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A recent study conducted by the University of Florida focused on the impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on anxiety disorders. The research found that TBI led to significant neuroplastic alterations in the central noradrenergic system (CNAS), resulting in dysregulated anxiety. The study used a rodent model to investigate the effects of TBI on the CNAS and its relation to anxiety-like behavior, shedding light on potential therapeutic approaches for TBI-associated anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University in China explored the mechanisms of brain remodeling in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, focusing on cortical morphometric similarity (MS) alterations and transcriptional changes. The research found that cortical MS remodeling patterns were associated with cognitive impairments and specific types of cells, suggesting disruptions in brain cellular architecture. The study concluded that therapeutic interventions targeting specific areas of the cortex and CA1 over-activation may help in understanding the neurobiology of TBI. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores the relationship between oxidative stress and vascular brain injury in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) of the Alzheimer type. Using MRI/MRS data from 31 MCI participants, the study found significant associations between glutathione levels, neuroaxonal integrity markers, and cerebrovascular injury. The results suggest that oxidative stress may contribute to vascular-brain injury in MCI, highlighting a potential avenue for further research in Alzheimer's disease. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted in an urban South India cohort explored the cognitive vulnerabilities in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study included 44 participants with mild/moderate TBI and found that TBI might act as a risk factor for decline in certain domains of cognition, particularly affecting implicit memory and reaction time. The research was supported by the Centre for Brain Research in IISc and has been peer-reviewed, providing valuable insights into the impact of TBI on cognitive functioning. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China, conducted a study on potential biomarkers in hypoglycemic brain injury. The study found that oxidative stress-related proteins could serve as specific molecular markers in hypoglycemic brain injury, but further research is needed for confirmation. The research involved rat models and brain samples from fatal insulin overdose cases, highlighting the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms of brain injury. This study was published in Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology and emphasizes the significance of exploring biomarkers for diagnosing and treating brain injuries. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from researchers at the University of Adelaide explores the connection between Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Parkinson's Disease (PD). The study highlights the similarities in pathology between the two conditions, such as disruptions to dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, and the accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the brain. While TBI is recognized as a risk factor for PD, gaps in understanding the chronic effects of TBI on neurodegenerative pathology remain. This peer-reviewed research sheds light on the potential mechanisms linking TBI to PD, emphasizing the need for further investigation in this area. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of the Witwatersrand conducted a study on the epidemiology of spinal cord injuries in three selected counties in Kenya. The study found that male patients had a high prevalence of spinal cord injuries due to motor vehicle accidents and falls from height. The research provides valuable information for developing rehabilitation programs and safety awareness initiatives for patients with spinal cord injuries in Kenya. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, explored the potential of carbon monoxide therapy in promoting cognitive recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The research highlighted the role of A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) in supporting oligodendrogenesis and cognitive function restoration following TBI. These findings offer insights into potential targeted therapies for TBI-related impairments. [Extracted from the article]

A systematic review conducted by the University of Oxford examined the performance of current tools used for on-the-day assessment and diagnosis of sports-related mild traumatic brain injury (SR-mTBI). The study found that there is a lack of a gold standard measurement within the field, leading to challenges in diagnosing and monitoring SR-mTBI accurately. The most frequent index test used was the King-Devick (KD) test, but there were significant variations in accuracy metrics between reports. The research suggests that further exploration of the mechanisms and time-dependent pathophysiology of SR-mTBI could lead to more targeted diagnostic and monitoring techniques. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study on traumatic brain injury conducted by a researcher at Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute highlights the importance of incorporating a sense of purpose in daily life into interdisciplinary rehabilitation practices. The research emphasizes that living with a purpose can provide numerous health and psychological benefits, especially for individuals facing major life transitions post-injury. By focusing on purpose in life, therapeutic services can be grounded in a construct that connects traditional rehabilitation targets to broader aspects of patients' lives, ultimately promoting well-being and flourishing after brain injury. The study suggests that addressing purpose disruption due to injury and fostering a sense of purpose can lead to improved outcomes regardless of the degree of functional recovery. [Extracted from the article]

