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The checklist of the species of fungus beetle families Endomychidae and Anamorphidae from El Salvador is updated. Only six species of Endomychidae and one Anamorphidae have been previously recorded from the country, with specific localities reported only for two of them. The study of specimens collected in El Salvador over 60 years ago by Jan and Bohumila Bechyné and held in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, allowed us to have a better idea on the diversity and distribution of these beetles in the country. Eight species of Endomychidae and one of Anamorphidae are reported here, including three first records for El Salvador: Anidrytus guatemalae Arrow, Epipocus bifidus Gerstaecker and Stenotarsus ovalis Arrow. Additionally, first records for species of Endomychidae from countries of the Neotropical region are provided: Anidrytus batesi Strohecker from Peru, A. ovatulus Gerstaecker from Guyana, Ephebus hirtulus Strohecker from Paraguay, Epopterus vacuus Gerstaecker from Costa Rica and Acinaces unicolor Tomaszewska from Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whip spider Paraphrynus maya Armas, Trujillo & Agreda, 2017, (Amblypygi: Phrynidae) previously known only from Guatemala, is recorded for the first time from Honduras on the basis of an adult female from Trojes, El Paraíso department, Honduras. Now, the Honduran arachnofauna contains two confirmed Paraphrynus species: Pa. laevifrons (Pocock, 1894) and Pa. maya. Also, the paratypes of Pa. maya from Alta Verapaz department, Guatemala, are regarded as misidentified specimens of Pa. williamsi Mullinex, 1975. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação is the property of Ensaio: Avaliacao e Politicas Publicas em Educacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Why have Central American states been able to deliver public goods in the energy sector when most experiences of energy regionalism in Latin American have run into deadlock? Through process‐tracing the different factors that transformed the Central American Electric System (SIEPAC) from a policy‐idea into a fully operative supranational market, this article finds that the Interamerican Development Bank was the orchestrator of governments, national utilities, and extra‐regional state and market actors resulting in the production of energy infrastructure and improved energy security for Central American countries. Through three mechanisms—brokering, agenda‐setting, and assistance—the Interamerican Development Bank kept the cooperation agenda ongoing despite coordination problems and member states' divergent preferences. The article concludes that regional development banks are particularly well‐suited orchestrators of highly technical regionalism initiatives, such as energy integration, because they combine the input‐legitimacy of an intergovernmental organization, the know‐how of an epistemic community, and the resources of a bank. More research is needed to compare the role of various regional development banks in regionalism initiatives in the global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Aled: Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios del Discurso is the property of Asociacion Latinoamericana de Estudio del Discurso and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the making of carceral citizenship in Guatemala through an ethnographic analysis of la talacha – informal prison taxation schemes. Taxation is a key technology of citizenship. Tax enforcement mechanisms, the distribution of tax burdens, citizens’ willingness to pay, and their expectations of what they should get in return all make taxation an essential lens through which to understand state formation and citizens’ perceptions of and relations with one another. In Guatemala, where organized crime competes with and subsumes state institutions in ways that profoundly impact everyone, the state is only one of many entities claiming the right to tax, at turns competing and colluding with its underworld. These blurred dynamics are hyper-distilled in the country’s prison system, where state-prisoner networks tax the imprisoned population in the name of collective survival and elite profits. Based on extended ethnographic fieldwork behind bars, I show how la talacha sets the terms of carceral citizenship by organizing prisoner-state co-governance, reifying the prison’s socioeconomic hierarchies, and shaping inmates' relationships with the world beyond the prison. Resumen: Fiscalidad y encarcelaciones en Guatemala: Prisiones, extorsiones y ciudadanía Este artículo explora la construcción de la ciudadanía carcelaria en Guatemala a través de un análisis etnográfico de la talacha: esquema informal de tributación carcelaria. La fiscalidad es una tecnología clave de la ciudadanía. Los mecanismos de aplicación de impuestos, la distribución de las cargas fiscales, la disposición de los ciudadanos a pagar y sus expectativas de lo que deberían obtener a cambio hacen de la fiscalidad una lente esencial a través de la cual entender la formación del Estado y las percepciones de los ciudadanos y las relaciones entre ellos. En Guatemala, donde el crimen organizado compite con las instituciones estatales y las subsume en formas que afectan profundamente a todos, el Estado es sólo una de las muchas entidades que reclaman el derecho a tributar, compitiendo y confabulando a su vez con el hampa. Estas dinámicas difusas se hiperdestilan en el sistema penitenciario del país, donde las redes entre el Estado y los presos gravan a la población reclusa en nombre de la supervivencia colectiva y los beneficios de las élites. Basándome en un extenso trabajo de campo etnográfico entre rejas, muestro cómo la talacha establece los términos de la ciudadanía carcelaria organizando el cogobierno entre presos y Estado, reificando las jerarquías socioeconómicas de la prisión y configurando las relaciones de los reclusos con el mundo más allá de la cárcel.

