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The Amaryllidaceae species are well-known as a rich source of bioactive compounds in nature. Although Hymenocallis littoralis has been studied for decades, its polar components were rarely explored. The current phytochemical investigation of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids from H. littoralis led to the identification of three previously undescribed compounds: O-demethyl-norlycoramine (1), (-)-2-epi-pseudolycorine (2) and (+)-2-epi-pseudolycorine (3), together with eight known compounds: 6α-hydroxyhippeastidine (4), 6β-hydroxyhippeastidine (5), lycorine (6), 2-epi-lycorine (7), zephyranthine (8), ungeremine (9), pancratistatin (10) and 9-O-demethyl-7-O-methyllycorenine (11). Among the eight previously reported compounds, five were isolated from H. littoralis for the first time (compounds 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9). Compounds 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 11 exhibited weak anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity (EC50 = 40-77 µM) at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Assessment of cytotoxicity on the Vero-E6 cell line revealed lycorine and pancratistatin as cytotoxic substances with CC50 values of 1.2 µM and 0.13 µM, respectively. The preliminary structure-activity relationship for the lycorine-type alkaloids in this study was further investigated, and as a result ring C appears to play a crucial role in their anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. ispartof: MOLECULES vol:28 issue:7 ispartof: location:Switzerland status: published

Two different alkaloid-guided extraction approaches were used to obtain extracts and fractions of leaves and bulbs from Crinum americanum L. (Amaryllidaceae). Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activity, and evaluated for antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). Crinine (1), 1,2-didehydrocrinan-3-one (2), flexinine (3), lycorine (4), 1-O-acetyl-lycorine (5), caranine (6), acetyl-caranine (7), 11,12-didehydro-anhydrolycorine (8), hippadine (9), crinamine (10), 6-oxo-isocrinamine (11), macronine (12), and epipowelline (13) were identified in different extracts and fractions. Additionally, four steroids were identified: stigmasterol (14), beta-sitosterol (15), cycloartenol acetate (16), and cycloeucalenol acetate (17). Lycorine and crinine were isolated, and their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. All extracts and fractions inhibited AChE activity, but with IC50 values ranging from 1–290 µg/mL. One fraction (L_EE2) from the ethanol extract of C. americanum leaves achieved the highest AChE inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.21 µg/mL), when compared to other extracts or fractions. The extracts did not exhibit significant antioxidant activity. After 24 h of treatment, ethanol extracts of leaves and bulbs showed cytotoxic effects on SH-SY5Y cells in a dose-dependent manner from 25 µg/mL. In this study, we highlighted that, after organic extraction, the remaining plant material still presented secondary metabolites, which is interesting for a better understanding of the chemical composition of C. americanum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of in vitro AChE inhibition and cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells using extracts and fractions from C. americanum. Furthermore, among the 17 compounds, ten were identified for the first time in this species.

Crinum latifolium L. (Amaryllidaceae) is an herbaceous ornamental species that grows throughout the tropics and warm temperate regions, mainly in the Americas, Australia, and Southern Asia. Several phytochemical and biological studies on this species have been conducted, and pharmacological studies have revealed its promising anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties using different in vitro and in vivo models. The medicinal properties of this species have been attributed to the presence of several secondary metabolites (e.g., alkaloids). In C. latifolium bulbs, lycorine, hemanthamine, tazettine, and crinine-type alkaloids have been identified with diverse chemical structures. Furthermore, crinine, hemanthamine, and tazettine-type alkaloids are the most abundant in leaves. The present review aims to summarize research on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of C. latifolium. As the scientific data indicate promising medicinal applications, this review will help researchers working in the fields of pharmacognosy, natural products, and health and related sciences to focus on further studies that yield concrete evidence regarding the potential of C. latifolium extracts for the treatment of different human disorders.

Allium cepa L. is a commonly consumed vegetable that belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and contains nutrients and antioxidants in ample amounts. In spite of the valuable food applications of onion bulb, its peel and outer fleshy layers are generally regarded as waste and exploration of their nutritional and therapeutic potential is still in progress with a very slow progression rate. The present study was designed with the purpose of doing a comparative analysis of the antioxidant potential of two parts of Allium cepa, i.g., bulb (edible part) and outer fleshy layers and dry peels (inedible part). Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the onion bulb and peel extracts on rat intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase of porcine was also evaluated. The antioxidant potential of onion peel and bulb extracts were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2’-azino-bis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, H2O2 radical scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating activity. Total flavonoids and phenolic content of ethanolic extract of onion peel were significantly greater as compared to that of onion bulb. Ethanolic extract of onion peel also presented better antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity as compared to the ethanolic extract of bulb, while the aqueous extract of bulb presented weakest antioxidative potential. Onion peel extract’s α-glucosidase inhibition potential was also correlated with their phenolic and flavonoid contents. The current findings presented onion peel as a possible source of antioxidative agents and phenolic compounds that might be beneficial against development of various common chronic diseases that might have an association with oxidative stress. Besides, outer dry layers and fleshy peels of onion exhibited higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities, compared to the inner bulb. The information obtained by the present study can be useful in promoting the use of vegetable parts other than the edible mesocarp for several future food applications, rather than these being wasted. Resumo Allium cepa pertence à família Liliaceae e é rica em nutrientes e antioxidantes. Apesar das expressivas aplicações alimentares do bulbo da cebola, sua casca e outras camadas externas são geralmente consideradas resíduos, e seu potencial nutricional e terapêutico ainda é pouco explorado. O presente estudo foi delineado com o objetivo de investigar comparativamente o potencial antioxidante de duas partes de Allium cepa, por exemplo o bulbo (parte comestível) e camadas externas e cascas secas (parte não comestível). Além disso, o efeito inibitório dos extratos do bulbo de cebola e casca sobre a α-glucosidase intestinal de ratos e α-amilase pancreática suína também foi avaliado. O potencial antioxidante dos extratos da casca de cebola e bulbo foi avaliado utilizando-se 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), método de poder antioxidante de redução do ferro (FRAP), método 2,2'-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-ácido sulfônico (ABTS) de eliminação de radicais, atividade de eliminação de radicais H2O2 e atividade quelante do Fe2+. Os flavonoides totais e os teores fenólicos do extrato de etanol da casca de cebola foram significativamente maiores quando comparados ao do bulbo. O extrato de etanol da casca de cebola também apresentou melhor atividade antioxidante e eliminação de radicais livres quando comparado ao extrato de etanol do bulbo, enquanto o extrato aquoso de bulbo apresentou menor potencial antioxidante. O potencial de inibição da α-glicosidase dos extratos de casca de cebola correlacionou-se com seus teores fenólicos e de flavonoides. Os resultados encontrados identificaram que a casca de cebola é uma possível fonte de agentes antioxidantes e compostos fenólicos que podem ser benéficos contra o desenvolvimento de várias doenças crônicas que estão associadas ao estresse oxidativo. Além disso, as camadas externas secas e as cascas da cebola exibiram maior conteúdo fenólico e atividades antioxidantes, em comparação com o bulbo interno. As informações obtidas pelo presente estudo podem promover o uso de outras partes vegetais além do mesocarpo comestível para futuras aplicações em alimentos, ao invés de serem desperdiçadas.