Recent research conducted at the Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute focused on pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (pmTBI) and the use of blood-based biomarkers to assess prolonged axonal injury. The study found that certain proteins, such as NFL, showed significant differences between pmTBI patients and healthy controls at both 7 days and 4 months post-injury. NFL levels were also associated with injury severity and post-concussive symptoms, indicating potential for diagnostic accuracy and monitoring recovery in pmTBI cases. The findings suggest dynamic fluctuations in biomarkers following pmTBI, with NFL showing promise for assessing injury severity over time. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Lund University focused on the use of antisecretory factor (AF) in treating severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study aimed to assess the effect of AF on intracranial pressure and inflammatory mediators in patients with severe TBI. This single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial involved administering Salovum(R) as a food supplement to adult patients with severe TBI over a period of 5 days. The primary outcome measured was intracranial pressure, with secondary outcomes focusing on inflammatory mediators in plasma and intracerebral microdialysis perfusate. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Tianjin Medical University General Hospital explores the role of b2 integrin in regulating neutrophil migration following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Neutrophils are the first immune cells to enter the central nervous system after TBI, contributing to neuroinflammation and secondary tissue damage. The study suggests that targeting b2 integrin could potentially improve clinical outcomes for TBI patients by reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing neurological function. The research was funded by various organizations and published in Cell Communication and Signaling. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University conducted a study on traumatic brain injury (TBI) biomarkers to identify patients with different intracranial lesion combinations. The study included 130 TBI patients, with blood samples analyzed for various biomarkers. Results showed that biomarkers could distinguish between different severity levels of TBI and identify patients with specific intracranial traumatic lesions. This research provides valuable insights into the potential of blood biomarkers in diagnosing and assessing TBI. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from King Faisal University in Saudi Arabia focused on the use of imaging modalities, specifically computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in diagnosing pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study highlighted the advantages and limitations of each imaging technique, emphasizing the need for both CT and MRI in evaluating pediatric TBI cases. The researchers concluded that a combination of CT and MRI can provide comprehensive information for the diagnosis and management of pediatric TBI, while also minimizing potential risks associated with radiation exposure. Further research is needed to standardize imaging protocols and enhance the efficiency of diagnostic procedures for pediatric TBI. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses a clinical trial, NCT06816199, focusing on the safety and effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in treating traumatic brain injury (TBI) during the non-acute phase. The study aims to assess the impact of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on functional independence and social engagement in TBI patients over 18 years old. Participants will be surveyed online or by telephone about their functional independence for 2 years, regardless of prior hyperbaric oxygen therapy use. The trial is recruiting 300 participants in China and is set to be completed by December 31, 2030. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the use of calpain-mediated sodium channel fragments as potential biomarkers for assessing the severity of spinal cord and traumatic brain injuries, as well as predicting clinical outcomes such as the development of spasticity. The SpasT-SCI-T clinical trial protocol aims to evaluate these biomarkers in 40 participants, including individuals with spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and healthy controls. The study involves collecting blood samples and analyzing clinical outcomes in correlation with biomarker levels to improve early diagnosis, prognostic accuracy, and personalized therapeutic strategies for central nervous system injuries. [Extracted from the article]

Force Impact Technologies Inc. has been issued a patent for a mouth guard with a low-profile printed circuit board that can sense and notify users of impact forces. The mouth guard is designed to measure impact forces and assess the risk of concussions and brain injuries during athletic activities. It includes sensors, a battery, a communication system, and notification components to alert users of potential injuries. The invention aims to provide a comfortable and customizable solution for detecting impact forces and preventing head injuries in various sports and activities. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee, explored the evidence of peripheral vestibular impairment among adults with chronic moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The research found that individuals with TBI experienced a greater degree of impairment in otolith organ pathways compared to non-injured participants. Vestibular testing for adults with chronic TBI who report persistent dizziness and imbalance may guide treatment and rehabilitation efforts. This peer-reviewed study provides valuable insights into the impact of TBI on vestibular function and quality of life. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University libre of Bruxelles in Belgium have focused on the clinical consequences and management of cardiac injury following traumatic brain injury (TBI). They highlight the impact of extracranial complications, particularly cardiac injury, on patient outcomes. The study emphasizes the need for further clinical studies to explore new therapeutic strategies to limit cardiac dysfunction in severe TBI cases. This research underscores the complex interplay between brain and heart health in TBI patients, shedding light on potential interventions to improve outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at the Karolinska Institute investigated the impact of incorporating pre-injury health status, as measured by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, on predicting outcomes for patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (msTBI). The research found that the ASA score, along with the TRISS, was independently associated with both 1-year Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and 90-day mortality. Incorporating the ASA score into existing prognostic models significantly improved outcome prediction and could support more personalized acute management for msTBI patients. Future prospective studies are needed to validate these findings. [Extracted from the article]

