpi with VNA at 24.5 ± 10.23 IU/ml. All vaccinated cats presented no clinical signs of FHV-1 infection and survived rabies challenge, while the control cats had severe rhinotracheitis and died from rabies after challenge. All this demonstrated that the FHV-based recombinant vaccine is effective in protection against both FHV-1 and RABV infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-year-old neutered male mixed-breed cat was referred for tachypnea, decreased appetite, and lethargy due to a pleural effusion secondary to myocardial failure. Severe left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) dilation, extremely decreased fractional shortening of the LV, and spontaneous echocardiographic contrast in the LA appendage were noted on an echocardiogram. Medical treatments included furosemide, pimobendan, benazepril, clopidogrel, and taurine supplementation. During follow-up visits, tachypnea was not observed, and his activities and appetite returned to normal. Echocardiography showed normal LA and LV chambers and increased LV fractional shortening. The point-of-care test result for N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was abnormal during the first two visits (day 1 and day 16), and the concentration of plasma NT-proBNP was 1500 pmol/L and 349 pmol/L, respectively. On the third and fourth visits (day 35 and day 70), the point-of-care test result for NT-proBNP was normal and corresponded with normal echocardiography findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this retrospective study were to evaluate the efficacy of different steroid formulations (depot vs oral) and if the continuous administration of steroids throughout and beyond a CHOP protocol might improve the survival time and rate of cats with mediastinal lymphoma. The medical records of client-owned cats diagnosed with mediastinal lymphoma were reviewed at two veterinary referral hospitals in Spain. Cases were recruited from 2008 to 2016. Those cats with mediastinal lymphoma treated with chemotherapy were used in the collection of data including surgical procedures, chemotherapy protocol, side effects, complete remission (CR), partial remission and survival time were calculated from time of diagnosis. The median survival time (MST) of group with depot steroid was 370.7 days and all cats are still alive. The MST of group with oral steroid was 267.9 days. The survival distributions were found to be significantly different. The use of depot injectable steroids with a CHOP-based protocol seems to result in a longer survival time in patients with mediastinal lymphoma when comparing the survival distribution for those receiving oral steroids with a CHOP-based protocol. Prospective studies with a higher number of cats are warranted to investigate the utility of injectable steroids depot with a CHOP-based protocol in the treatment of mediastinal lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CASEDE SCRIPTION An 18-month-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of conjunctivitis and skin-fold dermatitis secondary to bilateral microphthalmia, corneal dermoids, and ankyloblepharon. CLINICAL FINDINGS Physical examination revealed bilateral microphthalmia, bilaterally symmetrical corneal dermoids, ankyloblepharon, superior and inferior entropion, prognathism, and facial asymmetry with deviation of the nasal septum. Computed tomography revealed malformed, thickened bony orbits with mineralization of the orbital ligament bilaterally. Moderate rightward deviation of the nasal septum and ventral nasal meatus was also evident, with no identifiable maxillary sinuses. Results of MRI of the brain were unremarkable. Abdominal ultrasonography showed an irregularly marginated left kidney and a right kidney defect suggestive of chronic renal infarction. An abnormal, well-demarcated, focally thickened region of the muscularis externa of the jejunum was also evident. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Transpalpebral enucleation was performed bilaterally. Histologic examination of ocular tissues confirmed the corneal dermoids and microphthalmia with anterior and posterior segment dysgenesis and cataracts in both eyes. Ocular discomfort resolved after postoperative recovery, and follow-up revealed that the patient's activity level and quality of life were excellent. No clinical signs of upper respiratory, urinary, or gastrointestinal tract disease were observed during the approximately 3.5-year follow-up period. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The congenital abnormalities observed resembled those described for human patients with Goldenhar syndrome, and the outcome of treatment was favorable. This report may prompt clinicians to consider this diagnosis when evaluating young cats with similar clinical signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mooren's ulcer is a chronic and painful ulceration of the cornea. It begins progressively in the periphery and spread centrally in cornea. In human, it is seen uniaterally in most of cases. Mooren ulcer has not been reported in any kind of animals up to now. Although its aetiology is not completely enlighted, it has been suspected of the inflammatory reaction against injuries-microbiological and immun mediated effects. Immun response in presence of accumulation of immune complexes into the limbal vessels. As a result of the deficit in the regulatory mechanism because the number of suppressor cells control over B and T lymphocytes, These situations can result in a progressive tendancy to inflammation because the production of autoantibodies and/or lymphokine from cytotoxic T-lymhocytes creates an immune-mediated vasculitis. Numerous immigrant inflammatory cells and proteins are evaded from