The AChE inhibitory activity of alkaloid extracts and compounds has been in the focus of research on the plants of Amaryllidoideae subfamily since the approval of galanthamine in 2001 by FDA for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. A small fraction of the huge biodiversity of the plants producing Amaryllidaceae alkaloids has been studied as a source of AChE inhibitors. Less than 20% of the known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have been tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit AChE. Galanthamine, lycorine and haemanthamine are scaffolds for semi-synthesis of potent AChE inhibitors. In the last years, galanthamine has been studied in silico for drug optimization and synthesis of potent dual-binding AChE inhibitors. In silico studies of other Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have also provoked the interest of researchers in the last years. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on studies of the AChE inhibitory activity of extracts and compounds from the plants of Amaryllidoideae subfamily covering the literature from the last two decades.

Summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.) is a bulbous plant to the Amaryllidaceae family. L. aestivum is a Euro-Mediterranean region plant and is a well-known source of pharmacologically important alkaloids. Galanthamine is the major bioactive compound that is widely used in the treatment of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Another alkaloid lycorine has antitumor, antimalarial, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic activities. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different salt stress treatments on galanthamine and lycorine amounts, growth and development, non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (free radical scavenging activity and total phenol-flavonoid content) and enzymatic antioxidant activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalases (CAT)] in L. aestivum. The plant was cultivated for 3.5 months watering with 3 different concentrations (2, 4 and 8 g/L) of 2 different salt types (NaCl and CaCl2). Salt stress treatments did not change the shoot length, bulb size and water content significantly. Obtained leaves and bulbs were extracted with methanol and analyzed with HPLC-DAD system. Galanthamine and lycorine amounts were enhanced with 4 g/L CaCl2 in the bulbs. Galanthamine in the leaves was also improved with 8 g/L NaCl. Salt stress treatments did not change the lycorine content in the leaves. Antioxidant capacity of the bulbs and leaves of L. aestivum was very low. Salt stress caused by 4 g/L CaCl2 increased the antioxidant activity only in the leaves and total phenol-flavonoid content in the bulbs. All salt stress treatments increased the SOD activity in the bulbs. The highest SOD and CAT activities were observed with 8 g/L CaCl2 and 4 g/L NaCl, respectively in the bulbs. Some CaCl2 treatments (2 g/L and 4 g/L) increased the activity of SOD and CAT, respectively. It was concluded that L. aestivum is a salt tolerant plant, and 4 g/L CaCl2 is a conspicuous treatment in terms of increased galanthamine amount and antioxidant activities (non-enzymatic and enzymatic) in the bulbs.

Hippeastrum elegans is a Brazilian Amaryllidaceae plant producing galantamine (GAL), an anticholinesterase drug for Alzheimer's disease, besides other alkaloids such as pseudolycorine (PSE), narciclasine (NAR) and sanguinine (SAN). Therefore, we used a metabolomic approach to investigate the influence of the harvest time on its chemical composition and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE). Alkaloid extracts were analyzed by UPLC-ESI-MS and 1H NMR, then assessed for AChE inhibitory activity. These data were combined and analyzed by Partial Least Square (PLS) regression. H. elegans was found to be rich in PSE and NAR, achieving higher contents in 270 and 390 days of cultivation, respectively. However, the highest anti-AChE activities were observed for 450 days-bulbs extracts. PLS indicated pseudolycorine as the discriminant compound for this extract, hence responsible for its higher anti-AChE activity jointly with the known AChE inhibitors GAL and SAN. Thus, the cultivation of H. elegans appears to be a promising way for providing bioactive alkaloids.

Isoquinoline alkaloids of the Amaryllidaceae have proven to be of significant value in drug discovery and development. Crossyne guttata is frequently used in traditional medicine as an antiseptic and wound cleaner as well as to treat alcoholism. The aim of the study was to identify the variation in alkaloid content of the species in relation to published works on the genus Boophone. We isolated Distichamine 1 from an ethanolic fraction of Crossyne guttata using column chromatography. Spectroscopic analysis yielded three alkaloids, distichamine 1, crinamine 2 and epibuphanisine 3. Distichamine 1 is a rare β-crinane alkaloid previously isolated only from the genus Boophone. The presence of distichamine 1 in the genus Crossyne suggests that it may be more widespread in tribe Amaryllideae than originally thought.

Ammocharis coranica is a bulbous southern African species reported to be used to treat mental illness. Eight Amaryllidaceae alkaloids of the aromatic, lycorine or crinine type were found in the current study, five of which, hippadine, lycorine, caranine, acetylcaranine, and 1-O-acetyl-9-O-demethylpluviine have previously been isolated from this species. A further three alkaloids, 6α-hydroxybuphanidrine, golceptine and a new compound of the crinine type, charisine, were isolated in this work. Charisine is a tetramethoxylated crinine alkaloid, and the first documented to be methoxylated on the 5,10b-ethano bridge of this subclass.

