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Purpose: Lymphotoxin alpha (LTA), a proinflammatory cytokine, plays an important role in promoting atherosclerosis which is an independent risk factor for stroke. Recent genetic studies have suggested that polymorphisms in the LTA gene, which affect its expression and biological function, may contribute to the development of stroke. The aim of this case-control study was to determine the association between LTA (-252 A/G and -804 C/A) gene polymorphisms and risk of stroke.Methods: Genotyping was determined by using SNaPshot method for 250 ischemic stroke (IS) patients, 250 age and sex matched IS free controls, 100 intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients and 100 age and sex matched ICH free controls. Conditional logistic regression analysis with adjusting multiple demographic and risk factor variables was used to calculate the strength of association between LTA (-252 A/G and -804 C/A) gene polymorphisms and risk of stroke. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) was analyzed by using HaploView 4.2 software.Results: The distribution of LTA (-252 A/G and -804 C/A) genotypes was consistent with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Adjusted conditional logistic regression analysis showed no significant association between LTA (-252 A/G and -804 C/A) gene polymorphisms and risk of both IS and ICH. Based on Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification, a significant association between LTA -252 A/G gene polymorphism and small vessel disease subtype of IS under dominant model (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.03–4.12;pvalue 0.04) with the risk of IS was observed. No LD was observed for both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in north Indian population.Conclusion: Neither -252 G/A nor -804 C/A polymorphism of the LTA gene was found to be associated with overall stroke as well as any subtype of IS excluding SVD in North Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in inflammation and pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disease. As per our knowledge, there is no published study investigating the association between variations within the TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the TGF-β1 gene (C509T, G800A and T869C) polymorphisms, and their haplotypes with the risk of ICH in North Indian population. 100 ICH patients and 100 age- and sex-matched controls were studied. Genotyping was performed using SNaPshot method. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the strength of association between TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms and risk of ICH. Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, low socioeconomic status, smoking, physical activity were found to be associated with the risk of ICH. The distribution of C509T, G800A and T869C genotypes was consistent with Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) in the ICH and control group. Adjusted conditional logistic regression analysis showed an independent association of TGF-β1 G800A (OR 9.07; 95% CI 2.3-35.6; P = 0.002) and T869C (OR 5.1; 95 % CI 1.9-13.2; P = 0.001) with the risk of ICH under dominant model. Haplotype analysis showed that C509-G800-C869 and C509-A800-C869 haplotypes were significantly associated with the increased risk of ICH. C509T and T869C were in strong linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.53, r(2) = 0.23). Our results suggest that TGF-β1 (G800A, T869C) gene polymorphisms and their haplotypes are significantly associated with the risk of ICH in North Indian population. Further prospective studies with large sample size are required for independent validation. Our findings could be helpful in identifying individuals at increased risk for developing ICH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]