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Purpose: To summarize recent literature and provide an update on the role of intraocular lens implantation in children., Design: AOC/AACO/AAO 2022 Symposium Summary., Intervention: None., Results: Literature review surrounding the use of intraocular lenses in children. Attention was given to multicenter study efforts including the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study, the Toddler Aphakia and Pseudophakia Study, and the Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group Cataract Registry., Conclusions: Intraocular lenses are a valuable tool in the care of children with lens abnormalities. Recent studies and advancements in fixation techniques have complimented our care and highlighted age and ocular dependent risks. Thorough initial clinical assessment and long-term postoperative management are critical in maximizing outcomes.

Importance: Glaucoma can develop following cataract removal in children., Objective: To assess the cumulative incidence of glaucoma-related adverse events (defined as glaucoma or glaucoma suspect) and factors associated with risk of these adverse events in the first 5 years after lensectomy prior to 13 years of age., Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used longitudinal registry data collected at enrollment and annually for 5 years from 45 institutional and 16 community sites. Participants were children aged 12 years or younger with at least 1 office visit after lensectomy from June 2012 to July 2015. Data were analyzed from February through December 2022., Exposures: Usual clinical care after lensectomy., Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were cumulative incidence of glaucoma-related adverse events and baseline factors associated with risk of these adverse events., Results: The study included 810 children (1049 eyes); 443 eyes of 321 children (55% female; mean [SD] age, 0.89 [1.97] years) were aphakic after lensectomy, and 606 eyes of 489 children (53% male; mean [SD] age, 5.65 [3.32] years) were pseudophakic. The 5-year cumulative incidence of glaucoma-related adverse events was 29% (95% CI, 25%-34%) in 443 eyes with aphakia and 7% (95% CI, 5%-9%) in 606 eyes with pseudophakia; 7% (95% CI, 5%-10%) of aphakic eyes and 3% (95% CI, 2%-5%) of pseudophakic eyes were diagnosed as glaucoma suspect. Among aphakic eyes, a higher risk for glaucoma-related adverse events was associated with 4 of 8 factors, including age less than 3 months (vs ≥3 months: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.88; 99% CI, 1.57-5.23), abnormal anterior segment (vs normal: aHR, 2.88; 99% CI, 1.56-5.30), intraoperative complications at time of lensectomy (vs none; aHR, 2.25; 99% CI, 1.04-4.87), and bilaterality (vs unilaterality: aHR, 1.88; 99% CI, 1.02-3.48). Neither of the 2 factors evaluated for pseudophakic eyes, laterality and anterior vitrectomy, were associated with risk of glaucoma-related adverse events., Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, glaucoma-related adverse events were common after cataract surgery in children; age less than 3 months at surgery was associated with elevated risk of the adverse events in aphakic eyes. Children with pseudophakia, who were older at surgery, less frequently developed a glaucoma-related adverse event within 5 years of lensectomy. The findings suggest that ongoing monitoring for the development of glaucoma is needed after lensectomy at any age.