Highlight • The role of Amaryllidaceae species from Ecuador as source of new drugs. • High amount of lycorine-type alkaloids in Phaedranassa dubia by GC-MS. • In vitro potential of Phaedranassa brevifolia as cholinesterase inhibitor. • Theoretical inhibitory activity of alkaloids against cholinesterase enzymes., Alzheimer's disease is considered the most common cause of dementia and, in an increasingly aging population worldwide, the quest for treatment is a priority. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are of main interest because of their cholinesterase inhibition potential, which is the main palliative treatment available for this disease. We evaluated the alkaloidal profile and the in vitro inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) of bulb alkaloid extract of Phaedranassa dubia and Phaedranassa brevifolia collected in Ecuador. Using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we identified typical Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in these species, highlighting the presence of lycorine-type alkaloids in P. dubia and haemanthamine/crinine-type in P. brevifolia. The species P. dubia and P. brevifolia showed inhibitory activities against AChE (IC50 values of 25.48 ± 0.39 and 3.45 ± 0.29 μg.mL−1, respectively) and BuChE (IC50 values of 114.96 ± 4.94 and 58.89 ± 0.55 μg.mL−1, respectively). Computational experiments allowed us to understand the interactions of the alkaloids identified in these samples toward the active sites of AChE and BuChE. In silico, some alkaloids detected in these Amaryllidaceae species presented higher estimated binding free energy toward BuChE than galanthamine. This is the first study about the alkaloid profile and biological potential of P. brevifolia species.

Two new 5,10b-ethanophenanthridine bridge alkaloids, 3-O-methyl–epi–vittatine, 1, and crouchinine, 2, (2R)-7-hydroxyflavan, 3, and a novel ceramide, brunsceramide, were isolated from the bulbs of Brunsvigia natalensis. (2R)-7-Hydroxyflavan showed total growth inhibition in the 55–60 ppm range against the melanoma (UACC62), breast (MCF7) and renal (TK10) cancer cell lines. 3-O-Methyl–epi–vittatine, 1, and bruns-ceramide, 4, were inactive against the cell lines tested.

Allium is one of the well-known genera of the Amaryllidaceae family, which contains over 780 species. Onions, garlic, leeks, and shallots are the most important species of this genus. Allium hirtifolium (shallot) is a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and bioactive compounds such as organic sulfur compounds with an expansive range of biological activities and medicinal attributes. To identify the putative compounds and genes involved in the organic sulfur pathway, we applied GC–MS and RNA-seq techniques for the bulb, stem, and flower tissues of A. hirtifolium. The essential oil analysis revealed the maximum amount of sulfur compounds in stem against flower and bulb tissues. Transcriptome profiling showed 6155, 6494, and 4259 DEGs for bulb vs. flower, bulb vs. stem, and flower vs. stem, respectively. Overall, more genes were identified as being up-regulated rather than down-regulated in flower tissue compared to the stem and bulb tissues. Our findings in accordance with other results from different papers, suggest that carbohydrates are vital to bulb formation and development because a high number of identified DEGs (586 genes) were mapped to carbohydrate metabolism. This study has detected the genes in the organic sulfur pathway and indicated that the alliinase gene shows a high variability among different tissues. In general, this study formed a useful genomic resource data to explore tissue-specific sulfur pathway in A. hirtifolium, which is helpful for functional breeding.

From camptothecin to vinblastine, plant alkaloids continue to capture the imagination of scientists as a valuable source of anticancer drugs. Given that they are also amongst the most common secondary metabolites encountered in plants, the number of alkaloid entities subjected to cytotoxicity evaluations now runs into several thousands. Interest in the plant family Amaryllidaceae has been persistent owing to the potent cytotoxic activities of several of its isoquinoline alkaloid principles. This survey is an indepth account of such properties discernible for tazettine alkaloids belonging to the minor alkaloid groups of the Amaryllidaceae. Eleven of such compounds have up to now been screened against around 50 cancer cell lines which may be classified into nearly 20 different types of cancers. Although the activities in most instances were moderate to mild, notable responses were observed against some leukemia, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma and glioblastoma cell lines. In fact, pretazettine (ED50 0.3 μg/mL) was amongst the most potent of all Amaryllidaceae alkaloids screened against the human Molt4 T-lymphoma cell line. To most accounts, the parent compounds (such as tazettine and pretazettine) with their distinct ring systems and substitution patterns exhibit the best activities, offering little space for structural adjustments via semi-synthetic operations. Several avenues have been probed in attempts to elucidate the mechanisms by which tazettine alkaloids manifest their cytotoxic effects including, inhibition of protein synthesis, apoptosis and efflux pump interactions, the first of which to date offers the most profound insights.

Allium cepa also known as onion which belongs to the Amaryllidaceae is used to substitute refined wheat flour in the form of powder in bread. The product is prepared in the ratio 1:1. Onion powder is used up to 5%. We have estimated the dietary fiber content, ash content, moisture content, textural properties, gluten content and even water activity as 7.5%, 0.0931, 365.41, the texture is soft and has springiness, 3.6, 0.814. Most of the properties were found to be decreasing as the amount of onion powder was increased. Onion powder was substituted in bread to enhance its nutritional and health aspects including antimicrobial and anti-diabetic properties. Further the sensory analysis as taken in hedonic scale for flavor, texture, color, appearance, and biocompatibility.

The chemical investigation of the nonpolar constituents of a methanol extract of the bulbs of Boophone haemanthoides yielded ten known compounds as minor constituents. The compounds were identified as stigmast-4-ene-3,6-dione (1); cholest-4-en-3-one (2); (22E)-stigmast-4,22-dien-3-one (3); stigmast-4-en-3-one (4); 6β-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one (5); 6β-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one (6); cycloartenol (7); acetovanillone (8); tyrosol (10) and 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone (11). The isolation of compound 7 with other cholestane (2, 6) and stigmastane (1, 3–5) derivatives aligned with the biosynthetic pathway of plant steroids through 7 from squalene 2,3-epoxide. This is the first report on the isolation and identification of these compounds from B. haemanthoides and 1–6 and 11 for the family Amaryllidaceae.

