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Mammalian X and Y chromosomes independently evolved from various autosomes approximately 300 million years ago (MYA). To fully understand the relationship between genomic composition and phenotypic diversity arising due to the course of evolution, we have scanned regions of selection signatures on the X chromosome in different cattle breeds. In this study, we have prepared the datasets of 184 individuals of different cattle breeds and explored the complete X chromosome by utilizing four within-population and two between-population methods. There were 23, 25, 30, 17, 17, and 12 outlier regions identified in Tajima's D, CLR, iHS, ROH, FST, and XP-EHH. Bioinformatics analysis showed that these regions harbor important candidate genes like AKAP4 for reproduction in Brown Swiss, MBTS2 for production traits in Brown Swiss and Guernsey, CXCR3 and CITED1 for health traits in Jersey and Nelore, and BMX and CD40LG for regulation of X chromosome inactivation in Nelore and Gir. We identified genes shared among multiple methods, such as TRNAC-GCA and IL1RAPL1, which appeared in Tajima's D, ROH, and iHS analyses. The gene TRNAW-CCA was found in ROH, CLR and iHS analyses. The X chromosome exhibits a distinctive interaction between demographic factors and genetic variations, and these findings may provide new insight into the X-linked selection in different cattle breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of candidate genes related to pigmentation and under selective sweep provides insights into the genetic basis of pigmentation and the evolutionary forces that have shaped this variation. The selective sweep events in the genes responsible for normal coat color in Indian cattle groups are still unknown. To find coat color genes displaying signs of selective sweeps in the indigenous cattle, we compiled a list of candidate genes previously investigated for their association with coat color and pigmentation. After that, we performed a genome-wide scan of positive selection signatures using the BovineSNP50K Bead Chip in 187 individuals of seven indigenous breeds. We applied a wide range of methods to find evidence of selection, such as Tajima's D, CLR, iHS, varLD, ROH, and FST. We found a total of sixteen genes under selective sweep, that were involved in coat color and pigmentation physiology. These genes are CRIM1 in Gir, MC1R in Sahiwal, MYO5A, PMEL and POMC in Tharparkar, TYRP1, ERBB2, and ASIP in Red Sindhi, MITF, LOC789175, PAX3 and TYR in Ongole, and IRF2, SDR165 and, KIT in Nelore, ADAMTS19 in Hariana. These genes are related to melanin synthesis, the biology of melanocytes and melanosomes, and the migration and survival of melanocytes during development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riverine Buffaloes, especially the Murrah breed because of their adaptability to harsh climatic conditions, is farmed in many countries to convert low-quality feed into valuable dairy products and meat. Here, we investigated the copy number variations (CNVs) in 296 Murrah buffalo using the Axiom® Buffalo Genotyping Array 90K (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The CNVs were detected on the autosomes, using the Copy Number Analysis Module (CNAM) using the univariate analysis. 7937 CNVs were detected in 279 Buffaloes, the average length of the CNVs was 119,048.87 bp that ranged between 7800 and 4,561,030 bp. These CNVs were accounting for 10.33% of the buffalo genome, which was comparable to cattle, sheep, and goat CNV analyses. Further, CNVs were merged and 1541 CNVRs were detected using the Bedtools-mergeBed command. 485 genes were annotated within 196 CNVRs that were identified in at least 10 animals of Murrah population. Out of these, 40 CNVRs contained 59 different genes that were associated with 69 different traits. Overall, the study identified a significant number of CNVs and CNVRs in the Murrah breed of buffalo, with a wide range of lengths and frequencies across the autosomes. The identified CNVRs contained genes associated with important traits related to production and reproduction, making them potentially important targets for future breeding and genetic improvement efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes are among the immune genes that have been extensively studied in vertebrates and are necessary for adaptive immunity. In the immunological response to infectious diseases, they play several significant roles. This research paper provides the selection signatures in the MHC region of the bovine genome as well as how certain genes related to innate immunity are undergoing a positive selective sweep. Here, we investigated signatures of historical selection on MHC genes in 15 different cattle populations and a total of 427 individuals. To identify the selection signatures, we have used three separate summary statistics. The findings