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Methyl carboxylate esters can be used as additives to promote the zeolite catalysed formation of dimethly ether (DME) from methanol. By taking advantage of the well-known confinement effect in combination with further functionalisation the potency of the promoter can be markedly enhanced, giving significant increases in DME yield at promoter concentrations as low as 10 ppm relative to methanol. The promotion is readily reversible and promoter concentration can be used to fine tune the zeolite productivity to DME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combined experimental and theoretical comparative study of the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of anisole was conducted over Pt, Ru, and Fe metals. In the experimental part, an inert silica support was used to directly compare the catalytic activity and selectivity of the three metals at 375 °C under H 2 flow at atmospheric pressure. In parallel, for density functional theory (DFT) calculations the close-packed Pt(1 1 1), Ru(0 0 0 1), and Fe(1 1 0) surfaces were employed to compare the possible mechanisms on these metals. It was observed that over Pt/SiO 2 and Ru/SiO 2 catalysts, both phenol and benzene were the major products in a phenol/benzene ratio that decreased with the level of conversion. By contrast, over the Fe/SiO 2 catalyst, no phenol formation was detected, even at low conversions. The DFT results show that over all the three metal surfaces the dehydrogenation at the CH 3 side group occurs before the C O bond breaking. This removal of H atoms from the CH 3 group facilitates the activation of the aliphatic C alkyl O bond. Therefore, it can be concluded that a common intermediate for the three metals is a surface phenoxy and the significant differences between the three metals are related to the reactivity of this surface phenoxy. That is, over Pt(1 1 1) and Ru(0 0 0 1) the phenoxy intermediate is hydrogenated to phenol, which in turn, can undergo further HDO to form benzene. This result is in agreement with the experiments over Pt/SiO 2 and Ru/SiO 2 catalysts. Over these catalysts, both phenol and benzene are major products, with the selectivity to benzene increasing with conversion at the expense of phenol. In contrast, over the Fe(1 1 0) surface, the strong metal oxophilicity makes the direct cleavage of the C O bond in the surface phenoxy easier than hydrogenation to phenol. Thus, it is predicted that phenol is not formed over iron, but only benzene should be observed as HDO product at all conversion levels, which is also in agreement with the experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]