Genus Zephyranthes consists of economically important plant species due to their high ornamental value and presence of valuable bioactive compounds. However, this genus propagates by asexual division only which gives slow propagation rate. Plant tissue culture has the potential to provide efficient techniques for rapid multiplication and genetic improvement of the genus. In this work, a dual in vitro regeneration system through callus mediated shoot regeneration and direct shoot regeneration in species Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes grandiflora and Zephyranthes citrina was investigated. Bulb, leaf and root explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium amended with different plant growth regulators (PGR’s) viz. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 1-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3 -thiadiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ), 6-Furfuryl- aminopurine (KIN) alone or in combinations for callus induction and regeneration. Only bulb explants showed callus induction and regeneration response on different PGR combinations with a varied response in callus induction percentage, callus color and callus texture. Creamish compact callus (CC) was induced on 2 mg L $$^{-1}$$ 2,4-D, brown friable callus (BF) on 2 mg L $$^{-1}$$ NAA + 1 mg L $$^{-1}$$ BAP and green friable callus (GF) callus on 1 mg L $$^{-1}$$ KIN + 3 mg L $$^{-1}$$ NAA. The maximum shoot multiplication from different callus types (indirect organogenesis) was achieved on 2 mg L $$^{-1}$$ BAP alone without combinations. Bulb explants of Z. grandiflora induced maximum callus induction percentage (86.4%) and shoot regeneration percentage (83.5%) with the maximum 08 shoots per 150 mg callus mass. The induction and regeneration response was followed in the order of Z. grandiflora > Z. candida > Z. citrina. Similarly, maximum direct organogenesis from bulb explants was obtained in Z. grandiflora (93.3%) followed by Z. candida (91.5%) and Z. citrina (90.4%) on 3 mg L $$^{-1}$$ TDZ amended MS media. Adventitious root induction was achieved on 2 mg L $$^{-1}$$ IBA with a maximum of 8 roots per shoot. The in vitro raised plantlets were successfully acclimatized in the field with 85% survival efficiency. The genome size (2C DNA content) of the field-grown plants and in vitro regenerated plants, evaluated through flow cytometry technique, were similar and showed no ploidy changes. An efficient mass propagation protocol was established for obtaining plants with unaltered genome size in the three species of Zephyranthes.

The phytochemistry of both bulbs and seeds of the ethnomedicinal Crinum stuhlmannii subsp. delagoense (Amaryllidaceae) was studied, sourced from a single location simultaneously. Eight alkaloids, including two previously unreported ones, N-methyl-haemanthamide (nivanine), and N-methyl-ent-delagoenine, were isolated along with lycorine, 8,9-methylenedioxophenanthridine, 6-hydroxycrinamine, 6-ethoxycrinamine, haemanthamine and hamayne. Compounds isolated were tested for acetylcholinesterase inhibition.

The Amaryllidaceae family is distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical areas but also in temperate zones. In Venezuela, there are 6 genera and 13 species distributed around the country. This family is characterized by its ability to biosynthesize alkaloids with an isoquinoline type structure. In addition, a number of investigations have revealed a variety of biological activities for these alkaloids, such as antimalarial, antitumoral, analgesic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, among others. Galanthamine, an alkaloid first obtained from Galanthus woronowii, has been used since 2001 for the palliative therapy of mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, there is great interest on searching for galanthamine sources among the wide range of Amaryllidaceae species distributed around the world. The present investigation, carried out with five species from the Amaryllidaceae family, Crinum amabile, Crinum erubescens, Crinum moorei, Amaryllis belladonna and Zephyranthes carinata, collected from different locations in Merida State-Venezuela and analyzed by GC–MS, showed the alkaloid profile of leaves and bulbs of these species. Results revealed that lycorine and related compounds, such as 11,12-dehydro-anhydrolycorine and 1-O-acetyllycorine, were present in almost all samples analyzed, with lycorine predominant. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibition capacity of these alkaloid extracts showed a strong to moderate inhibitory effect on both enzymes; C. amabile leaves being the extract with the strongest inhibitory activity against AChE at 0.88 µg/mL as well as BuChE at 4.46 µg/mL, followed by Crinum erubescens leaves with values of 1.75 µg/mL and 8.72 µg/mL, respectively, compared to the values observed for galanthamine used as control. Present investigation constitutes the first in silico report about buphanisine interactions with AChE and BuChE active sites.

The Amaryllidaceae family is widely distributed in different regions of the neotropics and temperate areas of the world. Species of the subfamily Amaryllidoideae are unique in producing the alkaloid galanthamine, which inhibits the action of acetylcholinesterase and is used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In Peru, 15 genera and 68 species belonging to the Amaryllidoideae have been reported in different types of forest, ranging from wet montane to dry, as well as the sandy biomes of the Pacific coastal region, with the greatest diversity in the south. In the tribe Eustephieae, the Andean genus Pyrolirion Herb has eight species, six of which are endemic to Peru. In this work, the leaves and bulbs of Pyrolirion albicans were analyzed for their alkaloid content for the first time, using gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). The alkaloids determined in the leaves were galanthamine, chlidanthine, tazettine and lycorine and those in the bulbs were galanthamine, N-demethylgalanthamine, vittatine/crinine, montanine, pancracine, sternbergine, lycorine and hippeastrine. Owing to their important bioactive properties, the high quantity of montanine and galanthamine determined in the bulbs is of particular interest.

Plants belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae have been the focus of abundant studies thanks to their structurally diverse alkaloids with excellent biological and pharmacological profiles. Nevertheless, the anti-diabetic properties of these plant species have been considered to a lesser extent, in particular those of the subfamily Amaryllidoideae. Hence, in this work, the potential hypoglycaemic effects of the crude mucilage of Hippeastrum vittatum (L'Her.) (syn. Amaryllis vittata) bulbs were examined at 150 and 250 mg/kg using the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Overall, as compared to the untreated diabetic rats, oral administration of the mucilage at 150 mg/kg significantly ameliorated the induced hyperglycaemia by 45.37% and 61.95% after 2 and 4 h, respectively, whereas the maximum hypoglycemic actions were observed at 250 mg/kg, causing 57.37% and 65.74% reduction in the elevated blood glucose levels after 2 and 3 h, respectively. These effects were also markedly comparable to those of the standard hypoglycaemic drug gliclazide (50 mg/kg, p.o.). As the first report on the anti-hyperglycaemic activity of the genus Hippeastrum, the obtained results enlighten the potential of the water-soluble polysaccharide fraction from this plant and other Amaryllidaceae species for the development of natural hypoglycaemic agents that could be helpful as alternative or complementary therapies for type-2 diabetes.

