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Le changement climatique structure la réflexion prospective sur la gestion durable des forêts, ses évolutions et les besoins d’innovation associés. L’Office National des Forêts présente ici une lecture de l’état des connaissances et des questions posées, à partir de laquelle il a défini ses priorités R&D: le travail a porté sur les principaux aspects de la gestion durable dans la définition de la Conférence d’Helsinki ; le contexte d’application est celui des forêts publiques françaises de métropole. Vis-à-vis du changement climatique, différents points de vue peuvent être adoptés : (i) impacts, prévention des risques et gestion des crises ; (ii) adaptation de la gestion ; (iii) contribution à l’atténuation via la production de bois ; (iv) continuité/qualité des services écosystémiques. L’analyse ne fait pas apparaître de contradictions entre ces différents points de vue, en revanche elle montre (i) les opportunités offertes par les innovations liées à la bioéconomie ; (ii) la nécessité de mieux expliciter les objectifs poursuivis (notamment dans la gestion de la biodiversité) ; (iii) l’intérêt de concentrer l’effort de R&D et innovation sur une série de leviers permettant une gestion active et diversifiée des forêts, gage de continuité des services écosystémiques, atténuation des risques et sécurisation des approvisionnements à la filière bois., Climate change is a major driver of sustainable forest management change. In this paper, R&D engineers of the French National Forest Service reviewed several aspects of sustainable forest management in the light of climate change, in order to identify research and innovation priorities. Climate change may be addressed with various points of view: (i) impacts, risk prevention and crisis management; (ii) adaptation of forest management; (iii) contribution to mitigation through wood production and use; (iv) continuity and quality of ecosystem services. The state of the art and ongoing questions were outlined, according to the specific challenges of a public service managing 25% of the mainland forest area, supplying 40% of exchanged timber, and particularly concerned by different national and European policies (forestry-wood chain, climate change, biodiversity conservation, energy transition, natural risk mitigation and prevention, water). The horizon scan did not suggest obvious contradictions between the different points of view. It showed (i) the potential opportunities brought by innovations linked to bioeconomy (bio-based production chains and markets); (ii) the need for a more explicit and integrated statement of management objectives, especially those regarding timber use and conservation of biodiversity; (iii) the impact of concentrating R&D investments and innovations to support an active, diversified forest management, condition for continuously providing high-quality ecosystem services, mitigating risks and securing a sufficient supply to the forest industries.

Under natural resource ecosystems shared across communities and nations, the distribution among stakeholders of risks and vulnerability to climate change is likely to be uneven on account of the nature of their stakes in the ecosystems, the degree of their dependence and the extent of degradation of the natural resources. Striving for a common adaptation strategy that safeguards the shared forest ecosystems and balances the interests of the multiple stakeholders would require a framework that encourages sharing and redistribution of ecosystem benefits and sharing of the potential climate risks and impacts on forests and stakeholders, taking into account the vulnerabilities of both ecosystems and people. This will constitute an important first step in reducing the burden of climate change on the weak and most vulnerable. Such a framework would also guide the decision making process, aid in redefining future activities especially when the risk situation changes, and help connect adaptation to sustainable national and regional development programmes through prioritisation of possible adaptation activities. This paper uses the experiences gained under the Tropical Forests and Climate Change Adaptation project of the Center for International Forest Research across three continents to propose a priority-setting process with active participation of multiple stakeholders in tropical ecosystems in developing countries perceived in their judgement to be crucial for adaptation to climate change. By attributing values to forest ecosystem goods and services for all stakeholders, prioritisation represents a common position by multiple stakeholders linking their interests and practices for a common purpose.

Muchos estudios científicos han resaltado la vulnerabilidad de los bosques tropicales a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y de la variabilidad climática (IPCC, 2001; CBD, 2003). En este documento se presentan conceptos y ejemplos de sensibilidad de los bosques, de impactos y de adaptación autónoma. Se hace énfasis en las consecuencias del cambio climático sobre los bienes y servicios ambientales brindados por los bosques. También se proponen medidas de adaptación para reducir su vulnerabilidad al cambio climático.