vessels. After triggering inflammatory cells and releasing of meditors, corneal vascularization, scar tissue and re-epithelization develop. This regenerative-reperative process plays an important role during post-inflammatory process. Case: In this case, it was aimed to detect pathomorphological structure and immunologic relations in progressive Mooren's ulcer (MU). A 1 year-old mix breed cat was submitted to clinic with complaints of progressive painful and eyesight loss in left eye. There were 1 cm-ulceration, opacification and old haemorrhagic areas at peripheral cornea. Histopathologically, there was wide ulceration including all layers of corneal epithelium and particularly vacuolar degeneration at suprabasal cells. In corneal stroma, numerous neutrophiles and mononuclear cells were infiltrated. Neovascularisation and fibrosis beginning from limbus were also present. This fibrotic progress was confirmed by Masson's trichrome staining method. Immunohistochemically, Cytokeratin 3 (CK3) and cytokeratin 12 (CK12) positivities showing regenerative activity of suprabasal and basal cells were not widespread. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) positivities were generally weak in epithelial cells. In stroma, moderate vimentin positivities were detected proliferated in fibrocytes originating from limbus. a1- antichymotrypsin (A1AC) was mildly reacted in neutrophiles. CD3 and CD4 confirmed the presence of regulatory and helper T lymphocytes. CD3 and CD8 marked cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD20 marked B lymphocytes in inflammatory areas. CD34 were also positive in peripheral corneal stem cells derived from limbal basal epitheliums in partly regenerated area. CD57 positivity in T lymphocytes and NK cells and CD68 positivity in macrophages were attended to the area. Discussion: CD1a positivity in T lymphocytes proved mediating lipid and microbial origin glycolipid antigens. TUNEL reactions showing DNA in situ fragmentation were present in the destructive and aging epithelial cells at periphery. In conclusion, the case has been found as unique in terms of its immunohistochemical characterization. The markers show that CD1a and CD68 expressions follow different progress in animals unlike in humanbeings even though the ulcer of pathogenetic mechanism is found identical to humanbeings.. The roles of CD20 and CD57 markers have potential roles in this ulcer. It is also concluded that insufficient epithelial regeneration, fibrosis, inflammation and apoptosis showed progressive Mooren's ulcers having possibly microbial origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to distinguish between cats with cardiac disease and non-cardiac disease by using parameters obtained from thoracic radiographs. This study was performed in 49 cats with a mean age of 7.7±4.79 years. Weight, sex and breed of all cats were randomly chosen. Echocardiography was used as a gold standard to diagnose cardiac disease and separate the cats into two groups, cardiac disease (n=31) and non-cardiac disease (n=18). Five parameters were measured from the right lateral radiographs including 1) the cardiac length (L), 2) the cardiac width (W), 3) the width of the caudal vena cava (CVC), 4) the height of the spinous process of the fourth thoracic vertebrae (sT4), and 5) the length of the fourth sternal thoracic bone (S4). Ten formulae were designed from the five parameters. Five of these formulae produced an outcome showing a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05). These formulae included L•W, L•W/sT4, L•W/S4, SUMLW/S4, and SUMLW•CVC. This study recommends the formulae L•W (cut-off >16.45 cm2; sensitivity of 82.2% and specificity of 67%) and L•W/S4 (cut-off >12.85 cm; sensitivity of 81.7% and specificity of 66.9%). In conclusion, these two new formulae can be used as a screening tool for distinguishing cats with cardiac and non-cardiac diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Investigations of the relationships between the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes are attracting growing interest by the scientific community, driven by the need to better understand the contribution of parasite-associated changes in the composition of the gut flora to both host malnutrition and immune modulation. These studies have however been carried out mainly in humans and experimental animals, while knowledge of the make-up of the gut commensal flora in presence or absence of infection by parasitic nematodes in domestic animals is limited. In this study, we investigate the qualitative and quantitative impact that infections by a widespread parasite of cats (i.e. Toxocara cati) exert on the gut microbiota of feline hosts. Methods: The faecal microbiota of cats with patent infection by T. cati (= Tc+), as well as that of negative controls (= Tc-) was examined via high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, followed by bioinformatics and biostatistical analyses of sequence data. Results: A total of 2,325,366 useable high-quality sequences were generated from the faecal samples analysed in this study and subjected to further bioinformatics analyses, which led to the identification of 128 OTUs and nine bacterial phyla, respectively. The phylum Firmicutes was predominant in all samples analysed (mean of 53.0%), followed by the phyla Proteobacteria (13.8%), Actinobacteria (13.7%) and Bacteroidetes (10.1%). Among others, bacteria of the order Lactobacillales, the family Enterococcaceae and genera Enterococcus and Dorea showed a trend towards increased abundance in Tc+ compared with Tc- samples, while no significant differences in OTU richness and diversity were recorded between Tc+ and Tc- samples (P = 0.485 and P = 