Background Allium chinense G. Don is a medicinal and aromatic herb belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae, characterized by a high saponin content. The previous report has mostly been focused on the bulb, and there is very limited work on the leaf. The information about biological and chemical constituent of A. chinense leaf is still inadequate in contrast to the investigations reported on the bulb. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the hexane extract of both bulb and leaf extract. Therefore, the present investigation was focused on identifying and characterization of the hexane extracts of A. chinense bulb and leaf quantitatively and by using the GC-MS method and to know its scavenging, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. Results Twenty-eight bioactive compounds were identified in the bulb and nine in the leaf extract by GC-MS analysis. The versatile compounds present in the bulb are 2-methyloctacosane (21.30%), tetracontane (14.05%), eicosane, 10-methyl (12.06%), heneicosane (8.46%), octadecyl trifluoroacetate (6.48%), and 1-heneicosanol (5.76%), whereas in the leaf, it was phytol (35.76%), tetratetracontane (18.49%), perhydrofarnesyl acetone (14.76%), and heptadecane, 2,6-dimethyl (10.79%). In quantitative estimation, saponins were estimated to have the highest with 375.000 ± 0.577 mg/g in the leaf and 163.750 ± 0.433 mg/g in the bulb. The DPPH antioxidant scavenging activity was found to be minimum in both the bulb (IC50 = 678.347 μg/ml) and leaf (IC50 = 533.337 μg/ml). A. chinense extracts of both leaf and bulb exerted potential antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Leaf extract exhibited greater antifungal activity than the bulb against Aspergillus niger. Conclusion From the analysis, the hexane leaf extract exhibited higher antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activity than the bulb. Their superior activity might be due to the higher content of total saponin and terpenes. This result will lead to further in-depth research towards the potential use of this plant; the bio-constituents can be further isolated and used in medical and therapeutic applications.

The composition of flavonoids from leaves of Allium microdictyon Prokh. (Amaryllidaceae) was studied for the first time and included 14 compounds including two new flavonol glycosides 1 and 2. UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data determined that 1 was quercetin-3-O-(2″ -O-α-Lrhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (quercetin-3-O-neohesperidoside-7-O-glucuronide). Compound 2 had the structure kaempferol-3-O-(2″-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-Dglucopyranoside-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (kaempferol-3-O-neohesperidoside-7-O-glucuronide).

A phytochemical investigation on the 90% ethanol aqueous extract of the bulbs of Crinum latifolium led to the isolation of three new crinane-type alkaloids, designated as crinumlatines A-C (1-3). T...

Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are a group of specialized metabolites found predominantly in the Amaryllidaceae plant family. Approximately 600 naturally occurring Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have been identified, many of which possess a variety of potent biological and pharmacological properties. However, only the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, is currently on the market. Despite promising pharmacological potential, the clinical development of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids is hindered by limited commercial availability. In contrast to the large body of knowledge on the pharmacological and phytochemical aspects of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, their molecular and physiological features are less explored. A better understanding of Amaryllidaceae alkaloid biosynthesis and metabolic regulation is crucial to take advantage of new metabolic engineering technologies for improving the efficiency and sustainability of plant or microbial Amaryllidaceae alkaloid production. Although there is still much to learn, over the past several years comparative transcriptomic and traditional biochemical approaches have led to significant advances in the identification of the molecular players involved in producing Amaryllidaceae alkaloids including enzymes from the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways. The identity of few Amaryllidaceae alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes and several genes encoding them has been reported. In this review, an overview of the current knowledge on the biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids is presented.

Narcissus tazetta L., a bulbous plant belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family, contains alkaloid galantamine (GAL) with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity which has been recently considered to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the current work, the effect of photoperiod (16/8 h light/dark and 24 h dark) and various concentrations of NAA, BAP, and GA3 (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg l‒1) on the in vitro mass bulblet regeneration of N. tazetta was studied. The GAL production ability of the regenerated bulblets was assessed by HPLC-UV-MS. Light treatments significantly affected the number of bulblet and leaf, the ratio of bulblet/leaf, and leaf length. The maximum number of bulblet (31.0 ± 1.58) and leaf (13.3 ± 1.33) was recorded from the cultures fortified with NAA and BAP (2 mg l‒1) kept in 16/8 h light/dark, while the maximum leaf length (2.1 ± 0.92 cm) was measured on the MS medium containing 0.5 mg l‒1 NAA and 2 mg l‒1 BAP incubated in the same photoperiod. The average ratio of bulblet proliferation per explant was significantly different between studied photoperiod (1.1 ± 0.86) and 24 h dark (0.62 ± 0.31). The regenerated bulblets contained 40 and 20 µg g‒1 DW GAL underexposed photoperiod and 24 h dark, respectively. This information could be useful in the commercial production of GAL as a valuable anti-AD compound through in vitro mass bulblet proliferation of N. tazetta., Key message The regenerated mass bulblets of Narcissus tazetta (Amaryllidaceae) on MS medium containing 2 mg l‒1 NAA and BAP kept in 16/8 h light/dark are recommended to produce galanatamine and lycorine.

Background: Biological significance of Amaryllidaceae is well advocated from the literature. In Cameroon, plants from this fam- ily are routinely used for the cure of liver, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. To date, no scientific investigation corresponding to the anti-cancer activity of extracts and isolated compounds of Scadoxus pseudocaulus is available. Objective: Current study is focused to elaborate the anti-proliferative effects of natural isolates (compounds 1-6, 9) and hemi-synthetic analogs (compounds 7-8) extracted from S. pseudocaulu. Methods: Column chromatography of the ethyl acetate extract followed by purification of different fractions led to the isolation of seven compounds (1 – 6, 9). Esterification reaction of compound 6 was carried out using butyroyl chlorides and triethylamin to produce two derivatives (7 – 8). The cytotoxic activity was performed after staining of treated cells with florescent dye propid- ium iodide. Dead cells were detected using cytometer FL2 or FL3 channels/filters. Results: Trans-derivative of narciclasine (a natural isolate from S. pseudocaulus), was found to be most potent among all tested compounds. Its effects were more significant on low malignant follicular lymphoma (DoHH2 cells) as compared to highly ma- lignant (EBV infected) Burkitts lymphoma (Raji cells). Conclusion: From our results, narciclasine appears to hold the potential of a lead molecule that can be used to bridge the ther- apeutic gaps in cancer research. Keywords: Scadoxus pseudocaulus; Amaryllidaceae; 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasin; farrerol; derivatization; cytotoxic activity.

