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The present investigation has been carried out to utilize waste animal (Ox) bone for the progress of an innovative, low-budget, pollution free, and extremely resourceful heterogeneous catalyst synthesis for Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) conversion into biodiesel. The heterogeneous catalyst synthesized was characterized by its basic strength and subjected to spectroscopic (Fourier TransformInfrared and X-Ray Diffraction) and thermogravimetric analyses. Also, the physical properties of produced biodiesel were studied. The calcined Ox bone catalyst characterization distinctly showed that there was a tremendous catalytic activity for biodiesel synthesis. The kinetic study was accomplished employing a tri-necked RB flask furnished with a condenser and agitator. At the agitation speed of 500 rpm, 5% catalyst loading rate (w/w) of oil and 12:1 methanol-oil ratio (molar), biodiesel yields were tracked based on reaction time (1–4 h) and temperature (313–338 K). The temperature at 338 K was found to be optimal to obtain maximum (96.82%) biodiesel yield. Pseudo-first order kinetics was followed in the reaction. The energy required for the activation (E a) was 38.55 kJ mol−1 with a frequency factor (k o) of 7.03 × 106 h−1. The reusability studies demonstrated that the calcined animal bone catalyst was much stable up to three cycles with >90% FAME yield, which was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) to 61% in the fourth cycle. The outcome of this investigation brought to light the possibilities of utilizing calcined Ox bone catalyst and JCO as low-cost and frequently obtainable discarded waste materials that can be used as feedstock for the commercial-scale generation of biodiesel to fulfill the prospective community demands. [Display omitted] • Ox bone waste was used to synthesize calcined heterogeneous base (CHB) catalyst. • Impregnation and thermal conversion improved CHB catalyst's catalytic activity. • CHB catalyst produced 96.82% FAME yield at 338 K temperature and 4 h reaction. • The reaction followed pseudo-first order kinetics with a K a of 38.55 kJ mol−1. • Reusability of CHB catalyst was three cycles with >90% FAME yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Optimized process was developed for the enhancement of biodiesel production from Argemone Mexicana oil. • Improved calcium oxide catalyst was derived from wasted chicken eggshells. • Interaction among the selected parameters on the biodiesel yield was investigated through RSM. • The optimal condition was compared and ensured by not-statistical techniques, ANN and GA. • The obtained AMO biodiesel conversion was analyzed by 1H NMR and FT-IR techniques and physicochemical and fuel properties of AMO biodiesel was studied. The present study aimed to optimize the process on the yield percentage of biodiesel from Argemone mexicana oil using calcium oxide as catalyst derived from chicken eggshells. The catalyst was characterized by different techniques, such as X-ray diffraction analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method with the Barret-Joyner-Halenda model, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray studies. The parameters, methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction time were optimized through response to surface methodology, which suggested that the improved oil yield was achieved at the molar ratio of methanol to oil: 9.7:1, catalyst loading of 3.05 wt%, and reaction time of 3.01 h for achieving the 99.07 % yield. Further, the optimal values were analyzed by non-statistical techniques, genetic algorithm, and artificial neural network. The acquired biodiesel was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR techniques. The reusability of prepared catalyst showed a significant stability for more than 4 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel plant leaves of Croton macrostachyus used for nanocatalyst synthesis. • A Ca-Fe-K-P-Al-Si/C oxide catalyst was synthesized by sol–gel/calcination method. • Catalyst was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and BET. • Transesterification were optimized by CCD tool using response surface method. • Catalyst exhibits superior yield of 98.85 ± 0.99% under optimum condition. This study explored the prospective of croton macrostachyus leaves as bio-based minerals rich resource found for metal oxides nano-catalyst synthesis by sol–gel-thermal oxidation method and the seeds as a future lipid-rich non edible resource used for synthesis of biodiesel by ultrasound-supported transeserification process. The prepared catalyst was characterized by diverse analytical practice such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), and Brunauer emmett teller (BET) analysis. The metal oxides nano-catalyst demonstrated very strong basic sites with surface area (126.3 m2/g), and particle size (23.8 nm) which extensively reduced the diffusion resistance of triglycerides. EDX analysis indicated the presence of Ca-Fe-K-P-Al-Si/C oxides composites was used as nano-catalyst. Maximum yield of 98.85 ± 0.99 wt% achieved with1.23 wt% catalyst, 1:9.13 M ratio of oil to methanol, 36.4085 (round of 36) min reaction period at 50 KHz and 55.48 °C.The oil fatty acid profile and biodiesel were characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, the energy specification of croton macrostachyus biodiesel were analysed and contrasted with ASTM D6751 standard. Nano-catalyst strong basic site enhances the efficiency of biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]