International audience; The Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere Program (SALSA) is a multi-agency, multi-national research effort that seeks to evaluate the consequences of natural and human-induced environmental change in semi-arid regions. The ultimate goal of SALSA is to advance scientific understanding of the semi-arid portion of the hydrosphere-biosphere interface in order to provide reliable information for environmental decision making. SALSA approaches this goal through a program of long-term, integrated observations, process research, modeling, assessment, and information management that is sustained by cooperation among scientists and information users. In this preface to the SALSA special issue, general program background information and the critical nature of semi-arid regions is presented. A brief description of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, the initial location for focused SALSA research follows. Several overarching research objectives under which much of the interdisciplinary research contained in the special issue was undertaken are discussed. Principal methods, primary research sites and data collection used by numerous investigators during 1997-1999 are then presented. Scientists from about 20 US, five European (four French and one Dutch), and three Mexican agencies and institutions have collaborated closely to make the research leading to this special issue a reality. The SALSA Program has served as a model of interagency cooperation by breaking new ground in the approach to large scale interdisciplinary science with relatively limited resources.

This briefing paper presents findings from Oxfam’s recently commissioned research on climate predictions for 2040 and 2050 in the Middle East, the Horn, East and Central Africa (HECA), West Africa and Asia regions. Analyses show how temperature increases will influence water insecurity in these regions and the potential impacts on food security, the spread of diseases, and other factors. This briefing paper also reveals severe under-investment by national governments and donors in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems, with critical implications not only for water security but also for poverty and inequality. Oxfam is calling for urgent action to increase investments in sustainable, climate-adapted water management for the people who are most at risk from the worsening climate crisis., Ce document d’information présente les conclusions d’une recherche récemment commanditée par Oxfam sur les prévisions climatiques pour 2040 et 2050 au MoyenOrient, dans la Corne de l’Afrique, en Afrique centrale et en Afrique de l’Est (région HECA), en Afrique de l’Ouest et en Asie. Il montre les répercussions que l’augmentation des températures entraînera sur l’insécurité hydrique dans ces régions, ainsi que ses effets potentiels sur la sécurité alimentaire, la propagation des maladies et d’autres facteurs. Le présent rapport met également en exergue que les États et les bailleurs n’investissent pas suffisamment dans les systèmes d’approvisionnement en eau, d’assainissement et d’hygiène, ce qui se répercute sur la sécurité hydrique, tout en aggravant la pauvreté et les inégalités. Oxfam appelle à une action urgente pour augmenter les investissements en faveur d’une gestion de l’eau durable et adaptée au climat pour les personnes les plus menacées par l’aggravation de la crise climatique.

In 2009, high-income countries committed in the Copenhagen Accords to mobilize US$100 billion a year by 2020 in climate finance for low- and middle-income countries. Oxfam reported on the progress of this commitment in 2016, 2018 and 2020. This year’s report finds that high-income countries have not only failed to deliver on their commitment, but also – as in previous years – generous accounting practices have allowed them to overstate the level of support they have actually provided. Moreover, much of the finance has been provided as loans, which means that it risks increasing the debt burden of the countries it is supposed to help., This paper calls on high-income countries to accelerate the mobilization and provision of climate finance, and to make up the shortfall from previous years, in a way that is equitable and just. High-income countries must provide finance that is transparent, with genuine accountability mechanisms, and that allows for far more local ownership and responsiveness to the needs of communities it is intended to reach. People on the frontlines of the climate crisis must have the funding they were promised for adaptation and mitigation, and to address the loss and damage they are already experiencing as a result of climate impacts., En 2009, les pays à revenu élevé se sont engagés par le biais de l’Accord de Copenhague à mobiliser 100 milliards de dollars par an avant 2020 dans le cadre du financement climat pour les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire. Oxfam a rendu compte de la progression dans la réalisation de cet engagement en 2016, 2018 et 2020. Cette dernière édition du rapport révèle que les pays à revenu élevé ont non seulement manqué à leur engagement, mais ils ont, au cours des années précédentes, recouru à des pratiques comptables généreuses leur ayant permis de surestimer le niveau de soutien qu’ils apportent en réalité. De plus, une grande partie des financements ont été fournis sous forme de prêts, au risque d’augmenter le poids de la dette des pays qu’ils sont censés aider., Ce rapport appelle les pays à revenu élevé à accélérer la mobilisation et la fourniture des financements climat ainsi qu’à compenser les lacunes des années précédentes, de manière équitable et juste. Les pays à revenu élevé doivent fournir des financements transparents, s’articulant autour de véritables mécanismes de redevabilité, pour une plus grande appropriation locale et une bien meilleure réactivité aux besoins des communautés visées. Les populations se trouvant en première ligne de la crise climatique doivent impérativement recevoir le financement promis afin de faire face à l’adaptation et à l’atténuation et compenser les pertes et dommages découlant déjà des impacts climatiques.