A total of 20 derivatives (1–20) of the crinane-type alkaloid ambelline were synthesized. These semisynthetic derivatives were assessed for their potency to inhibit both acetylcholinesterase (AChE)...

Objectives Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are well known for their wide range of pharmacological activities. Galanthamine, an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid, is an effective, selective, reversible, and competitive cholinesterase inhibitor marketed under different commercial names in several countries for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this work was to study the alkaloid profiles of the aerial parts and bulbs of both flowering and fruiting periods of Galanthus fosteri Baker (Amaryllidaceae), as well as analyzing their inhibitory activities on both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) for the first time. Materials and Methods The alkaloid profiles of the four samples were determined by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and AChE and BuChE inhibition assays were performed by the modified Ellman method. Results Totally, 22 compounds with mass spectral characteristics of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids were detected in the extracts. Significant AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities were observed in the tested samples (IC50 between 0.189 and 91.23 μg/mL). Conclusion This study shows that G. fosteri, collected from Akdag, Amasya (Turkey), is a potential source of diverse chemical structures of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids with cholinesterase inhibitory properties.

Objective: Pancratium L. (Amaryllidaceae J.St. Hil.) is a monocot genus with bulbous habitat and about 20 species worldwide have significant medicinal properties. The present envision aims to inves...

Context The methanol extracts from Hippeastrum reticulatum (L'Hér.) Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) (HR) display acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI) activity. Objective AChEI of alkaloids isolated from HR bulbs and the ameliorating effects of the alkaloid fraction (AHR) on memory and cognitive dysfunction in scopolamine-treated mice were investigated. Materials and methods Alkaloids were isolated by column chromatography and identified by spectroscopy. AChEI was evaluated using the modified Ellman’s method. Sixty Swiss male mice were randomly divided into six groups, received samples for 15 days. Normal group received saline, scopolamine-treated group scopolamine (1.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection). Test groups received AHR (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg, per os) and positive control group donepezil (5 mg/kg, per os), administered 1 h before the test, scopolamine was injected 30 min prior to testing. The cognitive-enhancing activity of AHR against scopolamine-induced memory impairments was investigated using Y-maze, the novel object recognition test (NORT) and the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Results Seven alkaloids were isolated for the first time from the genus Hippeastrum: trans-dihydronarciclasine (1), N-chloromethylnarcissidinium (2), narciprimin (3), narciclasine-4-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (4), N-methyltyramine (5), 3β,11α-dihydroxy-1,2-dehydrocrinane (6) and brunsvigine (7); three are new compounds (2, 5, 6). Among them, 2–3 and 5–6 showed AChEI in vitro with IC50 values of 29.1, 46.4, 70.1 and 104.5 µg/mL, respectively. The anti-AChEI of 2, 5 and 6 are reported for the first time. In in vivo test, AHR (15 mg/kg) significantly increased in spontaneous alternation performance in the Y-maze test (p

Crinum zeylanicum (L.) of the family Amaryllidaceae is one of the medicinal plants that have gained ancient-to-date popularity in the healing of skin diseases, bone fracture and other tropical illnesses in traditional medicine practices. The grounded bulb was extracted successively using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. The raw sample and the successive extracts were evaluated for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and tannins contents using specific standard gravimetric methods for each component. Correlation analysis of the components was also carried out. The quantitative determinations revealed the range of the bio-components as saponins (37.20-13.08%,), alkaloids (22.14-4.62%), Tannins (19.47-2.79%), Flavonoids (15.32-0.08%) and Steroids (10.49-0.72). The correlation coefficient analysis at 5% identified high negative correlation between saponins and steroids at (-0.921) as the most significant value (p=0.026), likewise alkaloids and saponins, alkaloids and tannins, flavonoids and saponins, flavonoids and tannins, steroids and tannins but statistically insignificant. It however, revealed high positive correlation of alkaloids and steroids (+0.872) at insignificant value (p=0.055) and such other correlations in this study are alkaloids and flavonoids, flavonoids and steroids, saponins and tannins. At 95% confidence interval of the differences in the paired components, showed that alkaloids and steroids, flavonoids and saponins, saponins and steroids, saponins and tannins are statistically significant (p=0.009- 0.012) while others are insignificant (p-0.057-0.978). These results indicated that the bulb contained essential medicinal components suitable for health benefits and considered a multifaceted plant for curing many types of diseases and illnesses.

As a kind of Amaryllidaceae alkaloid which is accumulated in the species of Lycoris plants, lycorine has a range of physiological effects. The biosynthesis pathway of lycorine has been partly revealed, but the transport and accumulation mechanisms of lycorine have rarely been studied. In this study, an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter from Lycoris aurea (L’Hér) Herb., namely LaABCB11, was cloned and functionally characterized. Heterologous expression showed that LaABCB11 transported lycorine in an outward direction, increased the tolerance of yeast cells to lycorine, and caused a lower lycorine accumulation in transformants than control or mutant in yeast. LaABCB11 is associated with the plasma membrane, and in situ hybridization indicated that LaABCB11 was mainly expressed in the phloem of leaves and bulbs, as well as in the cortical cells of roots. These findings suggest that LaABCB11 functions as a lycorine transport and it might be related to the translocation and accumulation of lycorine from the leaves and bulbs to the roots.