This paper reports seven new records of Agrostis in Central and South America: A. boyacensis in Bolivia, Peru and Venezuela; A. lenis in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela; and A. mertensii in Costa Rica. The lectotype of Agrostis williamsii is herein designated. This contribution includes synonymy, iconography, geographic distribution and habitat, phenology, conservation status according to IUCN categories of threat, uses, and a list of additional specimens examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Toward the end of a protracted U.S.-American intervention in Nicaragua (1909–33), a catastrophic earthquake and fire razed much of the capital city of Managua on 31 March 1931. Nicaraguan composer Luis Abraham Delgadillo (1884–1961), while residing in New York City, responded to the tragedy with his Romance Oriental (Eastern Romance) for flute and piano, dedicated to María Huezo, a friend who had perished in the earthquake. The work appears to fall within the nineteenth-century French exoticist musical tradition, but its commemorative purpose departs from the typical Orientalist representation. Delgadillo musically transformed Huezo’s memory from that of a “virtuous” woman in life into an “alluring,” voiceless female Other, which revealed particular desires. In this article, I argue that the Romance Oriental manifests a veiled escapist desire and an acute nostalgia for home. His musical response to the tragedy exhibits a binary interplay of spatial (Here/There) and temporal (Present/Past) landscapes, as the composer yearned for a return to the Managua of his childhood. The work was not a mere break with European exoticist tradition, but a resignification of Western musical convention by a Latin American composer.

In Central America, childhood cancer is one of the leading causes of death. It is also a significant disease burden to health systems, with social and economic implications for families. The World Health Organization (WHO), the Executive Secretary of the Council of Ministers of Health of Central America and the Dominican Republic (SE-COMISCA), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and St Jude Children's Research Hospital are working collaboratively to strengthen the health system's response to childhood cancer in Central America and the Dominican Republic. This collaboration's primary objective is to support the development of national pediatric cancer plans for each country in the subregion and improve overall survival rates and quality of care for children with cancer through a more comprehensive universal health coverage package. This collaborative effort has led to: (i) the development of childhood cancer national action plans; (ii) the launch of awareness and promotion campaigns; (iii) the design of childhood cancer educational material for children and their families; and (iv) a platform for professionals working in childhood cancer to share good practices and successful experiences. The countries of the subregion together with PAHO and St Jude Children's Research Hospital are working to develop standardized evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on childhood cancer for the region. This brief communication reports on this collaborative work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: calcium intake is fundamental over the whole life cycle; despite this, the world consumption of calcium is deficient. In Central America, there is little data on calcium intake. Objective: to evaluate daily calcium intake in the adult population of Costa Rica and Panama. Methods: an adult's population (> 18) survey was conducted in both countries. A questionnaire specifically design for the study was applied to subjects that were willing to participate after they signed of the informed consent form. The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) calcium calculator was used to quantify their calcium intake. Results: the study included 1189 participants, 50 % were men. The median calcium intake was 862 mg/d (IQR, 650.5 to 1115) in Costa Rica and 825.5 mg/d (IQR, 579.75 to 1029.2) in Panama. Significant differences were found between calcium intake and age group in Costa Ricans, while in the Panamanian population differences were found in calcium intake according to educational level. Conclusion: this study is the first one conducted in Central America using the IOF calcium intake calculator. The study shows that calcium intake is deficient in Costa Rica and Panama. It is necessary to establish educational campaigns in both countries to correct this deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health systems in Central America are divided into different sectors, however, each sector has in common the provision of health services, this process links medical care with other actions such as diagnosis and therapy. Therapy as the main tool for disease prevention, healing and health maintenance, has evolved bringing with it innovation, which generally manifests itself with better health outcomes for patients, however, for some years the question has been raised about the value that these health outcomes represent at an individual, collective and health system level. To resolve this problem, health technology assessment has been incorporated into health systems as a tool to reduce uncertainty regarding the benefit to the user and the financing impact of the use of a new technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of this paper, based on interviews with 95 human smugglers (coyotes) involved in agriculture and 51 in prostitution, is to provide a comparative analysis of the networks transporting (mostly) male migrants intending to work in US agriculture and those recruiting