Purpose: To characterize long-term strabismus outcomes in children in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS)., Methods: This study was a secondary data analysis of long-term ocular alignment characteristics of children aged 10.5 years who had previously been enrolled in a randomized clinical trial evaluating aphakic management after unilateral cataract surgery between 1 and 6 months of age., Results: In the IATS study, 96 of 109 children (88%) developed strabismus through age 10.5 years. Half of the 20 children who were orthophoric at distance through age 5 years maintained orthophoria at distance fixation at 10.5 years. Esotropia was the most common type of strabismus prior to age 5 years (56/109 [51%]), whereas exotropia (49/109 [45%]) was the most common type of strabismus at 10.5 years (esotropia, 21%; isolated hypertropia, 17%). Strabismus surgery had been performed on 52 children (48%), with 18 of these (35%) achieving microtropia <10 Δ . Strabismus was equally prevalent in children randomized to contact lens care compared with those randomized to primary intraocular lens implantation (45/54 [83%] vs 45/55 [82%]; P = 0.8). Median visual acuity in the study eye was 0.56 logMAR (20/72) for children with orthotropia or microtropia <10 Δ versus 1.30 logMAR (20/400) for strabismus ≥10 Δ (P = 0.0003)., Conclusions: Strabismus-in particular, exotropia-is common irrespective of aphakia management 10 years following infant monocular cataract surgery. The delayed emergence of exotropia with longer follow-up indicates a need for caution in managing early esotropia in these children. Children with better visual acuity at 10 years of age are more likely to have better ocular alignment., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Importance: The Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group Cataract Registry provides a multicenter assessment of visual outcomes and complications after lensectomy for traumatic pediatric cataract., Objective: To report visual acuity (VA) and the cumulative proportion with strabismus, glaucoma, and other ocular complications by 15 months after lensectomy for traumatic cataract among children younger than 13 years at the time of surgery., Design, Setting, and Participants: From June 18, 2012, to July 8, 2015, 1266 eyes of 994 children from 33 pediatric eye care practices seen within 45 days after lensectomy were enrolled in a multicenter, prospective observational registry. Of these, 74 eyes of 72 participants undergoing lensectomy for traumatic cataract were included in a cohort study. Follow-up was completed by November 2, 2015, and data were analyzed from March 20, 2018, to July 7, 2020., Exposures: Lensectomy after ocular trauma., Main Outcomes and Measures: Best-corrected VA from 9 to 15 months after lensectomy for traumatic cataract (for those 3 years or older) and the cumulative proportion with strabismus, glaucoma, and other ocular complications by 15 months., Results: Of 994 participants in the registry, 84 (8%) had traumatic cataract. The median age at lensectomy for 72 participants examined within 15 months after surgery was 7.3 (range, 0.1-12.6) years; 46 (64%) were boys. An intraocular lens was placed in 57 of 74 eyes (77%). In children 3 years or older at outcome, the median best-corrected VA was 20/250 (range, 20/20 to worse than 20/800) in 6 eyes with aphakia and 20/63 (range, 20/20 to 20/200) in 26 eyes with pseudophakia. Postoperative visual axis opacification was reported in 18 of 27 eyes with pseudophakia without primary posterior capsulotomy (15-month cumulative proportion, 77%; 95% CI, 58%-92%). The cumulative proportion with strabismus was 43% (95% CI, 31%-58%) in 64 participants with ocular alignment data; exotropia was present in 14 of 23 participants (61%). The cumulative proportion with glaucoma was 6% (95% CI, 2%-16%)., Conclusions and Relevance: Trauma was not a common cause of pediatric cataract requiring surgery. For children with traumatic cataract, substantial ocular morbidity including permanent vision loss was found, and long-term eye and vision monitoring are needed for glaucoma, strabismus, and capsular opacification.