show potential selection signatures in cattle from whom we isolated genes involved in the MHC. The most significant regions related to the bovine MHC are BOLA, non-classical MHC class I antigen (BOLA-NC1), Microneme protein 1 (MIC1) , Cluster of Differentiation 244 (CD244), Gap Junction Alpha-5 Protein (GJA5). It will be possible to gain new insight into immune system evolution by understanding the distinctive characteristics of MHC in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the current research was to locate, annotate, and highlight specific areas of the bovine genome that are undergoing intense positive selection. Here, we are analyzing selection signatures in crossbred (Bos taurus X Bos indicus), taurine (Bos taurus), and indicine (Bos indicus) cattle breeds. Indicine cattle breeds found throughout India are known for their higher heat tolerance and disease resilience. More breeds and more methods can provide a better understanding of the selection signature. So, we have worked on nine distinct cattle breeds utilizing seven different summary statistics, which is a fairly extensive approach. In this study, we carried out a thorough genome-wide investigation of selection signatures using bovine 50K SNP data. We have included the genotyped data of two taurine, two crossbreds, and five indicine cattle breeds, for a total of 320 animals. During the 1950s, these indicine (cebuine) cattle breeds were exported with the aim of enhancing the resilience of taurine breeds in Western countries. For this study, we employed seven summary statistics, including intra-population, i.e., Tajima's D, CLR, iHS, and ROH and inter-population statistics, i.e., FST, XP-EHH, and Rsb. The NCBI database, PANTHER 17.0, and CattleQTL database were used for annotation after finding the important areas under selection. Some genes, including EPHA6, CTNNA2, NPFFR2, HS6ST3, NPR3, KCNIP4, LIPK, SDCBP, CYP7A1, NSMAF, UBXN2B, UGDH, UBE2K, and DAB1, were shown to be shared by three or more different approaches. Therefore, it gives evidence of the most intense selection in these areas. These genes are mostly linked to milk production and adaptability traits. This study also reveals selection regions that contain genes which are crucial to numerous biological functions, including those associated with milk production, coat color, glucose metabolism, oxidative stress response, immunity and circadian rhythms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted on the MHC class I (BoLA-A/BuLA-A) gene in Sahiwal, Jersey, Hariana, and Tharparkar breeds of cattle and Murrah, Mehsana, and Bhadawari breeds of buffalo to study the polymorphism. Exons 7–8 of the MHC class I gene was first characterized for polymorphism study in buffalo and the results reveal that this gene has a higher level of nucleotide changes than the cattle. Genes were investigated for polymorphisms in 285 animals of cattle and buffalo breeds. Molecular characterization of the MHC class I (BoLa-A/Bula-A) gene reveals a higher degree of polymorphism at the nucleotide level in cattle and buffalo. Results revealed this region has a higher level of polymorphisms in buffalo as campared to the cattle. Alul restriction patterns were monomorphic except for three different patterns but it was able to illustrate the differences in buffalo and cattle. SSCP analysis of exons 7–8 showed remarkable differences in cattle and buffalo. Sequence analysis revealed more closeness of Murrah breed with crossbred and indigenous cattle than Holstein Friesian. Exon 8 had more deletion and stop codon as compared to exon 7. The investigation confirmed that MHC class I BoLa-A/Bula-A exons 7–8 is highly polymorphic in buffalo as compared to cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copy number variations (CNVs) are major forms of genetic variation with an increasing importance in animal genomics. This study used the Illumina BovineSNP 50 K BeadChip to detect the genome-wide CNVs in the Tharparkar cattle. With the aid of PennCNV software, we noticed a total of 447 copy number variation regions (CNVRs) across the autosomal genome, occupying nearly 2.17% of the bovine genome. The average size of detected CNVRs was found to be 122.2 kb, the smallest CNVR being 50.02 kb in size, to the largest being 1,232.87 Kb. Enrichment analyses of the genes in these CNVRs gave significant associations with molecular adaptation-related Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Most CNVR genes were significantly enriched for specific biological functions; signaling pathways, sensory responses to stimuli, and various cellular processes. In addition, QTL analysis of CNVRs described them to be linked with economically essential traits in cattle. The findings here provide crucial information for constructing a more comprehensive CNVR map for the indigenous cattle genome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• "Inter-calving