We performed a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) of a bio-based cosmetic cream containing Refined Palm Kernel Oil (RPKO). The objective was to investigate the importance of the RPKO production within the environmental impact of the cosmetic cream. We assumed a baseline scenario with best oil palm agricultural practices in Malaysia, and then tested different parameters, i.e. deforestation, peat soil drainage and improved effluent treatment, in order to check their influences. In the baseline scenario, transport of the cosmetic cream was the main contributing process (largest contribution for 11 out of 15 impact indicators). Contribution of the packaging of the cosmetic cream was also significant (largest for 2 out of 15). RPKO had a low impact contribution in the baseline scenario, albeit a much more critical one in the alternative scenarios. Deforestation and peat soil drainage (i.e. transformation and occupation) influenced two environmental indicators: Climate Change and Land Use. On Climate change indicator, deforestation caused an increase of about 9% of the cosmetic cream impacts and peat soil occupation an increase of 16%. On Land Use indicator, deforestation caused an increase of 3%, peat soil transformation and occupation caused increases of 938% and 41%, respectively. Methane capture from palm oil mill effluent treatment and conversion to electricity represented a low decrease of environmental impact of cosmetic cream (from −0.1% to −2.8%). This paper showed that the palm oil agricultural phase could have a non-negligible impact over the life-cycle of a cosmetic cream in case of deforestation and peat cultivation, despite its small contribution in both mass and economic terms.

Conflicts and shocks linked to climate change are more frequent and intense, leading to poverty and inequality, exacerbating these phenomena and people’s vulnerability., In this context, humanitarian relief, development programmes and peacebuilding are not serial processes; they are all needed at the same time to tackle the systemic inequalities that trap people in poverty and expose them to risk., The triple nexus, or programming across humanitarian-development-peace pillars, thus means creating synergies and common goals across short-term emergency response programmes and longer-term social change processes in development, as well as enhancing opportunities for peace so that individuals can enjoy the full spectrum of human rights., This briefing paper aims to identify the tensions and dilemmas that Oxfam faces when programming across the nexus and sets out new policy to address these dilemmas, building upon Oxfam’s 2019 discussion paper on the triple nexus., Les conflits et les crises liés au changement climatique sont de plus en plus fréquents et intenses, provoquant pauvreté, inégalités et exacerbant ces phénomènes ainsi que la vulnérabilité de certaines populations., Dans ce contexte, l’aide humanitaire, les programmes de développement et la consolidation de la paix (triple nexus) ne sauraient se résumer à une suite de processus ; ils doivent tous être mis en œuvre simultanément, pour s’attaquer aux inégalités systémiques qui piègent les gens dans la pauvreté et les exposent à des risques., Le triple nexus implique donc la recherche de synergies et d’objectifs communs entre les programmes d’intervention d’urgence à court terme et les processus de changement social à plus long terme dans le domaine du développement, ainsi que la recherche de la paix afin que les individus puissent jouir de l’ensemble des droits de l’homme., Ce document d’information vise à identifier les tensions ou les dilemmes auxquels Oxfam est confrontée lorsqu’elle assure une programmation sur la base du nexus. Il propose la définition d’une nouvelle politique pour répondre à ces dilemmes, en s’appuyant sur le document de discussion d’Oxfam de 2019 au sujet du triple nexus.

This paper sets out to describe the environmental impact assessment for wood charcoal briquettes produced from eucalyptus wood in Brazil, with specific reference to those impacts associated with Global Warming Potential. To achieve that objective, the work was undertaken in accordance with ISO 14040 "Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework" which describes essential LCA characteristics and good practices. Charcoal briquettes are produced from two basic raw materials, charcoal fines and starch. The fines result from the production of charcoal from sustainably managed eucalyptus plantations. Starch is extracted from babacu pulp in the Amazon region. Multi–output processes were allocated based on income from the different by-products. The results showed that more than 90% of incoming CO2 was due to biomass production for charcoal, and the remainder to starch biomass production. Based on Brazilian data, as well as information provided by the GaBi4.3 database, it turned out that supplying the energy content of 1 kg of briquettes resulted in the sequestration of 3.9690 kg of CO2, i.e. around 4 kg of CO2 per kg of briquettes produced. CO2 emissions throughout the briquette production process are totally compensated for by the environmental quality of the raw materials used.