Purpose: To evaluate outcomes of bilateral cataract surgery in children aged 7 to 24 months and compare rates of adverse events (AEs) with other Toddler Aphakia and Pseudophakia Study (TAPS) registry outcomes., Design: Retrospective clinical study at 10 Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS) sites. Statistical analyses comparing this cohort with previously reported TAPS registry cohorts., Participants: Children enrolled in the TAPS registry between 2004 and 2010., Methods: Children underwent bilateral cataract surgery with or without intraocular lens (IOL) placement at age 7 to 24 months with 5 years of postsurgical follow-up., Main Outcome Measures: Visual acuity (VA), occurrence of strabismus, AEs, and reoperations., Results: A total of 40 children (76 eyes) who underwent bilateral cataract surgery with primary posterior capsulectomy were identified with a median age at cataract surgery of 11 months (7-23); 68% received a primary IOL. Recurrent visual axis opacification (VAO) occurred in 7.5% and was associated only with the use of an IOL (odds ratio, 6.10; P = 0.005). Glaucoma suspect (GS) was diagnosed in 2.5%, but no child developed glaucoma. In this bilateral cohort, AEs (8/40, 20%), including glaucoma or GS and VAO, and reoperations occurred in a similar proportion to that of the published unilateral TAPS cohort. When analyzed with children aged 1 to 7 months at bilateral surgery, the incidence of AEs and glaucoma or GS correlated strongly with age at surgery (P = 0.011/0.004) and glaucoma correlated with microcornea (P = 0.040) but not with IOL insertion (P = 0.15)., Conclusions: Follow-up to age 5 years after bilateral cataract surgery in children aged 7 to 24 months reveals a low rate of VAO and very rare glaucoma or GS diagnosis compared with infants with cataracts operated at < 7 months of age despite primary IOL implantation in most children in the group aged 7 to 24 months. The use of an IOL increases the risk of VAO irrespective of age at surgery., (Copyright © 2020 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To report outcomes of secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS)., Setting: Multicenter clinical practice., Design: Secondary analysis of patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial., Methods: Details regarding all secondary IOL surgeries conducted in children enrolled in the IATS were compiled. Visual outcomes, refractive outcomes, and adverse events at the age of 10½ years were evaluated. Comparisons were made with eyes that remained aphakic and with eyes randomized to primary IOL placement., Results: The study included 114 infants, 57 in the aphakic group and 57 in the primary IOL group; 55 of 57 patients randomized to aphakia with contact lens correction were seen for the 10½-year study visit; 24 (44%) of 55 eyes had secondary IOL surgery. Median age at IOL surgery was 5.4 years (range 1.7 to 10.3 years). Mean absolute prediction error was 1.00 ± 0.70 diopters (D). At age 10½ years, the median logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity (VA) was 0.9 (range 0.2 to 1.7), similar to VA in the 31 eyes still aphakic (0.8, range 0.1 to 2.9); the number of eyes with stable or improved VA scores between the 4½-year and 10½-year study visits was also similar (78% secondary IOL eyes; 84% aphakic eyes). For eyes undergoing IOL implantation after the 4½-year study visit (n = 22), the mean refraction at age 10½ years was -3.20 ± 2.70 D (range -9.90 to 1.10 D), compared with -5.50 ± 6.60 D (n = 53, range -26.50 to 3.00 D) in eyes with primary IOL (P = .03)., Conclusions: Delayed IOL implantation allows a more predictable refractive outcome at age 10½ years, although the range of refractive error is still large., (Copyright © 2021 Published by Wolters Kluwer on behalf of ASCRS and ESCRS.)

Purpose: To evaluate outcomes of bilateral cataract surgery in infants 1 to 7 months of age performed by Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS) investigators during IATS recruitment and to compare them with IATS unilateral outcomes., Design: Retrospective case series review at 10 IATS sites., Participants: The Toddler Aphakia and Pseudophakia Study (TAPS) is a registry of children treated by surgeons who participated in the IATS., Methods: Children underwent bilateral cataract surgery with or without intraocular lens (IOL) placement during IATS enrollment years 2004 through 2010., Main Outcome Measures: Visual acuity (VA), strabismus, adverse events (AEs), and reoperations., Results: One hundred seventy-eight eyes (96 children) were identified with a median age of 2.5 months (range, 1-7 months) at the time of cataract surgery. Forty-two eyes (24%) received primary IOL implantation. Median VA of the better-seeing eye at final study visit closest to 5 years of age with optotype VA testing was 0.35 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR; optotype equivalent, 20/45; range, 0.00-1.18 logMAR) in both aphakic and pseudophakic children. Corrected VA was excellent (<20/40) in 29% of better-seeing eyes, 15% of worse-seeing eyes. One percent showed poor acuity (≥20/200) in the better-seeing eye, 12% in the worse-seeing eye. Younger age at surgery and smaller (<9.5 mm) corneal diameter at surgery conferred an increased risk for glaucoma or glaucoma suspect designation (younger age: odds ratio [OR], 1.44; P = 0.037; and smaller cornea: OR, 3.95; P = 0.045). Adverse events also were associated with these 2 variables on multivariate analysis (younger age: OR, 1.36; P = 0.023; and smaller cornea: OR, 4.78; P = 0.057). Visual axis opacification was more common in pseudophakic (32%) than aphakic (8%) eyes (P = 0.009). Unplanned intraocular reoperation occurred in 28% of first enrolled eyes (including glaucoma surgery in 10%)., Conclusions: Visual acuity after bilateral cataract surgery in infants younger than 7 months is good, despite frequent systemic and ocular comorbidities. Although aphakia management did not affect VA outcome or AE incidence, IOL placement increased the risk of visual axis opacification. Adverse events and glaucoma correlated with a younger age at surgery and glaucoma correlated with the presence of microcornea., (Copyright © 2019 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate outcomes of unilateral cataract surgery in children 7 to 24 months of age., Design: Retrospective case series at 10 Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS) sites., Participants: The Toddler Aphakia and Pseudophakia Study is a registry of children treated by surgeons who participated in the IATS., Methods: Children underwent unilateral cataract surgery with or without intraocular lens (IOL) placement during the IATS enrollment years of 2004 and 2010., Main Outcome Measures: Intraoperative complications, adverse events (AEs), visual acuity, and strabismus., Results: Fifty-six children were included with a mean postoperative follow-up of 47.6 months. Median age at cataract surgery was 13.9 months (range, 7.2-22.9). Ninety-two percent received a primary IOL. Intraoperative complications occurred in 4 patients (7%). At 5 years of age, visual acuity of treated eyes was very good (≥20/40) in 11% and poor (≤20/200) in 44%. Adverse events were identified in 24%, with a 4% incidence of glaucoma suspect. An additional unplanned intraocular surgery occurred in 14% of children. Neither AEs nor intraocular reoperations were more common for children with surgery at 7 to 12 months of age than for those who underwent surgery at 13 to 24 months of age (AE rate, 21% vs. 25% [P = 0.60]; reoperation rate, 13% vs. 16% [P = 1.00])., Conclusions: Although most children underwent IOL implantation concurrent with unilateral cataract removal, the incidence of complications, reoperations, and glaucoma was low when surgery was performed between 7 and 24 months of age and compared favorably with same-site IATS data for infants undergoing surgery before 7 months of age. Our study showed that IOL implantation is relatively safe in children older than 6 months and younger than 2 years., (Copyright © 2019 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Importance: Cataract is an important cause of visual impairment in children. Outcomes reported from a large clinical disease-specific registry can provide real-world estimates of visual outcomes and rates of adverse events in clinical practice., Objective: To describe visual acuity and refractive error outcomes, as well as rates of amblyopia, glaucoma, and additional eye surgery, during the first year after lensectomy in children., Design, Setting, and Participants: A prospective observational study was conducted from June 18, 2012, to July 8, 2015, at 61 pediatric eye care practices among 880 children younger than 13 years at the time of lensectomy in at least 1 eye with follow-up within 