women/girls for the US sex industry. Networks carrying females for sex work are bigger and use more fraudulent recruitment strategies. However, migrant smuggling for agriculture is not totally different from sex trafficking; similarities between the types of networks analysed dwarf their differences. Smugglers frequently use some form of deception to convince their would-be clients/victims to undertake risky journeys. I conclude that both networks are demand-driven. Smugglers serve the interests of US agribusinesses and sex business owners rather than those of the males and females they recruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The metal-mining boom Latin America experienced in recent decades precipitated highly contentious anti-mining social movements in Central America. In this context, El Salvador became the first country in the world to ban all metal mining by law. In contrast, policy in nearby Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua remained pro-mining. These cases are compared using a most similar systems design. Comparison reveals the importance of three variables: how national economic-elite networks and interests relate to multinational corporations; national movement coordination and goals, specifically in relation to prohibition; and how parties and leaders relied on popular bases or capital. These factors shaped the contention between elites and movements that influenced state actions around mining and led to this 'least likely case' of extractive policy change in El Salvador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article frames and contextualizes the formation and reformulation of scientific and technological institutionalism in Central American countries. It establishes an interpretation of the perceptions of scientific policies in Central America in a comparative manner, starting from the definition of the objectives, goals, and perceptions built around scientific and technological public policies in order to determine the weight exerted by innovation and social cohesion approaches during the formulation and discussion stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The rocky intertidal constitutes a dominant coastal seascape in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, harboring highly diverse and functionally complex biological communities. The knowledge about the diversity and the diverse biological processes that occur in such environments is, however, quite limited on a regional scale. Objective: Quantify, describe and compare (on a regional scale) the ichthyological diversity associated with the rocky intertidal zone of the Guanacaste Conservation Area (ACG), Costa Rica, as well as to evaluate and discuss some biogeographic and ecological patterns. Methods: A total of 49 tide pools were sampled between 2014 and 2019, at seven locations within the ACG. Data on absolute diversity (presence/absence of species) were obtained, in addition to some ecological data (residence status, development stage (s), trophic guild, aggregation and cryptic habits and generalized geographic distribution), these data were compared with published records from other surveys/inventories carried out at various locations (20) along the Eastern Pacific coast. Through a similarity analysis, both possible clustering patterns between localities (according to their species composition) and previous hypotheses of regionalization, under a biogeographic perspective, were evaluated. Results: A total of 67 species of bony fish were recorded in the rocky intertidal area of the ACG, being this the most diverse locality (with published data) in the Eastern Pacific. The components/categories "transitory" with 30 species (44.8 %), "juveniles" with 38 species (55.9 %), "carnivores" with 47 species (70.1 %), "solitary" with 32 species (47.8 %) and "endemic to the ETP" with 66 species (98 %), were dominant (in terms of the total number of species) within the ACG. The results of the similarity analysis supported the biogeographic division scheme, defined a priori; with the localities within the Californian, Cortez, Mexican, Panamic and Peruvian-Chilean provinces recovered as highly consistent groups. This structure is consistent with the effect of barriers such as the sandy gaps of Sinaloa and Central America, among others, limiting the flow of species between biogeographic units. Conclusions: The ACG has a high ichthyological diversity associated with its rocky intertidal zone, which is product of a unique combination of factors at the regional level. The results of this study reinforce the need to carry out more basic and applied studies with the aim of helping to better understand and know different key aspects of the dynamics and physical-chemical-biological processes occurring in intertidal zones, of its associated biological diversity, of its importance within the marine-coastal landscape as a continuum and of the possible effects that these environments could suffer due to the impact of human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bahía Salinas, on the north Pacific coast of Costa Rica, is a seasonal upwelling area. Sea temperature in Bahía Salinas could be modulated by synoptic and other large-scale systems. This region belongs to the Central American Dry Corridor (CADC), a sub-region in the isthmus that is relatively drier than the rest of the territory, which extends along the Pacific littoral from western Guatemala through northern Costa Rica. Objective: To study the warm and cold events that could be inferred by studying the sea subsurface temperature in Bahía Salinas, and also analyzing the large-scale conditions and synoptic systems of the historical sources when they occurred in order to identify the atmospheric mechanisms that favored their appearance. Methods: A Sea Subsurface Temperature Index was calculated using hourly data