0.581, respectively). However, Canonical Correlation and Redundancy Analyses were able to separate samples by infection status (P = 0.030 and P = 0.015, respectively), which suggests a correlation between the latter and the composition of the feline faecal microbiota. Conclusions: In spite of the relatively small number of samples analysed, subtle differences in the composition of the gut microbiota of Tc+ vs Tc- cats could be identified, some of which in accordance with current data from humans and laboratory animal hosts. Nevertheless, the findings from this study contribute valuable knowledge to the yet little explored area of parasite-microbiota interactions in domestic animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHOP-based (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vinca alkaloid, prednisolone) chemotherapy protocols are often recommended for treatment of feline lymphoma. While maintenance-free CHOP-based protocols have been published and readily used in dogs, there is limited literature regarding similar maintenance-free protocols in cats. The purpose of this study was to describe the outcome of cats with intermediate- to high-grade lymphoma that were prescribed a modified 25-week University of Wisconsin-Madison ( UW-25) chemotherapy protocol. A secondary objective was examination of potential prognostic factors. One hundred and nineteen cats from five institutions treated with a UW-25-based protocol were included. The Kaplan-Meier median progression-free interval ( PFI) and survival time ( MST) were 56 and 97 (range 2-2019) days, respectively. Cats assessed as having a complete response ( CR) to therapy had significantly longer PFI and MST than those with partial or no response ( PFI 205 versus 54 versus 21 days, respectively, P < 0.0001 and MST 318 versus 85 versus 27 days, respectively, P < 0.0001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of specific cysteine protease (CP) inhibitors on cytopathic changes to porcine intestinal epithelial cells induced by Tritrichomonas foetus isolated from naturally infected cats. SAMPLE T foetus isolates from 4 naturally infected cats and nontransformed porcine intestinal epithelial cells. PROCEDURES T foetus isolates were treated with or without 0.1 to 1.0mM of the CP inhibitors antipain, cystatin, leupeptin, and chymostatin and the vinyl sulfone inhibitors WRR-483 and Kl 1777. In-gel gelatin zymography was performed to evaluate the effects of these inhibitors on CP activity of T foetus isolates. Each treated or untreated isolate was also cocultured with monolayers of porcine intestinal epithelial cells for 24 hours, and cytopathic effects of T foetus were evaluated by light microscopy and crystal violet spectrophotometry. RESULTS Results of in-gel gelatin zymography suggested an ability of WRR-483, K11777, and cystatin to target specific zones of CP activity of the T foetus isolates. These inhibitors had no effect on T foetus growth, and the cytopathic changes to the intestinal epithelium induced by all 4 T foetus isolates were significantly inhibited. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study revealed that certain protease inhibitors were capable of inhibiting regions of CP activity (which has been suggested to cause intestinal cell damage in cats) in T foetus organisms and of ameliorating T foetus-induced cytopathic changes to porcine intestinal epithelium in vitro. Although additional research is needed, these inhibitors might be useful in the treatment of cats with trichomonosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To investigate the in vitro stability of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in plasma samples under various storage conditions and the influence of anesthesia on plasma ANP concentration in cats. ANIMALS I cat with congestive heart failure and 5 healthy adult mixed-breed cats. PROCEDURES A plasma sample from the cat with heart failure was serially diluted, and dilutional parallelism of ANP concentration was evaluated. Plasma samples containing aprotinin or serum samples from the 5 healthy cats were kept at room temperature (27°C) for < 12 hours. Plasma samples from the same healthy cats were stored at -70°, -20°, or 4°C for < 14 days. Plasma samples were obtained from the healthy cats before and during isoflurane anesthesia. Plasma ANP concentrations were measured at a commercial laboratory by use of a human ANP chemiluminescence assay. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 1.5% and 2.5%, respectively, and dilutional parallelism was established. Although ANP concentration decreased by 82.4 ± 13.6% (mean ± SD) after sample storage for 12 hours at room temperature, this decrease was prevented by aprotinin. Plasma ANP concentrations were stable for 7 days at -20°C and for 14 days at -70°C. However, concentrations decreased markedly to 57.6 ± 6.9% at -20°C and to 18.0 ± 3.0% at4°C after 14 days. Plasma ANP concentration decreased significantly in cats during anesthesia and was correlated with blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that aprotinin should be added routinely in preparation of plasma samples from cats for measurement of ANP concentration, and those samples, if stored, should be frozen immediately at < -20°C. General anesthesia or systemic blood pressure may affect plasma ANP concentration in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES To determine, following oral administration of famciclovir, pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters for 2 of its metabolites (penciclovir and BRL42359) in plasma and tears of healthy cats so that famciclovir dosage recommendations for the treatment of herpetic disease can be optimized. ANIMALS 7 male domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURES In a crossover study, each of 3 doses of famciclovir (30, 40, or 90 mg/kg) was administered every 8 o r 12 hours for 3 days. Six cats were randomly assigned to each dosage regimen. Plasma and tear samples were obtained at predetermined times after famciclovir administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for BRL42359 and penciclovir by compartmental and noncompartmental methods. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) indices were determined for penciclovir and compared among all dosage regimens. RESULTS Compared with penciclovir concentrations, BRL42359 concentrations were 5- to 11-fold greater in plasma and 4- to 7-fold greater in tears. Pharmacokinetic parameters and PK-PD indices for the 90 mg/kg regimens were superior to those for the 30 and 40 mg/kg regimens, regardless of dosing frequency. Penciclovir concentrations in tears ranged from 18% to 25% of those in plasma.Administration of 30 or 40 mg/kg every 8 hours achieved penciclovir concentrations likely to be therapeutic in plasma but not in tears. Penciclovir concentrations likely to be therapeutic in tears were achieved only with the two 90 mg/kg regimens. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In cats, famciclovir absorption is variable and its metabolism saturable. Conversion of BRL42359 to penciclovir is rate limiting.The recommended dosage of famciclovir is 90 mg/kg every 12 hours for cats infected with feline herpes- I virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the treatment and the diagmosis ogf 4-year-old female cat suffering chronic scratching of its left ear and that earlier attempts by owner to remove mass otoscopically were unsuccessful. Clinical and Cytologic and Histologic findings are mentioned. Details on treatment of Aural inflammatory polyps are discussed.

Background: Sutures plays an important role in wound repair by providing hemostasis and support for healing suture. Synthetic non-absorbable like polypropylene suture materials induce minimal tissue reaction. Polypropylene has not been associated to neoplasms in domestic animals. The aim this study is to describe the first case of polypropylene suture induced hemangiosarcoma in an abdominal wall of a feline. Case: A 13-year-old female domestic shorthair cat was presented with a ventral abdominal subcutaneous mass. Clinical examination revealed a firm, rough, and irregular, approximately 6 x 4 cm subcutaneous mass involving the caudal ventral abdomen. A complete blood (cell) count (CBC) was within normal limits. Leukemia and FIV tests were negative; and the results of a chemistry panel revealed elevated creatinine (valor: 2.0 reference range: 0.5-1.9). Abdominal ultrasound revealed a large mass of mixed echogenicity in the mid-ventral abdomen cranial to the bladder, measuring approximately 6 x 4 cm in the middle line with suture deeply embedded within mass suggesting foreign body reaction or neoplasm. There was evidence of sutures (hyperechoic lines) along the caudal abdominal wall extending into the mass. Records indicated that ovariohysterectomy procedure was performed 12 years previously at the same clinic and the closure of the abdominal wall was made with polypropylene sutures. No other abdominal surgery was performed in this cat. A fine-needle aspirate of the mass and contrast-enhanced computed tomography was not performed due to owner's finance restrains. The cat was referred to surgery and the mass was excised. No evidence of metastasis was noted during surgery. Histologically, the neoplastic cells were oval to round with granular cytoplasm and vesicular nucleus and exhibited moderate cellular and nuclear pleomorphism. A diagnosis of abdominal wall hemangiosarcoma was made with suture deeply embedded within mass. Surgical margins were clear. Chemotherapy was indicated, but the owner declined due to financial reasons. This is the first polypropylene suture mass associated hemangiosarcoma in cats. Discussion: Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of vascular endothelial cells origin and it may be associated with chronic inflammation and neoplastic transformation. It was reported in previous studies, and it could be a hypothesis for the presented clinical case. There are two cases described in the literature of abdominal wall tumor associated with foreign body and exuberant inflammatory response in cats using different types of suture; one case is a steel staple developing hemangiosarcoma and the other is polyester sutures developed fibrosarcoma. The present study shows a primary hemangiosarcoma diagnosed several years after closure of abdominal wall using polypropylene sutures in a female cat. Polypropylene is a monofilament suture that create less tissue-drag and induces less inflammation than multifilament sutures and is the preferred suture to close abdominal wall. Cats demonstrate a peculiar predisposition to neoplasms at the site of injury. Although the pathogenesis is still unclear, the introduction a "foreign body" may cause inflammatory process that act as a stimulus to neoplasia formation. We believe that polypropylene was the foreign material that may have played a role in tumor development in this case and it has not been reported before. Polypropylene sutures were found on gross examination of excised material. Any uncoated braided non-absorbable material located deeply in tissues may evoke a chronic inflammatory response (granuloma). A granuloma may evolve to malignancy in some cats. Despite polypropylene materials induce minimal tissue reaction, it may be associated to neoplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perinephric pseudocyst is defined as an accumulation of fluid in fibrous sacs surrounding one or both