A study from Ghent University explores the correlation between traumatic brain injury, obesity, and insulin resistance. The research highlights the challenges faced by individuals with traumatic brain injury, such as weight gain, cognitive impairments, and metabolic changes. Effective interventions, including lifestyle modifications, behavioral therapy, and pharmacotherapy, are crucial in managing weight gain in this specific patient population. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and evaluate intervention effectiveness. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Orlando Regional Medical Center examined the impact of trauma center type on outcomes in pediatric patients with severe isolated blunt traumatic brain injuries. The research found that patients treated at level-I pediatric trauma centers had significantly lower odds of in-hospital mortality and were more likely to be discharged home compared to those treated at adult trauma centers. The study concluded that patients at level I and II pediatric trauma centers had higher odds of discharge home than those at equivalent-level combined adult and pediatric trauma centers and adult trauma centers. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Department of Pediatrics focused on the relationship between caloric nutritional support and outcomes in pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study, conducted at a tertiary care children's hospital, found that delivering a greater proportion of goal calories during the first 7 days after injury was associated with worse outcomes at outpatient follow-up. The research, which has been peer-reviewed, provides valuable insights into the importance of caloric support in pediatric patients with severe TBI. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Texas Technical University conducted a study on pediatric patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy (DC) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). They developed machine learning algorithms to predict outcomes, with a 27.5% hospital mortality rate and 75.8% of survivors having a good outcome at 6 months. The random forest models successfully predicted 6-month outcomes and mortality in pediatric TBI patients, suggesting their efficacy in this patient population. The research was published in World Neurosurgery and can be accessed online. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, focused on children with traumatic brain injuries admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. The research found that pediatric traumatic brain injury is a significant public health concern with high morbidity and mortality rates. The study highlighted risk factors, associated morbidity, and mortality outcomes, emphasizing the need for enhanced preventive strategies, particularly for motor vehicle collisions. The researchers hope that their findings will contribute to improving the quality of care for children with traumatic brain injuries in the future. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses a study on the long-term effects of transplanting human enteric glia (EG) in rats with brain injuries. The research aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of this treatment in improving tissue repair and functional recovery. The results showed that the transplanted human EG were well tolerated, induced sensorimotor improvement, and promoted tissue regeneration by enhancing angiogenesis and neurogenesis. This study suggests that intranasal administration of human EG could be a promising therapy for brain injuries, demonstrating feasibility, safety, and efficacy. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Harvard Medical School explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in optimizing anti-seizure treatment and EEG-guided decisions for severe brain injuries. The research highlights the value of EEG in managing acute neurological emergencies and discusses how AI can assist in identifying EEG patterns and guiding treatment decisions. The study reviews current clinical applications of AI in EEG-guided management and ongoing research in automated seizure and ischemia detection, neurologic prognostication, and treatment guidance. For more information, the full article can be accessed for free through the publisher Elsevier. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Islamic Azad University in Iran have conducted a study on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) in treating traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other neurological disorders. TBI is a significant global health issue, affecting millions of people annually with high morbidity and mortality rates. The study highlights the potential of MSCs in promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis, reducing neuroinflammation, and repairing brain damage. The research explores the mechanisms of action, therapeutic benefits, challenges, and limitations of using MSC therapy in treating brain-related conditions. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Texas Medical Center have conducted a study on mitochondrial-targeted therapies for traumatic brain injury (TBI). The research highlights the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in TBI and explores potential therapeutic interventions. The study discusses the mechanisms of mitochondrial damage in TBI, preclinical studies on pharmacological agents and gene therapy, and the translational potential of mitochondrial-targeted therapies in TBI. The researchers emphasize the need for innovative treatments to improve patient outcomes in TBI. [Extracted from the article]