from seven stations located at three different points in Bahía Salinas. Records range from June 19, 2003 to December 5, 2017. Additionally, six meteorological stations, with hourly wind records, were used to create two wind indices. The Sea Subsurface Temperature Index was used to identify the warmest and coldest events in the bay. Wind indices and monthly meteorological bulletins were used to analyze the large-scale conditions and synoptic systems in which cold and warm events occurred in Bahía Salinas. Results: Mean sea temperature in Bahía Salinas is 25.2°C. Colder temperatures were observed in February-March, below 21°C. There were two maxima in May-June and August-October with temperatures above 27°C. In four of the five cold events studied, Northeasterly wind anomalies were observed in the Costa Rican North Pacific, associated with trade wind reinforcements; meanwhile westerly anomalies were observed in all the warm events, associated with weaker trade wind conditions. Conclusions: The main seasonal climate driver in Bahía Salinas is the North Atlantic Subtropical High because its latitudinal migration is associated with the strength of the trade winds over Central America. Seasonal upwelling is modulated also by two synoptic scale climate features, the boreal winter arrival of cold front outbreaks and the winter maximum of the easterly Caribbean Low-Level Jet. El Niño-Southern Oscillation is also an important modulator of the sea temperature variability, since warm and cool events are related with positive and negative sea temperature anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The family Carapidae includes about 40 species of marine fishes distributed in coastal habitats worldwide. The family includes some free-living species, however, most of them are found as commensal inquilines or parasites of marine invertebrates, including several echinoderm species. In the Eastern Tropical Pacific, the biology and host use of the representatives of the Carapidae is relatively poorly known. Objective: The present study reports the occurrence of the Star pearlfish Carapus mourlani within three previously unknown hosts in the region: the sea stars Nidorellia armata, Phataria unifascialis, and the sea cucumber Stichopus horrens. Some ecological implications and considerations regarding such symbiotic relationships are raised and discussed. Additional morphometric and meristic data for the fish and the echinoderms are also provided and discussed. Methods: Echinoderms were collected, from 25 localities along the North Pacific coast of Costa Rica, and were carefully examined searching for commensal/parasitic fishes. Echinoderms and fishes were identified and characterized in accordance with the specialized literature. Results: A total of 497 echinoderms, including about 60 species, were collected and examined. Commensal/parasitic fish (a single species represented by 13 specimens) were found in three echinoderm specimens/species. Conclusions: The list of echinoderm hosts for this carapid fish, through its whole distribution range, rises to 12 species (six sea stars and six sea cucumbers) and that could be a consequence of its wide geographic distribution, its generalist feeding habits and opportunistic commensal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In January 2011 and as a Citizen Science initiative, the owners of the Deep Blue Diving Shop in Playa del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, began to collect daily temperature data in the seawater column during their diving activities, to inform tourists before traveling to Costa Rica and help them properly select their diving equipment and thus maximize the enjoyment of the experience in the Gulf of Papagayo. This data collection remained constant until January 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: Identify cold and warm events of the sub-surface temperature of the sea in the Gulf of Papagayo, Guanacaste, Costa Rica and their relationship with known sources of climate variability as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and synoptic systems such as incursions of cold fronts in the Caribbean Sea. Methods: Sea Subsurface Temperature data corresponding to the lowest temperature of the seawater column were used, at an approximate depth of 25-35m. Observations were made daily, from 01/01/2011 to 01/31/2020. Results: The mean temperature was 25.7 °C. Cooler temperatures were observed in February-March, below 22.5 °C with a secondary minimum in July. There were two peaks in May and August with temperatures above 27.4 °C. The drops during cold events reached 16-17 °C. All cold events were associated with the passage of cold fronts through the Caribbean Sea, due to reinforcement in the intensity of the trade winds, with a zonal component from the East, which causes seasonal upwelling. The warm events presented temperatures at their maximum of 30-31 °C. The latter events were associated with the development and maturity of warm El Niño-type ENSO events. ENSO is an important modulator of sea temperature variability in the Gulf of Papagayo, since El Niño events are related to positive anomalies in sea temperature in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Conclusions: The Citizen Science initiative presented in this study proved to be very useful for monitoring sea temperature in the Gulf of Papagayo. The results of this study indicate that Dive Masters can provide data on sea temperature of sufficient quality and with high temporal resolution. Divers can profitably support monitoring and Citizen Science can contribute positively to social well-being by influencing the questions that are being addressed and by giving people a voice in local environmental decision-making. The information generated in this study returns to the tour operators and enhance the understanding of the