15 months after surgery. Statistical analysis was performed from December 12, 2016, to December 14, 2018., Exposures: Lensectomy with or without implantation of an intraocular lens., Main Outcomes and Measures: Visual acuity as well as rates of amblyopia, glaucoma, suspected glaucoma, and other intraocular surgery., Results: Among the 880 children (432 girls and 448 boys; mean [SD] age at annual follow-up, 4.9 [3.8] years) in the study, lens surgery was bilateral in 362 (41.1%; 95% CI, 37.9%-44.4%) children and unilateral in 518 (58.9%; 95% CI, 55.6%-62.1%). An intraocular lens was implanted in 654 of 1132 eyes (60.2%; 95% CI, 57.0%-63.4% [proportions reported for eye-level outcomes account for the potential correlation induced by enrolling both eyes of some individuals; for participants who received bilateral surgery, these numbers will differ from the quotient of the number of cases divided by the total sample size]). Amblyopia was identified in 449 children (51.0%; 95% CI, 47.7%-54.3%). In children age 3 years or older, mean visual acuity was 0.30 logMAR (about 20/40) in 153 bilateral pseudophakic eyes, 0.49 logMAR (about 20/63) in 141 unilateral pseudophakic eyes, 0.47 logMAR (about 20/63) in 21 bilateral aphakic eyes, and 0.61 logMAR (about 20/80) in 17 unilateral aphakic eyes. Mean visual acuity improved with older age at surgery in eyes with bilateral pseudophakia by 0.2 logMAR line (99% CI, 0.02-0.4; P = .005) and by 0.3 logMAR line (99% CI, 0.04-0.60; P = .004) in eyes with unilateral pseudophakia. A new diagnosis of glaucoma or suspected glaucoma was made in 67 of 1064 eyes that did not have glaucoma prior to lensectomy (5.9%; 95% CI, 4.6%-7.7%); 36 of 273 eyes with bilateral aphakia (13.2%; 95% CI, 9.0%-19.0%), 5 of 308 eyes with bilateral pseudophakia (1.5%; 95% CI, 0.6%-4.2%), 14 of 178 eyes with unilateral aphakia (7.9%; 95% CI, 4.7%-12.8%), and 12 of 305 eyes with unilateral pseudophakia (3.9%; 95% CI, 2.2%-6.8%). Additional intraocular surgery, most commonly vitrectomy or membranectomy to clear the visual axis, was performed in 189 of 1132 eyes (17.0%; 95% CI, 14.8%-19.6%)., Conclusions and Relevance: Amblyopia was frequently observed during the first year after lensectomy in this cohort of children younger than 13 years. For children age 2 years or older at surgery visual acuity was typically less than normal for age and was worse with unilateral cataract. Management of visual axis obscuration was the most common complication requiring surgical intervention during the first year after surgery.

Purpose: To report strabismus surgery frequency and outcomes after monocular infantile cataract surgery with or without IOL implantation., Methods: The Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS) is a randomized, multicenter clinical trial comparing treatment of aphakia with a primary IOL or contact lens in 114 infants with a unilateral congenital cataract. This report is a secondary outcome analysis of ocular motor data from IATS patients who underwent strabismus surgery prior to age 5 years., Results: Strabismus surgery was performed in 45 (39%) patients (contact lens group [CL], 37%; IOL group, 42% [P = 0.70]). The indications for strabismus surgery were esotropia (62%), exotropia (33%), and hypertropia (4%). Infants who underwent cataract surgery at a younger age were less likely to undergo strabismus surgery (28-48 days, 12/50 [24%]; 49-210 days, 33/64 [52%]; P = 0.0037). Of the 42 patients who underwent strabismus surgery, 14 (33%) had a postoperative distance alignment within 8 Δ of orthotropia at age 5 years. The 5-year visual acuity of children with strabismus was the same whether or not strabismus surgery had been performed (1.10 logMAR with surgery vs 1.00 without [P = 0.71])., Conclusions: In this study cohort, cataract surgery performed in the first 6 weeks of life was associated with a reduced frequency of strabismus surgery. Strabismus surgery outcomes in this population are guarded. Surgical improvement of strabismus does not appear to influence long-term visual acuity., (Copyright © 2016 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate sensorimotor outcomes among children in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS)., Methods: Secondary outcome analysis was performed in this randomized, multicenter, clinical trial