University of Geneva researchers conducted a study to evaluate the potential of neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) as biomarkers for predicting intracranial injuries in children with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in pediatric emergency departments. The study included 302 mTBI patients and found that NfL and NTproBNP levels were elevated in children with intracranial injuries, showing promise in safely ruling out patients without such injuries with high sensitivity. The researchers concluded that further large-scale studies are needed to confirm and validate these results, as these biomarkers could offer comparable performance to existing biomarkers like S100b, GFAP, or HFABP. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System focused on the screening rates of hypopituitarism in veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a primary care setting. The study found that the screening rate for hypopituitarism in TBI patients is very low, even with newer, less rigorous screening recommendations. The researchers concluded that efforts should be made to improve the screening of hypopituitarism to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet conducted a retrospective analysis on patients with severe acquired brain injury (SABI) who underwent an early decannulation protocol. The study found that the new protocol, which omitted certain evaluations, was non-inferior to previous procedures in terms of survival rate within the first year of discharge. The early decannulation protocol allowed for significantly earlier decannulation, with no statistical significance in survival rate within the first 12 months from discharge. The findings were published in the Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine - Clinical Communications. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Lanzhou University in China developed and validated a nomogram to predict early neurological deterioration (END) in patients with moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study identified factors such as GCS score, epidural hematoma, intracerebral hemorrhage, fibrinogen, and D-dimer as independent risk factors for END. The nomogram showed good discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility, providing clinicians with an effective tool for evaluating END in patients with moderate TBI. The research was published in Frontiers in Neurology and can be accessed for free online. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by investigators at Capital Medical University in Beijing, China, analyzed data from the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate the prevalence of mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) from 1990 to 2019. The study found that in 2019, there were over 12 million incident cases of mTBI worldwide, with a higher burden observed in males, older adults, and low socio-demographic index (SDI) groups. The primary causes of mTBI were falls and road injuries, highlighting the need for prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of mTBI, particularly among older individuals and in low SDI regions. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School conducted a study on the effects of Sufentanil on the cortical neurogenesis of rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI) through the PI3K/AKT signal pathway. The study found that Sufentanil decreased oxidative stress and inflammation levels, increased melatonin and BDNF levels, protected nerve cells, enhanced neuron regeneration, and improved pain behavior in TBI rats. The research concluded that Sufentanil enhances cortical neurogenesis and inhibits mechanical allodynia in TBI rats by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation and increasing melatonin and BDNF levels via the PI3K/AKT signal pathway. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Institute of Clinical Neurobiology in Vienna, Austria, focused on the correlation between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic parkinsonian-like symptoms in patients with disorders of consciousness. The study found that 15 out of 100 patients with TBI developed parkinsonian symptoms, which were associated with specific neuropathological changes in the brain. Treatment with levodopa showed improvement in symptoms for most patients, highlighting the importance of understanding the pattern of secondary brainstem lesions in the development and prognosis of these symptoms. This research provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between TBI, consciousness disorders, and parkinsonism. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile have conducted a study on the role of astrocytes connexins and pannexins in acute brain injuries. They found that after acute brain injury, astrocytes can change their phenotype and modify the activity of these channels, leading to secondary brain damage. This research sheds light on the biological mechanisms involved in secondary brain damage and the potential impact on neurological deterioration. For more information, the full article can be accessed through the publisher Elsevier. [Extracted from the article]

A recent article from Duke University discusses the impact of early autonomic dysfunction in traumatic brain injury (TBI) on multiple organ dysfunction. The research highlights the importance of understanding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and challenges in diagnosing autonomic dysfunction after TBI. The study aims to guide clinicians and researchers in improving care for TBI patients and emphasizes the need for further research in this area. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been submitted for a pharmaceutical composition aimed at preventing and treating brain injury associated with ferroptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage. The composition includes human plasma exosomes derived from healthy young individuals, with potential applications in reducing ferroptosis and promoting recovery in patients. This innovative approach highlights the role of exosomes in protecting neurons and addressing complex pathological processes in brain injuries. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, focused on using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) to differentiate cognitively recovered versus non-recovered individuals following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The research found that NODDI detected more significant changes in multiple regions of interest (ROIs) compared to DTI, with lower Neurite Density Index (NDI) in recovered subjects. The study concluded that at three months post-injury, there is a combination of axonal degeneration and astrogliosis, which is more extensive in non-recovered individuals. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Department of Pediatrics focused on detecting brain damage in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia using cranial ultrasound and microvascular blood flow imaging techniques. The research found that neonates with hyperbilirubinemia had higher G/P ratios and lower vascular index values, indicating potential brain damage. The study suggests that these imaging techniques could serve as early biological markers for assessing bilirubin-induced brain damage in neonates. For more information, the full article can be accessed for free at the Scientific Reports website. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Orlando Regional Medical Center aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes in geriatric trauma patients with isolated chest or abdominal injuries with or without traumatic brain injury (TBI) receiving whole blood (WB), component (COMP), or WB and component therapy (WB + COMP). The study found that COMP therapy significantly reduced transfusion requirements in non-TBI patients and was associated with lower 24-hour mortality in geriatric patients with isolated chest injuries. However, TBI patients with isolated chest injuries did not show significant differences in clinical outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the potential benefits of COMP therapy on mortality outcomes in TBI patients. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University in China conducted a study to evaluate the feasibility of a bowel management program for patients with neurogenic bowel function after spinal cord injury. The program, based on evidence-based nursing, expert meetings, and pre-experiment construction, showed significant improvements in bowel function, quality of life, and laboratory test results compared to routine orthopedic bowel management. The study suggests the need for further research to validate the efficacy of this protocol in improving bowel management for patients with neurogenic bowel function after spinal cord injury. [Extracted from the article]

A new clinical trial, NCT06802640, aims to investigate the effectiveness of combining transcutaneous spinal cord electrical stimulation with Kunming locomotor training for patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injuries. This non-invasive technique utilizes unique stimulation to activate movement-related circuits in the body. The study will observe the synergistic effects of the two treatments over a 6-month period to evaluate improvements in motor functions for patients with spinal cord injuries. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Castilla-La Mancha explored the effectiveness of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) combined with robotic-assisted gait training in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI). The study found that the tSCS group showed greater improvements in lower extremity motor score, walking function, and muscle strength compared to the sham-tSCS group after a 1-month follow-up. These findings suggest that the combination of tSCS and robotic-assisted training may enhance motor score and gait recovery in individuals with subacute iSCI. The study was published in the Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation and was funded by Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Utah examined the management of external ventricular drains (EVDs) for pediatric patients with traumatic brain injuries outside of intensive care units. The research found that managing EVDs on the neurotrauma floor did not result in a higher rate of EVD-related complications compared to managing them exclusively in pediatric intensive care units. The study included 81 pediatric trauma patients and concluded that this practice may not increase the risk of complications. The findings were published in the Journal of Pediatric Surgery and have been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Rijeka in Croatia explored the effects of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) on TAR DNA-Binding Protein 43 mislocalization and glial activation in the mouse spinal cord. The research found that repetitive mild TBI led to toxic phosphorylated TDP-43 species and increased inflammation in the spinal cord, while single moderate TBI did not show the same effects. These findings may help in developing targeted therapeutic strategies for TBI-related neurodegenerative conditions. For more information, the full article can be accessed for free at https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010218. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command have found that traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) in mice. The study showed that adolescent mice exposed to TBI developed PD-like pathology in middle age, with chronic inflammation and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Further research is needed to understand the molecular factors underlying the impairment of dopaminergic neurons following TBI. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the College of Medicine and Health have published a study on spinal cord injury, highlighting the potential benefits of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy in promoting neuroregeneration and suppressing apoptosis after neurological injury. The study utilized an in-vivo model of spinal cord injury in adult rats and found significant transcriptomic changes after PBM treatment, with key pathways related to neuron projection morphogenesis being upregulated. The research suggests that PBM may help avert acute post-injury mitochondrial dysfunction by downregulating metabolism-associated pathways. [Extracted from the article]