variability observed in the data collected by them, a knowledge that is later transmitted to their clients to improve their experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article argues that the dissemination of ideas about the relationship between science, technology and society in Central America, is framed by transnationalization processes, which, in turn are driven by regional international organizations, think tanks and non-governmental organizations (NGO's). This conclusion is reached after examining the official documents and the transnational networks generated by the flow of these ideas in Latin America. In the heyday of CEPAL-inspired developmentalism in the region, the Central American Institute for Industrial Research and Technology (ICAITI) became a key player in the development of Latin American thought on science, technology and society. ICAITI, with the help of foreign aid programs sponsored by western powers, was instrumental in establishing the scientific development policies that became dominant in Central America. Due to both internal and external factors, the "Cepalian" development model reached its limits around the decade of the 80's and this led to the demise of the institute. However, between the 80's and the 90's the liberalization of the Central American economies and the restructuring of the science, technology and society institutions in the region provided other transnational actors with the opportunity to influence the agenda of scientific development. The new approach involves the supremacy of a neo-liberal and economistic perspective that is still dominant in our times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the mid-1990s, appeals to "Madre Tierra" [Mother Earth] have united activists and campesino [peasant] networks globally as part of political claims of food sovereignty and agrarian rights. Positioning this paper as a contribution to feminist theory, here I explore what Madre Tierra does in political-aesthetic terms, specifically within situated struggles in Central America. Seen from (white) eco-feminist perspectives, the rise of Madre Tierra could be seen to perform new kinds of exclusions: in this resonant figure diverse indigenous cosmologies seem to collapse; agrarian struggles are rendered "feminine," and both women and land-workers are placed in the realm of nature—which is to say, far from meaning-making. However, when the everyday practices of agrarian activism are thought through Latinx and Chicanx theories of queer kinship and black womanism, a more radical, and specifically decolonial, vision emerges. Through ethnographic vignettes I illustrate the ways that masculinity/femininity, nature/culture, and the relationships between them are being reworked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Honduran yellow-shouldered bat (Sturnira hondurensisGoodwin, 1940) is a medium-sized Stenodermatinae with a vestigial uropatagium and no tail; it typically has reddish or yellowish patches on the shoulders. It is found in temperate habitats from Mexico to northern Nicaragua, and it is one of 24 described species of the genus Sturnira. S. hondurensis is considered a common species and is listed as "Least Concern" (LC) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Nevertheless, it primarily depends on the preservation of native and continuous forest, so maintaining the connectivity of vegetation patches and the availability of food in modified landscapes are strategies for the preservation of S. hondurensis and the ecosystem services that it provides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience is already one of the most important analytical approaches to the study of socio-ecological problems. Forced migration for environmental reasons is one of the main consequences of global environmental change. Socio-ecological resilience identifies factors that would diminish the effects of environmental migration, especially concerning the governance of such issues. We will draw attention to the fact that recent waves of migration have made Central America a hotspot for environmentally induced displacement. In response, international aid geared towards climate change adaptation could reduce the displacement of the inhabitants of the Central American Dry Corridor. However, favored practices, such as Hass avocado cultivation, are controversial in terms of environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few studies about how social-ecological context is linked to actor perceptions in environmental governance, although it is evident that resource use behavior, participatory processes, rule compliance, and cooperation are influenced by actors' perceptions. We apply and combine Ostrom's social-ecological systems framework (SESF) and Bennett's (2016) perception framework to identify the contextual variables influencing different perceptions in a case study of small-scale fisheries co-management in Costa Rica implementing a marine protected area. Analytically, we use network analysis tools to analyze qualitative interview data in a way that links the two frameworks, and content analysis to provide contexutally meaningful descriptions of those network patterns in practice. Our findings suggest Bennett's perceptions framework can be expanded and that the SESF is useful to identify how perceptions relate to more social and ecological variables than prior research suggests. Our findings demonstrate the importance of understanding perceptions and context in environmental governance analyses and practice. We conclude with reflections on local policy challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Nutrición Clínica y Dietética Hospitalaria is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Dietetica y Ciencias de la Alimentacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the frame of activities of the