intervals reflect cattle reproductive capacity, influencing the sustainability of livestock production through impacts on lactation dynamics." • "Identification of numerous Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) associated with reproductive phenotypes in dairy cattle offers valuable insights for enhancing breeding strategies and genetic selection." • "Studying QTLs linked to reproductive traits not only informs livestock breeding practices but also contributes to advancements in biotechnology and broader fields like human health and conservation." From an economic standpoint, reproductive characteristics are fundamental for sustainable production, particularly for monotocous livestock like cattle. A longer inter-calving interval is indicative of low reproductive capacity. This issue changes the dynamics of current and future lactations since it necessitates more inseminations, veterinary care, and hormone interventions. Various reproductive phenotypes, including ovulation, mating, fertility, pregnancy, embryonic growth, and calving-related traits, are observed in dairy cattle, and these traits have been associated with several QTLs. Calving ease, age at puberty, scrotal circumference, and inseminations per conception have been associated with 4437, 10623, 10498, and 2476 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs), respectively. This data offers valuable insights into enhancing and comprehending reproductive traits in livestock breeding. Studying QTLs associated with reproductive traits has far-reaching implications across various fields, from agriculture and animal husbandry to human health, evolutionary biology, and conservation. It provides the foundation for informed breeding practices, advances in biotechnology, and a deeper understanding of the genetic underpinnings of reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of increase in milk production, dairy farmers suffer huge economic losses due to mastitis even in very well organized and modern farms. It has been observed that with the increase in the ability of milk production, dairy animals become more susceptible to mastitis. One of the most common causes of mastitis is infection of the mammary gland caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli responsible for invoking sub-clinical and clinical mastitis, respectively. The resistivity or susceptibility of species/breeds towards mastitis depends on mode and intensity of immune response to invading pathogens. Inflammation of the mammary tissue results in the release of several cytokines, among which release of interleukin 10 (IL-10) has been identified as an important cytokine for the control of immune response. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the level of IL-10 expression when Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) isolated from Crossbred cattle, Tharparkar cattle and Murrah buffalo were stimulated by antigens obtained from Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results demonstrated deviations in the level of IL-10 expression among these breeds and species in response to the stimulation by the same dose of antigens. Abbreviation: CMT (California Mastitis Test); ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay); LPS (Lipopolysaccharide); LTA (Lipoteichoic acid); PBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells); PGN (Peptidoglycan); SCC (Somatic Cell Count) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have now replaced microsatellite markers in several species for various genetic investigations like parentage assignment, genetic breed composition, assessment for individuality and, most popularly, as a useful tool in genomic selection. However, such a resource, which can offer to assist breed identification in a cost-effective manner is still not explored in cattle breeding programs. In our study, we have tried to describe methods for reducing the number of SNPs to develop a breed-specific panel. We have used SNP data from Dryad open public access repository. Starting from a global dataset of 178 animals belonging to 10 different breeds, we selected five panels each comprising of similar number of SNPs using different methods i.e., Delta, Pairwise Wright's FST, informativeness for assignment, frequent item feature selection (FIFS) and minor allele frequency–linkage disequilibrium (MAF-LD) based method. MAF-LD based method has been recently developed by us for construction of breed-specific SNP panels. The STRUCTURE software analysis of MAF-LD based method showed appropriate clustering in comparison to other panels. Later, the panel of 591 breed-specific SNPs was called to their respective breeds using Venny 2.1.0 and UGent web tools software. Breed-specific SNPs were later annotated by using various Bioinformatics softwares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to assess the population