comparing treatment of unilateral aphakia with a primary intraocular lens (IOL) or contact lens (CL) correction. The alignment characteristics and sensory status of children through age 5 years were evaluated., Results: In the IATS study, 91 of 112 children (81%) developed strabismus through age 5 years. Of 34 infants who were orthotropic at near 12 months after cataract surgery, at age 5 years 14 (41%) were orthotropic at distance, and 15 (44%) were orthotropic at near at age 5 years without strabismus surgery. Eight of 56 children (14%) in the CL group and 13 of 56 (23%) in the IOL group were orthotropic at distance (P = 0.33) at 5 years of age and had no history of strabismus surgery. Thirteen of 48 (27%) who underwent cataract surgery prior to 49 days of age compared to 8 of 64 (13%) who had surgery after 49 days were orthotropic (P = 0.085). Median visual acuity in the operative eye was 0.4 logMAR (20/50) for children with orthotropia or microtropia (<10(Δ)) versus 1.10 logMAR (20/252) for strabismus ≥10(Δ) (P = 0.0001). Stereopsis was detected in 12 of 21 children (57%) with orthotropia versus 16 of 89 (18%) children with strabismus (P = 0.0006)., Conclusions: IOL placement does not reduce the development of strabismus after monocular congenital cataract surgery. Improved ocular alignment by age 5 years correlated strongly with improved visual acuity and stereopsis., (Copyright © 2016 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Importance: Glaucoma-related adverse events constitute major sight-threatening complications of cataract removal in infancy, yet their relationship to aphakia vs primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation remains unsettled., Objective: To identify and characterize cases of glaucoma and glaucoma-related adverse events (glaucoma + glaucoma suspect) among children in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study by the age of 5 years., Design, Setting, and Participants: A multicenter randomized clinical trial of 114 infants with unilateral congenital cataract in referral centers who were between ages 1 and 6 months at surgery. Mean follow-up was 4.8 years. This secondary analysis was conducted from December 23, 2004, to November 13, 2013., Interventions: Participants were randomized at cataract surgery to either primary IOL or no IOL implantation (contact lens). Standardized definitions of glaucoma and glaucoma suspect were created for the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study and applied for surveillance and diagnosis., Main Outcomes and Measures: Development of glaucoma and glaucoma + glaucoma suspect in operated on eyes for children up to age 5 years, plus intraocular pressure, visual acuity, and axial length at age 5 years., Results: Product limit estimates of the risk for glaucoma and glaucoma + glaucoma suspect at 4.8 years after surgery were 17% (95% CI, 11%-25%) and 31% (95% CI, 24%-41%), respectively. The contact lens and IOL groups were not significantly different for either outcome: glaucoma (hazard ratio [HR], 0.8; 95% CI, 0.3-2.0; P = .62) and glaucoma + glaucoma suspect (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.6-2.5; P = .58). Younger (vs older) age at surgery conferred an increased risk for glaucoma (26% vs 9%, respectively) at 4.8 years after surgery (HR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.2-8.3), and smaller (vs larger) corneal diameter showed an increased risk for glaucoma + glaucoma suspect (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-5.0). Age and corneal diameter were significantly positively correlated. Glaucoma was predominantly open angle (19 of 20 cases, 95%), most eyes received medication (19 of 20, 95%), and 8 of 20 eyes (40%) underwent surgery., Conclusions and Relevance: These results suggest that glaucoma-related adverse events are common and increase between ages 1 and 5 years in infants after unilateral cataract removal at 1 to 6 months of age; primary IOL placement does not mitigate their risk but surgery at a younger age increases the risk. Longer follow-up of these children may further characterize risk factors, long-term outcomes, potential differences between eyes having primary IOL vs aphakia, and optimal timing of unilateral congenital cataract removal., Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00212134.

Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of strabismus in infants who underwent cataract surgery with and without intraocular lens (IOL) implantation., Design: Secondary outcome analysis in a prospective, randomized clinical trial., Participants: The Infant Aphakia Treatment Study is a randomized, multicenter (n = 12), clinical trial comparing treatment of aphakia with a primary IOL or contact lens in 114 infants with a unilateral congenital cataract., Intervention: Infants underwent cataract surgery with or without placement of an IOL., Main Outcome Measures: The proportion of patients in whom strabismus developed during the first 12 months of follow-up was calculated using the life-table method and was compared across treatment groups and age strata using a log-rank test., Results: Strabismus developed within the first 12 months of follow-up in 38 pseudophakic infants (life-table estimate, 66.7%) and 42 infants (life-table estimate, 74.5%) treated with contact lenses (P = 0.59). The younger cohort (<49 days) at the time of surgery demonstrated less strabismus (29 of 50; life-table estimate, 58.0%) than the older cohort (≥ 49 days; 51 of 64; life-table estimate, 80.0%; P<0.01)., Conclusions: Intraocular lens placement does not prevent the early development of strabismus after congenital cataract surgery. However, strabismus was less likely to develop in infants whose cataract was removed at an earlier age., Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article., (Copyright © 2013 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To report the accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculations and the early refractive status in pseudophakic eyes of infants in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study., Methods: Eyes randomized to receive primary IOL implantation were targeted for a postoperative refraction of +8.0 diopters (D) for infants 28 to 48 days old at surgery and +6.0 D for those 49 days or older to younger than 7 months at surgery using the Holladay 1 formula. Refraction 1 month after surgery was converted to spherical equivalent, and prediction error (PE; defined as the calculated refraction minus the actual refraction) and absolute PE were calculated. Baseline eye and surgery characteristics and A-scan quality were analyzed to compare their effect on PE., Main Outcome Measures: Prediction error., Results: Fifty-six eyes underwent primary IOL implantation; 7 were excluded for lack of postoperative refraction (n = 5) or incorrect technique in refraction (n = 1) or biometry (n = 1). Overall mean (SD) absolute PE was 1.8 (1.3) D and mean (SD) PE was +1.0 (2.0) D. Absolute PE was less than 1 D in 41% of eyes but greater than 2 D in 41% of eyes. Mean IOL power implanted was 29.9 D (range, 11.5-40.0 D); most eyes (88%) implanted with an IOL of 30.0 D or greater had less postoperative hyperopia than planned. Multivariate analysis revealed that only short axial length (<18 mm) was significant for higher PE., Conclusions: Short axial length correlates with higher PE after IOL placement in infants. Less hyperopia than anticipated occurs with axial lengths of less than 18 mm or high-power IOLs. Application to Clinical Practice Quality A-scans are essential and higher PE is common, with a tendency for less hyperopia than expected., Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00212134.

Pediatric glaucoma may coexist with other anterior segment disorders, and when 2 surgeries are indicated in children, they are generally performed on separate days. We present 3 cases, documented with video, that illustrate the combination of anterior segment surgery (including cataract extraction and papillary membrane removal) with fiber-optic microcatheter trabeculotomy in infants. In one case, the microcatheter procedure could not be completed, and a trabeculotome was used to complete the trabeculotomy. One patient developed a mild hyphema after microcatheter trabeculotomy, which resolved. All cases were performed without other complications and with satisfactory results., (Copyright © 2011 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To investigate the evolution of postoperative astigmatism after cataract extraction and lens implantation in children through a 6.5 mm limbal incision., Methods: This is a retrospective longitudinal study of consecutive pediatric patients with adequate follow-up who underwent cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation through a 6.5 mm limbal incision. Preoperative and 3-month postoperative astigmatism and spherical equivalent were compared., Results: A total of 92 eyes of 73 children met the inclusion criteria. The mean cylindrical correction on the first postoperative day was 6.6 ± 2.3 D (range, 1.00-13.00 D). This dropped to 1.9 ± 1.7 D between 2 and 4 weeks and 1.2 ± 1.0 D (range, 0-3.25 D) by 3 months postoperatively. The mean spherical equivalent was +0.5 D on the first postoperative day and did not change significantly during the follow-up period. The mean astigmatism preoperatively (1.2 ± 0.8 D) and 3 months postoperatively (1.2 ± 1.0 D) were not statistically different (p = 0.9). There was no statistically significant change in astigmatism between 1 and 3 months and 1 and 2 years (p = 0.16, n = 33)., Conclusions: Large cylindrical refractive errors after pediatric cataract surgery through a 6.5 mm limbal incision resolve postoperatively within 3 months., (Copyright © 2010 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To investigate the outcome of trabeculotomy and/or goniotomy for pediatric aphakic glaucoma., Methods: Retrospective chart review of consecutive children who had congenital cataract surgery between 1990 and 2006 and required goniotomy and/or trabeculotomy for aphakic glaucoma. Treatment success was defined as postoperative intraocular pressure of