RIESCA Project, funded by the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation, the Seismology Working Group (SWG) agreed to build up a prototypal archive of macroseismic data points for the four Central America countries involved in the project, namely, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The objective of this collection is to establish a transnational, common, quality-checked macroseismic archive, for documenting, validating, and eventually updating the earthquake parameters of damaging and destructive events. The new earthquake parameters, supported by documented observations, can be used to update the regional earthquake catalogues and enter into more reliable fault/area source characterisation for seismic hazard purposes. Further, the seismic histories at the site may serve as benchmarks for local response analyses in metropolitan areas. With collaborative efforts, the procedure for selecting and inputting the data into working repositories was defined and realised in 2017: the first data collection adopted basic Google™ tools. During 2018, the RIESCA SWG uploaded and updated about 2030 intensity datapoints (IDPs) of some dozens of earthquakes, following codified revision phases. In 2019, we released the first online prototypal archive, named MARCA-GEHN (Macroseismic Archive of Central America - Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, V. 1.0), based on the MIDOP (Macroseismic Intensity Data Online Publisher) tools. The present MARCA-GEHN release (V. 1.6, September 2020) allows the queries by earthquake and by locality, with interactive maps and seismic histories at more than 1080 sites. We will present the general features of the database and describe the more interesting case studies among the earthquakes collected. MARCA-GEHN is open to collaborative efforts for its further improvement and refinements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Given the lack of governmental guidelines, this paper identifies and analyzes the statistical determinants associated with receiving the onetime monetary transfer in El Salvador ($300 dollars) as an economic measure to face the COVID-19 pandemic. A logistic regression was implemented (whether received the transfer or not) based on a probabilistic sample (n=1222) of surveyed people throughout the country. Independent variables were selected drawing upon key characteristics employed internationally in monetary transfers: age, gender, rural area, employment, family income, and education. The text identifies a statistically significant and negative relation between receiving the monetary transfer and two variables: family income and educational level. The need to increase coverage of the program is addressed as well as the importance of considering age, gender, rural areas, and employment as criteria for selecting the beneficiaries in such economic measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geophysical data from open sources are widely used as support of integrated analysis in regional geologic studies in seismically active areas, such as Mexico. High seismicity with repetitive earthquakes occurs in areas of the subduction zones formed during the tectonic evolution and correlates with geophysical anomalous fields. This paper investigates the correspondence between the geophysical, topographic and seismic setting of Mexico using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) scripting toolset for data processing. The approach for automated mapping using GMT console and shell scripts is presented as an advanced cartographic method aimed to get insights into in the geology and geophysics of Mexico. The data were obtained from open source high-resolution datasets: GEBCO, EGM-2008, satellite-derived gravity, EMAG2 magnetic anomaly and IRIS seismic database. The correspondence between the geological and geophysical data of Mexico has been verified through the comparison between the thematic maps, regional distribution of gravity anomalies and locations of earthquakes. Seven new maps are performed on geologic, geophysical, topographic and seismic data. Seismic mapping is presented for the period of 2007-2021 demonstrating events with magnitude from 1.5 to 7.2. The impact of tectonic processes that formed Middle American Trench and active Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt on high regional seismicity with intensive earthquakes is explored. The study finds that GMT is an effective tool for high-quality mapping and cartographic analysis. The IRIS data can be used for geologic analysis of Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Anthropology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Anthropology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecología Política is the property of Fundacio ENT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Observers have increasingly described the drug-related violence and corruption affecting Central America as the region's 'Colombianisation'. This narrative is not just confused and misleading; it is dangerous. The Colombianisation discourse perpetuates ineffective and destructive anti-drug policies. It also obscures the circulations and connections that make the drug trade, the drug war and their associated economies of violence possible. We do, however, recognise one form of Colombianisation that actually is under way, but it is not the one imagined by security pundits. The real Colombianisation is a convergence of geopolitical and economic interests that have seized upon the geographical realignments of the drug trade to expand the same agroindustrial-military nexus in Central America that proved so 'successful' in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Selenops banksi group is known from Central America, South America, and throughout the Southern Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean and currently contains four species: S. banksi Muma, 1953 – found disjunctly from Central America across northern South America – Panama, Guyana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru; S. micropalpus Muma, 1953 – from Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Southern Lesser Antilles; S. ducke Corronca, 1996 only known from a single locality in Brazil, and S. curruganjasp. nov., known only from the Chocoan region of Colombia. Here, we synonymise Selenops kikay Corronca, 1996 with S. banksi, re-describe the female of S. banksi (described previously as S. kikaysyn. nov.), and describe a new species of the group from Nariño and Chocó Departments in Colombia. We provide new illustrations and images, a key, new records, and update the distributional range of the group members, extending it by more than 700 km. We also briefly discuss unique aspects of some species within the group, such as camouflage by appearing mossy or lichen-like and gliding from the canopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This interview highlights, while events are unfolding, some ethical and social struggles provoked by necessary changes in dynamics due to the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Every single decision, every single path, every single achievement and failure is preceded and mediated by contextual value judgments and constantly changing references. Information is provided on measures taken in Costa Rica and other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinema, just like television, the press, and other means of communication, contributes in forging social and cultural imaginaries as clearly demonstrated by Bourdieu in Langage et pouvoir simbolique (2001) y Chomsky in Manufacturing Consent (2008). However, in depicting social phenomena, cinema not only constructs imaginaries but rather contributes to the creation of filmic archives and likewise allows to construct and reconstruct a part of history. This is our position, adopting the postulates of Ferro (1993 [1977]), Kracauer (1969, 1973), and Billard (1982). Through the prism of the philosophy of history, this article examines the question of to what extent contemporary Central American cinema can be analyzed as a form of construction and reconstruction of the memory and the history of Central American migration in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ensayos. Historia y Teoría del Arte is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones Esteticas - Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Fomento Social is the property of ETEA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geopolitica(s): Revista de Estudios Sobre Espacio y Poder is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trade agreements have proliferated between countries and regional groups with unequal levels of development and highly asymmetrical trade and productive specialisations in recent decades. Successive US governments promoted the first of these through the signing of free trade agreements (FTAs) with economies in their area of influence in Latin America. Though different in some aspects, the European Union's (EU) partnership agreements (PAs) essentially follow the same line of promoting trade liberalisation as the FTAs. This chapter discusses the main features and implications of the partnership agreement signed in 2012 between the EU and Central America, highlighting the strengthening of its peripheral, vulnerable international insertion model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over a hundred years, Latin America has been strongly conditioned by the United States' actions in the aforementioned region, especially in the cases of the Caribbean and Central America. However, both the rise of China in the world market, and the action of one of its businessman to create a new channel in Central America has generated an unprecedented rupture, since this places it as a direct competitor with the Panama Canal, backed and created by the United States until its transfer to Panama in 1999. This work intends to analyze the geopolitical implications of the establishment of a new interoceanic path in Nicaragua with the support of Chinese capital in the region. Additionally, we survey the main consequences of its implementation, both in economic and political terms during the past 17 years (2000-2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the progress of ongoing research into the migrant caravans in Mexico or the exoduses of displaced Central Americans taking place since 2011, but which intensified in 2018. Their presence challenges the grammar of narrating and practising specific forms of migration governmentality, while at the same time forming a kind of migrant self-defence or insurrection, whose main characteristics are walking en masse, without coyotes or legal permission, and along paths controlled by migration agents colluding with organised crime who continue to exercise an "indirect private government". In short, this paper is a reflection on the results obtained from the ongoing research, which is mainly genealogical and historical in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers an historiographical analysis on the impact of the Cold War in Central America. To that end, this work begins by outlining a characterization of the Cold War in Latin America in way that is both less episodic and focused on a genuinely Latin American perspective. Our analysis will describe how the Cold War generated two fractures, one external and one domestic, which altered the region's processes of historical transformation. After having defined this framework, it will go on to analyze the connections between the Central American region and the broader Cold War processes affecting Latin America during that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]