structure and admixture levels in the Vrindavani composite population in India by using Bovine50KSNP BeadChip data. Genotypic data were generated for randomly selected animals (n = 72) of Vrindavani population and the data for parental breeds i.e., Hariana (n = 10), Holstein-Friesian (n = 63), Jersey (n = 28) and Brown Swiss (n = 22) were retrieved from a public repository. The indices of population structure were calculated using PLINK software and R-program. The merged dataset was analysed for assessing admixture levels and population stratification using three different approaches i.e., principal component analysis (PCA), multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) approach and the model-based approach in STRUCTURE software. The average minor allele frequency (MAF) value for Vrindavani population was estimated to be 0.235. Vrindavani population was found to possess an average ancestry of 39.5, 22.9, 26.9, and 10.7% inheritance levels from Holstein Friesian, Jersey, Hariana and Brown Swiss cattle breeds, respectively. • We have got evidence of optimum applicability of Bovine 50 K SNP BeadChip data on crossbred population for admixture study • Admixture levels in Vrindavani crossbred population were calculated for the first time in the Indian context • The basic information generated in our study will help for characterization of other similar crossbreds of the country [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cost of SNP genotyping to screen different breeds and to estimate the exact proportion of ancestry level is quite high, which can be compensated through deriving a small panel of ancestry informative markers (AIMs). Hence, we carried out the present study to provide an insight into ancestry level inferred from a panel of informative markers in the crossbred Vrindavani population developed at ICAR-IVRI, India. We have performed a new method i.e., discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) for the first time on the dataset of Vrindavani cattle. To confirm our method, we had performed DAPC on two other well-known crossbred cattle, i.e., Frieswal and Beefmaster. Three sets of panels (500, 1000 and 2000 markers) were tested for clustering of individuals. Among all the panels, we found the panel (1000 markers) with DAPC based contribution method was of the smallest size and comparatively of the highest accuracy. • The present study was carried out to infer ancestry level from a panel of informative markers in the crossbred population • The 1000 markers panel selected through DAPC based contribution method was the smallest and comparatively accurate • The information generated in our study will pave the way for characterization of other crossbreds available in the country [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to assess parameters related to genetic diversity, population structure and admixture in the Frieswal crossbred cattle of India. A total of three datasets were analyzed during this study. Dataset A (n = 80) consisted of data on two purebred populations, i.e., Shorthorn (n = 35) and Brahman (n = 25) and one crossbred strain Santa Gertrudis (n = 20). The dataset B (n = 71) consisted of data on three populations that included Holstein-Friesian (n = 30), Sahiwal (n = 27) and Frieswal (n = 14) cattle. The dataset C included data on all the six breeds under study. Dataset C was used to assess the indices of population structure and genetic diversity of different breeds prior to and after LD pruning. For Frieswal cattle strain, the proportion of polymorphic SNPs and MAF levels was 84.54% and 0.24, respectively. Frieswal strain maintained appreciable genetic diversity with observed heterozygosity measure of 0.414. PCA plots for three datasets depicted effective stratification of different breeds in the respective datasets. The genomic clustering levels of Sahiwal and Holstein-Friesian were found to be 98.45 and 99.89%, respectively, while the admixture of Frieswal was estimated to be about 61.5 and 38.5% from Holstein-Friesian and Sahiwal breeds, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subclinical mastitis, generally caused by Staphylococcus aureus, has a global economic impact all over the world. Hence, it needs to be resolved on higher priority which may be attained via. selection of mastitis resistant animals or inclusion of mastitis resistant trait into herd apart from management care. Diverse hosts with various genetic make-ups encounter pathogens in a diverse manner which in turn leads to contradicting outcome of the disease. Identification of species-wise or breed-wise differential expressed genes in response to S. aureus through relative evaluation of transcripts may be useful for judging the immuno-competency of a species or breed toward mastitis. The present study was undertaken to examine the stimulant effect of S. aureus peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) on Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) harvested from blood samples of crossbred cattle, Tharparkar cattle, and Murrah buffaloes. After 6 h of in vitro stimulation qRT-PCR was used to measure the relative mRNA expression of TLR-2, TNF-α, IL-8, IFN-γ and IL-10 genes in stimulated and un-stimulated PBMC. The selected genes revealed significant differences in the pattern of immune response among crossbred cattle, Tharparkar cattle and Murrah buffalo in spite of the same stimulant dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular level information related to buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) reproduction and related genes is not present at appropriate level. If such exploration is made in the form of comparison between expression of genes is made between non-pregnant and pregnant phase, it may be helpful to aid manipulate the reproduction. Hence, the present study was carried out to reveal mRNA quantitative real time expression of oxytocin receptor (OTR) mRNA. IFN-τ is considered as the substance of maternal recognition of pregnancy and shut down the probable mechanisms which lead to luteolysis. Such mechanism includes shutting down of OTR. Therefore, relative expression of OTR was studied in endometrial tissue of three groups. The groups were non-pregnant late luteal phase, pregnancy stage I (pregnancy of <42 days) and pregnancy stage II (>42 days of pregnancy). With designed primer and GAPDH as house-keeping gene, relative mRNA expression was measured in Real-time PCR. After statistical analysis of results, the gene found to be expressed in all three stages with non-significant difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BoLA class II DQA and DQB genes in crossbred cattle were studied using PCR-RFLP, cloning, and sequencing techniques. Seventy-two crossbred cattle (Vrindavani) were used in the current study. HaeIII and XbaI restriction enzymes digested DQA exon 2-3, revealing seven (HaeIII-A-G) and three (XbaI A-C) motifs, respectively. The BoLA-DQB gene was analyzed using PCR-RFLP with PstI and TaqI restriction enzymes, yielding five restriction motifs for each restriction enzyme (PstI-A-E and TaqI-A-E). In crossbred cattle, addition, deletion, and substitutions were observed in distinct sequences, resulting in variations in overall gene length. Changes in nucleotides at positions 64–80, 110–200, and 207–264 were largely responsible for polymorphism in DQA exon 2. The phylogenetic analysis predicted a high degree of nucleotide and amino acid changes in DQA exon 2-3 and DQB exon 2. DQA genes had a nucleotide dissimilarity of 0.3–25.4 percent, while DQB genes had a nucleotide dissimilarity of 1.5–14.3 percent. We cloned and sequenced 20 genotypes based on PCR-RFLP of the DQA and DQB genes. The current study observed variation in the DQA and DQB genes and will serve as a foundation for future research on the BoLA DQA and DQB genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We have identified genes by GWAS which are involved in well-established MAPK and PI3K-AKT signalling pathways, affecting biochemical process of coat colour production. • Due to introduction of exotic blood to continue the process of development of Vrindavani cattle, a very low F ST value was observed suggesting outbreeding of the population. • This work provides a preliminary information to carry forward researches on genomic basis of coat colour patterns in crossbred cattle Coat colour and various patterns are the hallmarked qualitative traits studied in cattle as well as other livestock; however, variation in this trait is resultant of interactions and epistasis of a set of genes rather than being a product of a single gene. In this study, GWAS has been conducted from 50K SNP genotype data, with a stratified approach on Vrindavani cattle (n=48). The study was conducted in two sets of an experiment wherein set I treats all the solid colours (n=18) as controls and rest spotted or patchy types as cases (n=30), and set II treats brown and brown with white spots as controls (n=15), and rest as cases (n=33). After quality check (MAF>0.01, genotyping rate>90%, and H-W equilibrium at p≤ 0.001) of genotype data, 37247 SNPs were further used for accomplishing Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) with coat colour. The distinct phenotypes were classified into four different sub-groups that are solid black, black with white patches, solid brown, and brown with white patches along with greyish white. The allele frequency difference was checked in all sub-groups. The GWAS was conducted in PLINK v1.7 and for graphical representation R was used. Two SNPs in set I and 20 in set II were found to be significantly associated with coat colour in Vrindavani cattle. A ±500 Kb genome scan around the significant SNPs revealed gene BDNF for SNP DIAS-217 in set I and FGF18 for SNP