kidneys, and may be located in the subcapsular or extracapsular region. Histologically, it is characterized by the absence of an epithelial lining to the cyst wall and the term pseudocyst is used. This condition have been reported sporadically in cats, and is associated with chronic kidney disease, mainly in older animals. The diagnosis is based on imaging tests and the prognosis is related to the severity of renal dysfunction. The aim of this report is to describe an unusual presentation of perinephric pseudocyst in a very young female cat. Case: A mixed-breed 2-month-old female cat was evaluated for presenting abdominal distension and anatomical deformities of the limbs. Renomegaly on the left side was noted during abdominal palpation. On presentation, the serum creatinine was 134 µmol/L. Urinalysis showed mild proteinuria, presence of squamous and transitional cells, and rare bacteria. The urine specific gravity was 1.044 and urine protein to creatinine ratio was 0.23. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a large anechoic subcapsular cyst on the left kidney, in adittion to dilatation of renal pelvis and calyces. The excretory urography showed left renomegaly, and the nephrogram and pyelogram were not clearly observed in this kidney, indicating unilateral deficiency in renal filtration. The cat was referred to unilateral left nephrectomy but died shortly before surgery. At necropsy, marked left kidney enlargment was observed (6.5 x 4.5 x 1.5 cm), with a cystic aspect, occupying almost the entire abdominal cavity. The cystic content was translucent and was compressing the renal parenchyma, resulting in hydronephrosis. The capsule forming the cyst wall was composed of connective tissue, characterizing the perinephric pseudocyst. Discussion: Reports show cases of perinephric pseudocyst affecting mostly older animals, above eight years old. In one retrospective study of 26 cases, 73% were male and the mean age was eleven years, ranging from four to 18 years old. Another study of 13 cases showed a mean age of 16 years. In this report, unexpectedly, the patient was too young compared to these other cases, but the clinical presentation was similiar. Being a young animal, in the absence of ureterolithiasis or history of trauma, it is suggested a congenital origin for the disease. Loss of renal function and azotemia may occur in about 90% of the cases by compression of the renal parenchyma by the pseudocyst or due to associated interstitial fibrosis. In this case, the serum creatinine concentration was above the reference value proposed for pediatric patients therefore, the cat may be considered azotemic. Beyond that, the excretory urography indicated no proper excretory function on the left kidney. It is proposed that the renal function was being compensated by the contralateral kidney. The clinical and imaging findings of this case are compatible with perinephric pseudocyst, which was confirmed by necropsy and histopathological examination. This condition is not commonly reported in cats of pediatric age, althought it must be considered as a differencial diagnosis to cats presenting abdominal distension and renomegaly, even young ones. Imaging tests were important in this case, not only to direct the diagnosis, but also contributing in evaluating the renal excretory function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines on the upper respiratory infections in cats. It highlights the effect of viral diseases such as herpesvirus 1 (rhinotracheitis, FHV-1) and calicivirus (FCV) as the common viral reasons of sneezing and nasal discharge in the cat. Also emphasized is the potential of intranasal vaccine as cell-mediated immunity to FHV-1 than parenteral vaccination.

Background: Endometrial adenocarcinomas are a rare type of tumour in cats. Though different morphologies have been reported, the most frequent histological type of feline endometrial adenocarcinoma (FEA) is the papillary serous. Characterization of molecular markers expression in FEA may contribute to clarify the pathogenesis of these tumours and to assess the differences between normal endometrium and FEA regarding the expression pattern of several proteins. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical profile of a wide panel of antibodies (specific for ER-a, PR, Ki-67, CK7 and CK20) in twenty-four cases of FEA. Comparisons were made between FEA and feline normal cyclic endometrium in follicular (n = 13) and luteal (n = 10) stages. Except for Ki-67, all other molecular markers were assessed independently for the intensity of immunolabeling and for the percentage of cells expressing the protein. Results: This study showed that in FEA a loss of expression occurs for ER-a (P = 0.0001) and less markedly also for PR. The lost in sex steroid receptors concerns a decrease in both the proportion of labelled cells and the intensity of immunolabelling (P = 0.002 and P = 0.024, respectively). Proliferative activity, estimated via Ki-67 immunoreaction, significantly increased in FEA as compared to normal endometrium (P = 0.0001). Feline endometrial adenocarcinomas maintained the CK7+/CK20+ status of normal endometrium. However, FEA showed decreased CK7 intensity of labelling compared to normal endometria (P = 0.0001) and loss of CK20 expression, both in intensity (P = 0.0001) and in percentage of positive cells (P = 0.01), compared to normal tissues. Conclusions: Data gathered in this study suggest that proliferation in FEA accompanies ER-a down-regulation, possibly following activation of pathways mediated by local growth factors. Moreover, FEA retains combined expression of CK7 and CK20, as evidenced in normal endometrial epithelia, although a decrease in CK7 expression