Search

Background In a subset of children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) a discrepancy between capacity and performance of the affected upper limb can be observed. This discrepancy is known as Developmental Disregard (DD). Though the phenomenon of DD has been well documented, its underlying cause is still under debate. DD has originally been explained based on principles of operant conditioning. Alternatively, it has been proposed that DD results from a diminished automaticity of movements, resulting in an increased cognitive load when using the affected hand. To investigate the amount of involved cognitive load we studied Event- Related Potentials (ERPs) preceding task-related motor responses during a single-hand capacity and a dual-hand performance task. It was hypothesised that children with DD show alterations related to long-latency ERP component when selecting a response with the affected upper limb, reflecting increased cognitive load in order to generate an adequate response and especially so within the dual-hand task. Methods Fifteen children with unilateral CP participated in the study. One of the participants was excluded due to major visual impairments. Seven of the remaining participants displayed DD. The other seven children served as a control group. All participants performed two versions of a cue-target paradigm, a single-hand capacity and a dual-hand performance task. The ERP components linked to target presentation were inspected: the mid-latency P2 component and the consecutive long-latency N2b component. Results In the dual-hand performance task children with DD showed an enhancement in mean amplitude of the long-latency N2b component when selecting a response with their affected hand. No differences were found regarding the amplitude of the mid-latency P2 component. No differences were observed regarding the single-hand capacity task. The control group did not display any differences in ERPs linked to target evaluation processes between both hands. Conclusion These electrophysiological findings show that DD is associated with increased cognitive load when movements are prepared with the affected hand during a dual-hand performance task. These findings confirm behavioural observations, advance our insights on the neural substrate of DD and have implications for therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Motor execution, action observation, and motor imagery modulate the mu power over the central motor areas. • Lateralized mu power effects suggest the activation of the contralateral and inhibition of the ipsilateral motor areas. • With unilateral Cerebral Palsy, mu power modulation is only observed over the spared hemisphere suggesting the lesioned hemisphere is unresponsive to motor tasks. During motor execution (ME), mu power is diminished over the contralateral hemisphere and increased over the ipsilateral hemisphere, which has been associated with cortical activation of the contralateral motor areas and inhibition of the ipsilateral motor areas respectively. The influence of action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) on mu power is less clear, especially in children, and remains to be studied in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (uCP). We determined mu power during ME, AO, and MI of 45 typically developing (TD) children and 15 children with uCP over both hemispheres, for each hand. In TD children, over the left hemisphere mu power was lowered during ME when the right hand was used. In line, over the right hemisphere mu power was lowered when the left hand was addressed. In addition, during AO and MI increased mu power was observed when the right hand was addressed. In children with uCP, over the spared hemisphere mu power was diminished during ME when the less-affected hand was used. However, over the lesioned hemisphere, no mu changes were observed. The results of TD children fit the activation/inhibition model of mu power. The results of children with uCP suggest that the lesioned hemisphere is unresponsive to the motor tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]