ARS-BFGL-NGS-105192, and CACNA2D1 , and HGF for SNP BTB-01885061 in set II, are present around these SNPs. In KEGG-based pathway enrichment analysis, all the above-mentioned genes were found to be involved in well-established MAPK and PI3K-AKT signalling pathways, affecting the biochemical process of coat colour production. Genome-wide F ST values were low to moderate across the genome, however few associated SNPs had moderate to high F ST values indicating their power in differentiating the subgroups according to coat colour phenotype. This study provides a preliminary report of markers and genes involved in coat colour expression and revealed that the reported genes around the associated SNPs are involved in brown with white spotting phenotype. However, further researches in this field are essential for a more conclusive result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Combination of MAF-LD with Delta, F ST & FIFS methods enabled the selection of SNPs for breed purity. • 582 SNPs accurately assigned individuals to their respective breeds. • 63 Tharparkar-specific SNPs annotate to candidate genes of important phenotypic traits. Tharparkar cattle breed is widely known for its superior milch quality and hardiness attributes. This study aimed to develop an ultra-low density breed-specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype panel to accurately quantify Tharparkar populations in biological samples. In this study, we selected and genotyped 72 Tharparkar animals randomly from Cattle & Buffalo Farm of IVRI, India. This Bovine SNP50 BeadChip genotypic datum was merged with the online data from six indigenous cattle breeds and five taurine breeds. Here, we used a combination of pre-selection statistics and the MAF-LD method developed in our laboratory to analyze the genotypic data obtained from 317 individuals of 12 distinct breeds to identify breed-informative SNPs for the selection of Tharparkar cattle. This methodology identified 63 unique Tharparkar-specific SNPs near intermediate gene frequencies. We report several informative SNPs in genes/QTL regions affecting phenotypes or production traits that might differentiate the Tharparkar breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Early pregnant buffalo endometrial transcriptome identifies 270 highly upregulated and 180 highly downregulated genes. • The most upregulated genes relate to the processes of transport, secretion and homeostasis. • The most downregulated genes relate to mitosis, neuronal development and negative regulation of viral processes. Buffalo reproduction struggles with a high incidence of early embryonic mortality. Effective treatment and prevention strategies for this condition are not available due to lack of understanding of molecular pathways in early pregnancy of this species. In the present study, we have attempted to understand these molecular pathways by characterizing the endometrial transcriptomic profiles of pregnant buffalos during early pregnancy. For the transcriptome profiling, buffalo endometrial tissues of 29–36 days of pregnancy and of nonpregnant luteal phase were collected from the local slaughterhouse. We confirmed the status of pregnancy based on the crown vertebral length of the foetus. Total RNA was isolated and sequencing was performed using the Illumina nextseq platform. The raw reads were filtered and mapped to the Bos taurus UMD 3.1 reference genome assembly. An average of 24,597 genes was investigated for differential expression between the two groups. Transcriptome data identified a total of 450 differentially expressed genes (using a cut off value of log 2 fold changes >2 and <−2) in early pregnancy in comparison to the nonpregnant group (P adj < 0.05). Among these, 270 genes were significantly upregulated and 180 genes were downregulated. The most impacted pathways were related to secretion, transport, ionic homeostasis, mitosis and negative regulation of viral processes. In conclusion, our study characterized a unique set of DEGs, during the early pregnancy of buffalo, which potentially modulate the endometrial environment to establish and maintain a successful pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, indigenous cattle have not only played an essential role in securing primary food sources but have also been utilized for labor by humans, making them invaluable genetic resources. The Zhaotong cattle, a native Chinese breed from the Yunnan province, possess excellent meat quality and resistance to heat and humidity. Here we used whole genome sequencing data of 104 animals to delve into the population structure, genomic diversity and potential positive selection signals in Zhaotong cattle. The findings of this study demonstrate that the genetic composition of Zhaotong cattle was primarily derived from Chinese indicine cattle and East Asian cattle. The nucleotide diversity of Zhaotong cattle was