was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second-opinion histopathology is a common practice in human medicine to avoid unnecessary procedures, costs and to optimize therapy. Histopathology review has been recommended in veterinary oncology as well. In this prospective evaluation of 52 tumours over a 1-year period, there was diagnostic agreement between first and second opinions in 52% of cases. Twenty-nine percent of cases had partial diagnostic disagreement, most often a change in grade, tumour subtype or margin status. Nineteen percent had complete diagnostic disagreement, including a change in cell of origin or a change from benign to malignant. Minor disagreements, which would not affect treatment or prognosis, were present in 21% of cases. Major disagreements, which would affect either treatment or prognosis, were present in 37% of cases. Costs of ideal staging and treatment recommendations were considerably different between first and second opinions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pelvic fractures constitute 25% of fractures seen in cats and are usually the result of major trauma. Concomitant injuries are frequently present, which may involve multiple body systems, and management of these generally takes precedence as cats rarely die as a direct result of the pelvic fracture. Several criteria are used to establish whether an individual cat is a candidate for surgical or conservative management, but if surgery is to be performed this is best carried out within five days of the trauma where possible. When appropriate case selection is employed, the prognosis following either conservative or surgical management of pelvic fractures in cats is generally favourable [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a four-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat, who received successfully treatment against the cranial vena cava syndrome with suspected secondary chylothorax infection due to mediastinal cryptococcal granuloma. It informs that the treatment therapy included antifungal medication alongwith the dosage of corticosteroids, rutin, and enalapril.

The article discusses the constipation in cats. It is mentioned that constipation in cats is curable if the cause is determined. The traditional methods to solve the feline constipation includes administering enemas, laxatives to soften the stool or increase contractions, dietary fiber, and promotility agents. The article informs that constipation is a result and sign of dehydration and discusses the physical examination, diagnostic testing, steps to treat a constipated cat.

Chlamydophila felis is the primary bacterial agent of conjunctivitis and upper respiratory disease in cats. Transmission of the disease requires close contact between cats. Polymerase chain reaction is a useful tool for detection of this organism. The aim of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction assay with an internal amplification control for the detection of C. felis. Primer pairs were designed specifically for polymorphic membrane protein gene of C. felis and cytochrome b gene of cat, and their specificity and sensitivity were examined. Primers specific for both genes were then multiplexed. In the simplex polymerase chain reaction analyses with 10-fold dilutions, C. felis DNA was detected with designed primers for polymorphic membrane protein genes up to 1.6 pg/μl and cat DNA was demonstrated in all samples in the polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, in the multiplex polymerase chain reaction, C. felis DNA and cat DNA were detected together. These designed primers specific for C. felis might have potential for research on infections and shedding of this organism in cats as the internal control host specific primers might have potential for using internal control for detection of different microorganisms in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline nasal tumours (NTs) are locally invasive and occasionally metastasise to distant sites. Although palliative hypofractionated radiotherapy (HRT) is used, its efficacy and long-term complications have not been adequately evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of HRT in treating feline malignant NTs, including monitoring improvement in clinical signs, acute and late complications, and prognosis. The medical records of 65 cats with malignant NTs treated with HRT were included. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard model were used to evaluate factors th at influenced OS and PFS. Clinical signs improved in 86.2% of cats following radiotherapy. Acute complications were observed in 58.5% of cats but were manageable and acceptable. Among late complications, cataract was most frequently observed (20.5%), and atrophy of the entire eyeball and osteochondroma at the irradiation site were each observed in two cats. The median OS and PFS in 65 cats were 432 days and 229 days, respectively. No significant difference between OS of cats with nasal lymphoma and that of cats with other tumours was observed. Despite some limitations due to the retrospective nature of the study, palliative HRT for feline NTs can be considered a useful treatment option because of the high incidence of improvement and more favourable prognosis, although it may be preferable not to use the hypofractionated regimen in young cats with lymphoma that are expected to survive for a long period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a two-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat with acute dyspnea. Topics discussed include an overview of the cat's diagnosis, the findings and interpretation of the disease's diagnostic imaging, its treatment and outcome, and the treatment options of the disease.