Our unequal global food system is unsustainable for people and planet. We urgently need to rethink how the world feeds its people. The food crisis we are facing is not new. Extreme inequality and poverty, rights abuses, conflict, climate change and inflation – exacerbated by the pandemic and the war in Ukraine – mean that hundreds of millions of people do not have enough to eat. While millions of people are struggling to find their next meal, the world’s main food traders have made record profits, adding billions to their collective wealth., This paper debunks 10 myths about our food system and provides an alternative framing that will lead to better outcomes for the long term. We must shift our current food system from an industrial, exploitative and extractive model to a local and sustainable one that contributes to climate resilience and realizes people’s right to food – one that reduces inequality and poverty., Notre système alimentaire mondial inégalitaire n’est viable ni pour les populations ni pour la planète. Nous devons de toute urgence repenser la manière dont le monde nourrit ses habitant·es., La crise alimentaire à laquelle nous sommes confronté·es n’est pas nouvelle. Inégalités et pauvreté extrêmes, violations des droits, conflits, changement climatique et inflation, exacerbés par la pandémie et la guerre en Ukraine, plongent des centaines de millions de personnes dans une situation où elles ne mangent pas à leur faim. Alors même que des millions de personnes peinent à trouver quoi mettre dans leur assiette pour leur prochain repas, les plus grands négociants mondiaux de matières premières agricoles réalisent des bénéfices records et voient leur richesse collective augmenter par milliards. Le présent rapport déconstruit 10 mythes concernant notre système alimentaire et propose une autre analyse, ambitionnant de meilleurs résultats sur le long terme. Nous devons abandonner notre système alimentaire actuel et son modèle industriel fondé sur l’exploitation et l’extraction, au profit d’un modèle local et durable qui contribue à la résilience climatique et à la réalisation du droit à l’alimentation, en réduisant les inégalités et la pauvreté.

Highlight QTLs and candidate genes for the regulation of budbreak and flowering time reveal new hypotheses on temperature perception in growth resumption at spring time in apple., In temperate trees, growth resumption in spring time results from chilling and heat requirements, and is an adaptive trait under global warming. Here, the genetic determinism of budbreak and flowering time was deciphered using five related full-sib apple families. Both traits were observed over 3 years and two sites and expressed in calendar and degree-days. Best linear unbiased predictors of genotypic effect or interaction with climatic year were extracted from mixed linear models and used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, performed with an integrated genetic map containing 6849 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), grouped into haplotypes, and with a Bayesian pedigree-based analysis. Four major regions, on linkage group (LG) 7, LG10, LG12, and LG9, the latter being the most stable across families, sites, and years, explained 5.6–21.3% of trait variance. Co-localizations for traits in calendar days or growing degree hours (GDH) suggested common genetic determinism for chilling and heating requirements. Homologs of two major flowering genes, AGL24 and FT, were predicted close to LG9 and LG12 QTLs, respectively, whereas Dormancy Associated MADs-box (DAM) genes were near additional QTLs on LG8 and LG15. This suggests that chilling perception mechanisms could be common among perennial and annual plants. Progenitors with favorable alleles depending on trait and LG were identified and could benefit new breeding strategies for apple adaptation to temperature increase.

Key message We review the recent findings on the influence of drought on tree mortality, growth or ecosystem functioning in tropical rainforests. Drought plays a major role in shaping tropical rainforests and the response mechanisms are highly diverse and complex. The numerous gaps identified here require the international scientific community to combine efforts in order to conduct comprehensive studies in tropical rainforests on the three continents. These results are essential to simulate the future of these ecosystems under diverse climate scenarios and to predict the future of the global earth carbon balance. Context Tropical rainforest ecosystems are characterized by high annual rainfall. Nevertheless, rainfall regularly fluctuates during the year and seasonal soil droughts do occur. Over the past decades, a number of extreme droughts have hit tropical rainforests, not only in Amazonia but also in Asia and Africa. The influence of drought events on tree mortality and growth or on ecosystem functioning (carbon and water fluxes) in tropical rainforest ecosystems has been studied intensively, but the response mechanisms are complex. Aims Herein, we review the recent findings related to the response of tropical forest ecosystems to seasonal and extreme droughts and the current knowledge about the future of these ecosystems. Results This review emphasizes the progress made over recent years and the importance of the studies conducted under extreme drought conditions or in through-fall exclusion experiments in understanding the response of these ecosystems. It also points to the great diversity and complexity of the response of tropical rainforest ecosystems to drought. Conclusion The numerous gaps identified here require the international scientific community to combine efforts in order to conduct comprehensive studies in tropical forest regions. These results are essential to simulate the future of these ecosystems under diverse climate scenarios and to predict the future of the global earth carbon balance.