Numerous species of Allium genus have been used in the traditional medicine based on their vast biological effects, e.g., antimicrobial, digestion stimulant, anti-sclerotic, soothing, antiradical or wound healing properties. In this work, unpolar and polar extracts from two lesser-investigated species of Allium growing in Kazakhstan, Allium galanthum Kar. &amp, Kir. (AG) and A. turkestanicum Regel. (AT), were studied for their composition and biological effects. In the HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analyses of water and alcoholic extracts simple organic acids, flavonoids and their glycosides were found to be the best represented group of secondary metabolites. On the other hand, in the GC-MS analysis diethyl ether, extracts were found to be rich sources of straight-chain hydrocarbons and their alcohols, fatty acids and sterols. The antimicrobial activity assessment showed a lower activity of polar extracts, however, the diethyl ether extract from AT bulbs and AG chives showed the strongest activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, B. cereus ATCC 10876, some species of Staphylococcus (S. aureus ATCC 25923 and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228) and all tested Candida species (Candida albicans ATCC 2091, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida glabrata ATCC 90030, Candida krusei ATCC 14243 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019) with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.125–0.5 mg/mL. The highest antiradical capacity exhibited diethyl ether extracts from AG bulbs (IC50 = 19274.78 ± 92.11 mg Trolox eq/g of dried extract) in DPPH assay. In ABTS scavenging assay, the highest value of mg Trolox equivalents, 50.85 ± 2.90 was calculated for diethyl ether extract from AT bulbs. The same extract showed the highest inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase (82.65 ± 1.28% of enzyme activity), whereas AG bulb ether extract was the most efficient murine tyrosinase inhibitor (54% of the enzyme activity). The performed tests confirm possible cosmeceutical applications of these plants.

The bulbs of Crinum jagus (J. Thomps.) Dandy commonly known as St. Christopher lily or Harmattan lily and locally in Akan as “sukooko” is used in Ghana as a decoction to manage infections, fever, asthma and wounds. The current study seeks to evaluate the anti-infective, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous, methanol, ethanol and hexane extracts of Crinum jagus. The High-throughput spot culture growth inhibition (HT-SPOTi) assay, baker's yeast induced pyrexia in rat model and the carrageenan induced foot edema in rats were used to screen for the anti-infective, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of the various extracts of Crinum jagus respectively. The extracts were administered at doses of 30, 150 and 300 mg/kg orally to the rats. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity was shown by the methanol extract of Crinum jagus when tested against a panel of microorganisms with MIC values ranging between 1 and 500 mg/L. The activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are difficult to eradicate was remarkable. The aqueous extract of Crinum jagus also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity at the lowest dose of 30 mg/kg used in the experiment (p

A new alkaloid, amabiloid A (1) was isolated from Crinum amabile along with eleven known compounds. Their structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. In addition, the acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated.

Lapiedra martinezii Lag. is a potential medicinal and ornamental plant facing conservation challenges. Thus, this study was focused on determining the conditions for culture initiation and propagation using in vitro techniques. The optimal sterilization procedure combined thermotherapy at 54°C for 60 min and immersion in 7% (w/v) Ca(ClO)2 solution for 20 min. The most suitable medium to initiate bulb scales cultures was Gamborg B5 medium containing 500 mg L−1 casein, 2 mg L−1 adenine, 10 mg L−1 glutathione and 10 g L−1 sucrose. The most productive multiplication medium tested was Murashige and Skoog medium containing 30 g L−1 sucrose, 4.0 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine, and 0.12 mg L−1 1-naphtaleneacetic acid. Most plants developed in vitro rooted spontaneously in the multiplication phase. The vast majority of the plants (89%) were successfully transferred to ex vitro conditions, and 100% survived over 1 yr of cultivation outdoors. Sucrose at a concentration of 60 g L−1 was the most effective treatment to increase the biomass of bulblets. High auxin/cytokinin ratios produced the highest callus induction efficiency. The vast majority of callus developed in dark conditions, but none regenerated in the combinations of growth regulators previously tested. The plants obtained by micropropagation did not show significant differences in morphometric traits compared with the wild specimens, which supported the stability of the materials produced in vitro. This is the first report on cell cultures and micropropagation of L. martinezii, and the results can be applied to other Amaryllidaceae for industrial or conservation purposes. This research was supported by a research grant from the University of Alacant program “Becas y Contratos para la formación de Doctores del Vicerrectorado de Investigación de la Universitat d’Alacant FPU2010.”

Haemanthus humilis Jacq., an indigenous South African Amaryllidaceae, was studied for the first time for its alkaloid content. From the acid extract of its bulbs, albomaculine, incartine, coccinine and montanine, belonging to the lycorine-, homolycorine- and isoquinoline-type alkaloids respectively, were isolated. Coccinine was the main metabolite (1.49 g/kg) and to the best of our knowledge H. humilis is to date the best natural source of this alkaloid. It is noteworthy that this Amaryllidaceae does not synthesize lycorine, the main and most common alkaloid produced by this plant genus. All the isolated alkaloids were bio-assayed for their anticancer activity against a panel of six human cancer cell lines, with coccinine evaluated for the first time. The results showed that coccinine and montanine have significant activity at low micromolar concentrations.

DOI: 10.5152/IstanbulJPharm.2018.416835 In this study, a reversed-phase, high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was applied in the quantitative analysis of lycorine in the aerial parts and bulbs of Galanthus alpinus Sosn. var. alpinus collected from Rize during the flowering and fruiting seasons. A simple method to extract lycorine from the plant specimens was performed, using pre-packed columns with diatomaceous earth (Extrelut®). The chromatographic separation was achieved employing an isocratic system with a mobile phase including trifluoroacetic acid-water-acetonitrile (0.01:95:5) measured at a flow rate of 1 mL/min using a diode array detector (DAD). The lycorine content in the bulbs during the flowering and fruiting seasons was detected as 0.01576 and 0.02351 %, respectively. Also, validation studies showed that the method was specific, accurate and precise.

Allium dönmezii is described as a new species from east Anatolia, Turkey. The molecular marker ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA) confirms that the new species belongs to A. sect. Melanocrommyum. The diagnostic characters of the new species are morphologically compared with the related A. woronowii, A. serpentinicum, and A. moderense, as well as with A. rothii and A. chrysantherum. In addition, the ITS regions of A. purpureoviride and A. chrysantherum were sequenced and uploaded on GenBank for the first time.