Feline physiotherapy is a growing field of veterinary physiotherapy, with many practitioners assessing and treating cats on a regular basis. This article looks at common conditions referred for physiotherapy, assessment and treatment options available to the physiotherapist, and follows the rehabilitation pathway of a cat following a femoral head and neck excision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cat flea, (Ctenocephalides felis) causes allergic dermatitis in cats and dogs; vectors many bacterial pathogens and acts as the intermediate host for filarid and cestode parasites. The control of fleas is essential, not only to avoid economic losses and to maintain the health and welfare of the companion animals, but also to protect public health from fleas bites and flea-borne zoonosis. Therefore, control of fleas requires the implementation of an integrated 'one health' approach, and should encompass the judicious use of chemotherapeutics, non-chemical control measures, and informed education of pet owners. The focus of this article is on the current knowledge of the biology, epidemiology of cat fleas and diseases they transmit, and how veterinary professionals may contribute to their control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline tooth resorption has a prevalence of more than 60% in cats presented with dental disease (Reiter and Mendoza, 2002), and treatment to date is the extraction of the affected teeth. Standard extraction technique relies on the principle of breaking periodontal ligament fibres so that a root can be lifted out of its alveolar socket. In a high percentage of teeth affected by tooth resorption, the periodontal ligament is no longer present all around the root, and has been partially or completely replaced by bone-like tissue. The result is 'root ankylosis': the root is firmly connected to the surrounding alveolar bone, and standard extraction technique is no longer possible. A significant proportion of teeth affected by resorption, however, may still present with intact roots, and an intact periodontal ligament. In these cases, complete extraction of the root with standard technique is indicated. The diagnostic modality to differentiate between these two types of feline resorption is dental radiography, and it would be unwise to embark on extractions in cats without its use. Extractions in cats are technically demanding, and a surgical technique is often indicated, particularly in patients affected by tooth resorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective--To evaluate the technical, short-term, and long-term outcomes in cats with benign ureteral obstructions treated by means of double-pigtail ureteral stent placement. Design--Retrospective case series. Animals--69 cats (79 ureters). Procedures--The diagnosis of benign ureteral obstruction was made via abdominal ultra-sonography, radiography, and ureteropyelography. Ureteral stent placement was attempted endoscopically, surgically, or both, with fluoroscopic guidance. The medical records were reviewed for pre-, intra-, and postoperative data; complications; and outcome. Results--69 cats (79 ureters) had stent placement attempted for various causes: uretero-lithiasis (56/79 [71%]), stricture (10/79 [13%]), both ureterolithiasis and stricture (12/79 [15%]), or a purulent plug (1/79 [1 %]). Stent placement was successful in 75 of 79 ureters (95%). Median number of stones per ureter was 4 (range, 0 to > 50), and 67 of 79 (85%) had concurrent nephrolithiasis. Preoperative azotemia was present in 95% (66/69) of cats (median creatinine concentration, 5.3 mg/dL [range, 1.1 to 25.8 mg/dL]), and 71% (49/69) remained azotemic (median, 2.1 mg/dL [range, 1.0 to 11.8 mg/dL]) after successful surgery. Procedure-related, postoperative (< 7 days), short-term (7 to 30 days), and long-term (> 30 days) complications occurred in 8.7% (6/69; 7/79 ureters), 9.1% (6/66), 9.8% (6/61), and 33% (20/60) of cats, respectively; most of these complications were minor and associated with intermittent dysuria or the need for ureteral stent exchange. The perioperative mortal-ity rate was 7.5% (5/69), and no deaths were procedure related. The median survival time was 498 days (range, 2 to > 1,278 days). For patients with a renal cause of death, median survival time was > 1,262 days, with only 14 of 66 cats (21 %) dying of chronic kidney dis-ease. Nineteen (27%) cats needed a stent exchange (stricture in-growth [n = 10], migration [4], ureteritis [2], dysuria [2], pyelonephritis [1], or reflux [1]). No patient died of the proce-dure or recurrent ureteral obstruction. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--Results of the present study indicated that ureteral stenting is an effective treatment for benign ureteral obstructions in cats regardless of ob-structive location, cause, or stone number. The perioperative morbidity and mortality rates were lower than those reported with traditional ureteral surgery. The short- and long-term complications were typically minor but may necessitate stent exchange or use of an alter-native device, particularly with ureteral strictures. The prognosis for feline ureteral obstruc-tions after ureteral stenting could be considered good when the procedure is performed by trained specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective--To determine the percentage of cats with a phénobarbital (PB) concentration between 15 and 45 ng/mL that had a > 50% reduction in the number of seizures and to investigate applicability of the 2011 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification system in cats. Design--Retrospective case series. Animals--30 cats with suspected or confirmed epilepsy. Procedures--Medical records for 2004 to 2013 at 3 veterinary hospitals were searched. Information collected included signalment, duration of observation before treatment, fre-quency of seizures before PB administration, seizure phenotype, dose of PB, serum PB concentration, number of seizures after PB administration, duration of follow-up monitor-ing, and survival time. A modified 2011 ILAE classification system was applied to all cats. Results--Seizure control was achieved in 28 of 30 (93%) cats with a serum PB concentra-tion of 15 to 45 |ig/mL.This comprised 10 of 11 cats with structural epilepsy, 14 of 15 cats with unknown epilepsy, and 4 of 4 cats with presumptive unknown epilepsy. Thirteen cats had no additional seizures after initiation of PB treatment. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--Seizure control was achieved in most cats with a serum PB concentration between 15 and 45 ng/mL, regardless of the cause of the seizures. A modified 2011 ILAE classification was applied to cats with seizures and enabled classification of cats without specific genetic testing and without identified structural or inflammatory disease. This classification system should be incorporated into veterinary neurology no-menclature to standardize communication between veterinarians and improve comparisons among species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a research study which described cases of feline gastric lymphoma in chemotherapy-treated cats. The methods for patient selection and evaluation, chemotherapy protocol and statistical analysis are described. The study results show the remission duration, rate of survival, signalment, clinical presentations, laboratory and ancillary study findings, and response to therapy of the cats.

