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Hierarchical porous carbon-based electrodes, benefiting from their facilitated ion diffusion and electron conduction, have demonstrated enormous potential in supercapacitors. The preparation of hierarchical carbons with uniformity and appropriate porosity, however, still remains a grand challenge, which hinders their widespread applications. Herein, a hierarchical porous polyimide-derived carbon electrode (CPC-Fe/Zn) has been fabricated by employing bimetallic salts (Fe/Zn) as precursor and template to activate the cellulose/polyimide (PI) carbon (CPC). Originating from suitable distribution of mesopores and micropores, the obtained CPC-Fe/Zn delivers a high specific capacitance of 420 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. Moreover, a symmetric supercapacitor device assembled with CPC-Fe/Zn exhibits delivers an energy density of 35.5 Wh/kg at a power density of 800 W/kg. Even at a larger current density of 20 A/g, the specific capacitance retention of such device still remains 92.5 % after 10,000 cycles, showing the rate performance and stability. This work has proposed a bimetallic salts template-assisted strategy to precisely modulate of the pore structure of carbon electrodes, which provides a promising platform to design superior electrodes for various electrochemical systems. [Display omitted] • The hierarchically porous structure of the material can be modulated precisely. • The symmetric supercapacitor exhibited a remarkable energy density of 35.5 Wh/kg @ 1000 W/kg. • The specific capacitance retention of symmetric supercapacitor reached 92.5 % after 10,000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable cellulose-based papers are considered as a good resource for energy storage devices owing to their interlaced microfibrillar structure and high electrolyte absorptivity. Herein, an all-cellulose-based solid-state high-rate supercapacitor assembled with cellulose paper-derived self-supporting porous carbon electrodes and filter paper separator is designed. Benefiting from ingenious surface chemistry and pore structure engineering, the electrodes possess interconnected network structure, hierarchical pores, and appropriate N/O doping levels. The electrode demonstrates high specific capacitance (222.2 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), prominent rate capability (120.1 F g−1 at 100 A g−1), and outstanding cyclic stability (98.7 % capacitance retention after 20,000 cycles at 80 A g−1), which surpass most of cellulose-based self-supporting carbon electrodes ever reported. By integrating the well-designed electrodes with a piece of filter paper separator, the assembled symmetric solid-state supercapacitor (1.2 V) achieves an encouraging specific capacitance of 115.0 F g−1 along with an impressive energy density of 22.9 Wh kg−1 and a maximum power density of 15.9 kW kg−1. Moreover, the symmetric supercapacitor with 1 M Et 4 NBF 4 organic electrolyte (3 V) delivered a maximum energy density and power density of 62.5 Wh kg−1 and 54.9 kW kg−1, respectively. This study proposes a design concept of all-cellulose-based solid-state supercapacitors, which presents a promising direction toward environmentally friendly and sustainable energy storage technology. [Display omitted] • A facile solvothermal reaction and carbonization/activation route was proposed to tailor pore and surface characteristics. • All-cellulose-based symmetric supercapacitor was designed by integrating N/O-CP-50 electrodes and filter paper separator. • Excellent comprehensive performance was achieved for N/O-CP-50-based symmetric supercapacitor. • The typical all-cellulose-based solid-state devices balance the cost and performance of portable electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]