only lower than that of Chinese indicine cattle, which was much higher than that of other taurine cattle. Genome‐wide selection scans detected a series of positive candidate regions containing multiple key genes related to bone development and metabolism (CA10, GABRG3, GLDN and NOTUM), meat quality traits (ALG8, LINGO2, MYO5B, PRKG1 and GABRB1), immune response (ADA2, BMF, LEF1 and PAK6) and heat resistance (EIF2AK4 and LEF1). In summary, this study supplies essential genetic insights into the genome diversity within Zhaotong cattle and provides a foundational framework for comprehending the genetic basis of indigenous cattle breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study in the 5’ upstream region of TLR4 gene revealed four Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in Vrindavani and Tharparkar cattle. The polymorphic information content (PIC), heterozygosity and allelic diversity values were low to moderate for these SNPs. In Vrindavani cattle, one SNP was found to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) and the remaining three were found to be in linkage disequilibrium (LD) as indicated statistically (P > 0.05). In Tharparkar cattle, two SNPs were found to be in HWE and were not in LD as indicated statistically (P > 0.05). These SNPs were used for construction of haplotypes. In-silico analysis of these SNPs predicted abolition of eight transcription factor binding sites and creation of eight new sites. The quantitative real time PCR analysis did not show any significant variation of gene expression among haplotypes. However, gene expression between breed was found to be significant (P < 0.05) which suggested that upstream region of bovine TLR4 gene has a crucial role in its expression. These findings in TLR4 gene offer essential evidence that can be useful in future research exploring its role in immunity. TLR4 can be used as a marker for selection for disease resistance in bovines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contents: Transition proteins (TNPs) are essential in chromatin condensation during spermiogenesis, and hence, they are the candidate genes for identifying sperm motility markers. Coding and in silico predicted promoter regions of these genes were investigated in crossbred and purebred cattle, and also, their mRNA quantification was done to explore its use as a diagnostic tool of infertility. PCR‐SSCP analysis revealed two band patterns in fragment III of TNP1 and fragment II of TNP2 gene. Sequence analysis revealed a deletion of "G" nucleotide in 3′UTR region of TNP1 and C>T SNP in intronic region of TNP2 gene. Least square analysis of variance did not reveal any significant influence of nucleotide deletion on any sperm motility parameters in both crossbred and purebred cattle. However, C>T SNP had a significant effect on initial progressive motility (p < 0.05) in purebred cattle and post‐thaw motility in overall cattle population. RT‐qPCR analysis did not reveal any significant variation in TNP1 and TNP2 gene expression among poorly motile and good quality spermatozoa of Vrindavani bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A functional genomics approach was used to examine the immune response for transcriptional profiling of PBMC M. bovis infected cattle and healthy control cattle to stimulation with bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative PPD-b). Total cellular RNA was extracted from non-challenged control and M. bovis challenged MDM for all animals at intervals of 6 h post-challenge, in response to in-vitro challenge with M. bovis (multiplicity of infection 2:1) and prepared for global gene expression analysis using the Agilent Bovine (V2) Gene Expression Microarray, 8 × 60 K. The pattern of expression of these genes in PPD bovine stimulated PBMC provides the first description of an M. bovis specific signature of infection that may provide insights into the molecular basis of the host response to infection. Analysis of these mapped reads showed 2450 genes (1291 up regulated and 1158 down regulated) 462 putative natural antisense transcripts (354 up-regulated and 108 down regulated) that were differentially expressed based on sense and antisense strand data, respectively (adjusted P-value ≤ 0.05). The results provided enrichment for genes involved top ten up regulated and down regulated panel of genes, including transcription factors proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. The highest differentially-expressed genes were associated to immune and inflammatory responses, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, apoptosis, cellular trafficking and regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis. Microarray results were confirmed in infected cattle by RT qPCR to identify potential biomarkers TLR2, CD80, NFKB1, IL8, CXCL6 and ADORA3 of bovine tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]