The article focuses on the advancement in research related to the diagnosis and treatment of the endocrine disease feline hyperthyroidism of cats. It reports that Thyroid hormone supplementation has been recommended by animal specialists to treat the iatrogenic hypothyroidism. It reports that cats suffering from hyperthyroidism are prone to bacterial lower urinary tract infections (UTIs). It also presents a quiz related to hyperthyroidism in cats is presented. INSET: Reader Questions and Answers.

The article discusses a research study on feline histoplasmosis (FH). Reviewed were records of 22 FH cases from 1986 to 2009 at the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital on cats at 9 years median age with complaints including lymphadenopathy, weakness and anorexia. Results showed that itraconazole, the antifungal agent prescribed in 22 cats cured them for 5 months with 55% overall survival for subjects at time of discharge.

Serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyric acid (sBHBA) are increased in cats with diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hepatic lipidosis (HL). This study assessed sBHBA as a diagnostic tool in 215 consecutively-enrolled ill cats in the general population in a veterinary hospital. At the time of presentation, sBHBA was within the reference range in 158/215 (73.5%) cats (median 0.27; range 0.00-0.49 mmol/L) and elevated in 57/215 (26.5%) cats (median 0.87; range 0.51-21.45 mmol/L). Compared to cats with normal sBHBA, those with increased sBHBA had higher frequencies of anorexia, weight loss, icterus, polyuria/polydipsia, hyperbilirubinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, pancreatitis, HL, DM and DKA. They had higher concentrations of bilirubin and triglycerides and lower concentrations of potassium, chloride and total protein. There were positive correlations (P < 0.01) between sBHBA and urinary glucose (r = 0.42) and ketones (r = 0.76), but there were no group differences in dipstick levels of urinary ketones. Cats with DM/DKA and with HL had significantly higher sBHBA compared to other cats. Receiver operator characteristics analysis of sBHBA as a predictor of HL showed that sBHBA was a good predictor of HL Increased sBHBA occurs frequently in ill cats and provides useful diagnostic information, especially in DM/DKA and HL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6-month-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was presented for evaluation of a focal subcutaneous swelling on the dorsal neck at the level of atlas. The magnetic resonance imaging and surgical treatment of a dermoid sinus associated with the cervical vertebrae is described. To the authors’ knowledge, a dermoid sinus in this location has not been described previously in the cat. The prognosis following surgical resection appears favorable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the diagnosis and management of urethral obstruction, which is regarded as one of the more common emergencies in small animal practice. It notes that obstruction in cats are frequently caused by urethral plugs and urinary calculi of urethral spasm. Unproductive staining is considered as the most common presenting sign of urethral obstruction. Ways to relieve obstruction are given as well as discussed the main indication for perineal urethrostomy.

The article presents a case study of a 6.5-year-old neutered male Siamese cat that was unable to jump for three weeks. Findings of neurologic examination and radiography revealed bony and soft tissue changes at the L7-S1 disk space as confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), consistent with diskospondylitis. The cat underwent fluoroscopically guided fine-needle aspirate and started with a course of clavulanate-potentiated amoxicillinb.

The article describes the case of a 4-year-old spayed cat with a 1-week history of progressive respiratory difficulty. Topics covered include the cytologic and laboratory findings which led to the diagnosis of blastomycosis, the prevalence, clinical signs and prognosis for cats with blastomycosis, and the patient outcome following fluconazole and prednisolone treatment.

The article presents a case study of a 15-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat for evaluation of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism and possible treatment with radioactive iodine. The cat had a history of polydipsia, occasional vomiting and mild weight loss. Thoracic ultrasonography was performed and a large amount of fat was observed around the heart. The owner of the cat preferred to continue medical treatment of hyperthyroidism.

The article describes the case of a 3-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat that was diagnosed with dynamic collapse of the common pharynx. Results of the physical and laboratory examinations on the cat are discussed, including computed tomography of the head and retroflex rhinoscopy. The cat underwent fluoroscopy of the pharynx in right lateral recumbency, and was given prednisolone and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.