Background: Amaryllidaceae plants are known to be a great source of alkaloids, which are considered an extensive group of compounds encompassing a wide range of biological activities. The remarkable cytotoxic activities observed in most of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids derivatives have prompt the chemical and biological investigations in unexplored species from Brazil. Objective: To evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of alkaloids of Griffinia gardneriana and Habranthus itaobinus bulbs and study the role of caspase-3 as a molecular apoptosis mediator. Methods: Methanolic crude extracts of Griffinia gardneriana and Habranthus itaobinus bulbs were submitted to acid-base extraction to obtain alkaloid-enriched fractions. The obtained fractions were fractionated using chromatographic techniques leading to isolation and identification of some alkaloids accomplished via HPLC and 1H-NMR, respectively. Molecular docking studies assessed the amount of free binding energy between the isolated alkaloids with the caspase-3 protein and also calculated the theoretical value of Ki. Studies have also been developed to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in such alkaloids and apoptosis activation via the caspase pathway using both tumor and normal cell lines. Results: Seven alkaloids were isolated and identified. Among these, 11-hydroxyvittatine and 2-α-7- dimethoxyhomolycorine were not cytotoxic, whereas tazettine, trisphaeridine, and sanguinine only showed activity against the fibroblast lineage. Lycorine and pretazettine were 10 to 30 folds more cytotoxic than the other alkaloids, including cancerous lines, and were genotoxic and capable of promoting apoptosis via the caspase-3 pathway. This result supports data obtained in docking studies wherein these two compounds exhibited the highest free energy values. Conclusion: The cytotoxicity assay revealed that, among the seven alkaloids isolated, only lycorine and pretazettine were active against different cell lines, exhibiting concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic actions alongside genotoxic action and the ability to induce apoptosis by caspase-3, a result consistent with those obtained in docking studies.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (TVL) is a folk medicine, native to South Africa which has previously shown antioxidant, anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic effects. The Aim of the study: The aim of the current study was to investigate the protective role of wild garlic or TVL on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial necrosis in rats. Materials and methods Animal (n = 6 each group) were pre and co-treated with TVL (60 mg/kg body weight) daily for 30 days. Myocardial necrosis was administrated by subcutaneous injection of ISO (85 mg/kg body weight) into rats on 29th and 30th day. On the 31st day, rats were anaesthetized and blood, heart samples were obtained for the biochemical, histopathological and molecular study. The specific protein target analysis from TVL was done by reverse docking study (reverse pharmacophore mapping) using PharmMapper. Results The levels of cardiac markers, lipid peroxidation products, and heart rate were considerably increased in ISO-induced myocardial necrosis in rats whilst plasma enzymatic antioxidants were significantly decreased. Myocardial necrotic mRNA genes were increased in ISO-induced myocardial necrosis in rats compared to controls. Pre and co-treatment with TVL and ramipril of myocardial necrosis in rats showed significant effects on all the biochemical and molecular studies evaluated. TVL reduced heart rate, prevented oxidative stress and downregulated the Fas-receptor and caspase-mediated apoptosis-signaling pathway, and heart muscle damage in myocardial necrosis in rats. The specific target protein [disulfide, bis (2-sulfhydrylethyl] from TVL mediates the protective effects. Conclusion Wild garlic or TVL extract has shown a protective effect on ISO-induced myocardial necrosis in rats by increasing antioxidant production confirmed with docking studies.

WOS: 000468157000015, The present study was conducted for the quantitative determination of biologically active Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, galanthamine and lycorine, in the bulbs and aerial parts of a subspecies naturally growing in Turkey namely, Narcissus tazetta L. subsp. tazetta collected from Mugla/Turkey. A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method using an isocratic system consisting of trifluoroacetic acid:water:acetonitrile (0.01:90:10) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min was carried out. Photodiode array detection was employed to determine the UV-visible spectral characteristics of the alkaloids. Determination of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of different parts of mentioned subspecies were accomplished using a microplate assay modified from Ellman's method. This is the first report of the galanthamine content of Narcissus tazetta subsp. tazetta of Turkish origin. 0.0051% and 0.0055% galanthamine was detected in the bulbs and aerial parts of the plant, respectively. Also, lycorine was determined as 0.0250% in the bulbs and 0.0672 % in the aerial parts.

In this study, an extract from the bulbs of Cyrtanthus contractus showed strong anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. The extract was partially separated into 14 fractions and analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry metabolomics, and the correlation coefficients were calculated between biological activities and metabolite levels. As a result, the top-scoring metabolite narciclasine (1) is proposed as the active principle of C. contractus. This was confirmed by comparing the biological effect of crude extract with that of an authentic standard.

Naturalproducts have gained the great interest due to their broad spectrum ofbiological activities. Galanthuskrasnovii was dried at shade then extracted with hexane, dichloromethane,and ethyl acetate successively. After removing of solvent by reduced pressure,crude extracts of each solvent were yielded. Antioxidant activity including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical,2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicalcation and reducing power assays were carried out for each extract. Moreover,total phenolic content was determined. Total phenolic content of hexane-,dichloromethane-, and ethyl acetate extracts were found as 60.95 mg GAE/gextract, 71.90 GAE/g extract and 58.90 GAE/g extract respectively.Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extract revealed the moderate antioxidantactivity., Doğal ürünler genişspektrumlu biyolojik aktivite göstermelerinden dolayı yoğun ilgigörmektedirler. Galanthus krasnovii gölgede kurutulduktan sonra sırasıylahekzan, diklorometan ve etil asetat ile ekstrakte edildi. Düşük basınçta çözücüuzaklaştırıldıktan sonra her bir çözücünün ekstraktı elde edildi. Her birekstraktın, 1,1-difenil-2- pikralhidrazil(DPPH) radikal, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sülfirik asit) (ABTS) radikal katyon ve indirgeme gücü antioksidançalışmaları gerçekleştirildi. Ayrıca, ekstraktların toplam fenolik içerikleribelirlendi. Hekzan-, diklorometan- ve etil asetat ekstraktlarının toplamfenolik içerikleri sırasıyla 60.95 mg GAE/g ekstrakt, 71.90 GAE/g ekstrakt ve58.90 GAE/g ekstrakt olarak belirlendi. Diklorometan ve etil asetatekstraktları orta derece aktivite gösterdi.

Plants have been used for medicinal purpose since ancient times. Due to the including bioactive secondary metabolites, plants have gained the great interest for drug discovery and development process. In this work, Galanthus woronowii was extracted with hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate sequentially. After removing of the solvent by rotary evaporator, crude extracts were yielded. Antioxidant activity including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and reducing power assays were executed on corresponding extracts. In addition, total phenolic content was presented. Ethyl acetate extract included the most phenolic compounds and also it revealed the most antioxidant activity. Hence, this plant could be considered as a promising antioxidant agent.