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The energy demand has increased significantly in recent years and it is urgent to develop a renewable energy system that is highly efficient and non-noble metal-based. Hydrogen energy is an environmentally friendly energy source with abundant resources, which can be used to solve the problem of high energy demand without greenhouse gas emissions. However, the development of catalysts for hydrogen production technology by electrolysis of water is slow, mainly due to the complexity of the electrolysis hydrogen generation process, low hydrogen production efficiency, weak electrode material activity and high cost. Among the non-noble metal-based catalysts, carbon-based materials have high conductivity, tunable chemical bonding, and easily modified morphology, making them beneficial to achieving efficient hydrogen production, though pure carbon composites suffer from few surface-active sites and unmoderated hydrogen bonding energy, which need to be further optimized. The principle of electrocatalytic hydrogen production from the perspectives of reaction thermodynamics and kinetics is analyzed and discussed in this paper. Thermodynamics of electrocatalytic hydrogen production is reflected by the Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption (ΔGH*) and electrode potential (E). Reaction kinetics of the electrocatalytic hydrogen production process are reflected by overpotential, Tafel slope and exchange current density. Structural optimization methods of carbon-based composite materials and hydrogen production performance after structural optimization are also summarized. Structural optimization methods of carbon-based composite materials mainly include introducing active sites, improving conductivity, increasing specific surface area and introducing self-supporting materials. Finally, prospects are proposed for the development direction and existing problems of electrocatalytic hydrogen production performance of carbon-based composites.

Abstract As a new type of secondary ion battery, aqueous zinc‐ion battery has a broad application prospect in the field of large‐scale energy storage due to its characteristics of low cost, high safety, environmental friendliness, and high‐power density. In recent years, manganese dioxide (MnO2)‐based materials have been extensively explored as cathodes for Zn‐ion batteries. Based on the research experiences of our group in the field of aqueous zinc ion batteries and combining with the latest literature of system, we systematically summarize the research progress of Zn−MnO2 batteries. This article first reviews the current research progress and reaction mechanism of Zn−MnO2 batteries, and then respectively expounds the optimization of MnO2 cathode, Zn anodes, and diverse electrolytes and their effects on battery performance. Additionally, primary challenges related to different components and their respective strategies for mitigating them are discussed, with the ultimate objective of offering comprehensive guidance for the design and fabrication of high‐performance Zn−MnO2 batteries. Finally, the future research and development direction of aqueous Zn−MnO2 batteries with high energy density, high safety and long life is envisioned.

Green hydrogen production through the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a promising solution for transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. To enable the use of a variety of electrolytes with different pH values, HER catalysts with pH universality are highly desirable but their performance remains mediocre. Herein, a pH‐universal HER catalyst composed of ruthenium nanoparticles decorated on amorphous Ni‐doped MoO3 (a–Ni–MoO3) nanowire support is reported, that is, Ru/a–Ni–MoO3, which achieves enhanced performance as compared to the commercial Ru/C catalyst. Electron transfer from Ru to a–Ni–MoO3 is identified by spectroscopic techniques, which results in a modified electronic structure of the Ru active sites with a reduced electron density of 4d states near the Fermi level. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that the modulated electronic structure weakens the interactions between the Ru active sites and the reaction intermediates, which facilitates the HER reaction steps including H intermediate desorption and water dissociation. Experimental and theoretical findings provide insight into enhancing pH‐universal HER performance through modulation of electrocatalyst electronic structure.

A simple strategy to fabricate Cu single atoms (SAs) layer‐intercalated MoS2 only by stirring Cu metals with MoS2 nanosheets solution at room temperature is reported. An ultra‐high concentration (Cu: Mo = 98 at%) of Cu SAs is achieved and the intercalated Cu atoms strongly enhance the stability of the thermodynamically unstable 1T‐phase dominant MoS2. Notably, the as‐synthesized MoS2/Cu‐SAs exhibit a surprisingly high proportion of the metallic phase (64%) even after annealing at 800 °C in 5% H2/Ar foaming gas, indicating extraordinary thermostability of the Cu intercalated 1 T‐MoS2. In addition to, the as‐prepared MoS2/SAs exhibit outstanding catalytic performance owing to the improved electrical conductivity and the highly active unsaturated Cu SAs. This strategy is confirmed as a universal method for producing SAs of other metals and other 2D nanosheets can also be used as the host for SAs intercalation other than MoS2. This study may provide an effective strategy to fabricate facile and low‐cost SAs catalysts.

The effects of air thawing (AT), water immersion thawing (WT), microwave thawing (MT) and ultrasound combined with slightly acidic electrolyzed water thawing (UST) on the myofibrillar protein (MP) properties (surface hydrophobicity, solubility, turbidity, particle size and zeta potential), protein oxidation (carbonyl content and sulfhydryl content) and structure (primary, secondary and tertiary) of frozen mutton were investigated in comparison with fresh mutton (FM). The solubility and turbidity results showed that the MP properties were significantly improved in the UST treatment. UST treatment could effectively reduce the MP aggregation and enhance the stability, which was similar to the FM. In addition, UST treatment could effectively inhibit protein oxidation during thawing as well. The primary structure of MP was not damaged by the thawing methods. UST treatment could reduce the damage to MP secondary and tertiary structure during the thawing process compared to other thawing methods. Overall, the UST treatment had a positive influence in maintaining the MP properties by inhibiting protein oxidation and protecting protein structure.

In this study, we aimed to establish an innovative and efficient preparation method of potato resistant starch (PRS). To achieve this, we prepared type 3 resistant starch (RS3) from native potato starch (PS) using an ultrasonic method combined with autoclave gelatinization and optimized by the response surface method to study the structure and properties of potato RS3 (PRS3) and its effect on the quality of steamed bread. Under optimal treatment conditions, the PRS3 content increased from 7.5% to 15.9%. Compared with PS, the B-type crystal structure of PRS3 was destroyed, and the content of hydroxyl groups was increased, but no new chemical groups were introduced. PRS3 had a rougher surface and a lower crystallinity, gelatinization temperature, viscosity, setback value, and breakdown value. The low content (5%) of PRS3 had a stable viscosity and was easily degraded by bacteria, which can improve the quality of steamed bread to a certain extent. When the PRS3 content was over 10%, it competed with the gluten protein to absorb water, which reduced the contents of β-turn and α-helix in the dough, increased the contents of β-fold, and weakened the structure of the gluten network. It also decreased the specific volume and elasticity of the steamed bread and increased the spreading rate, hardness, and chewiness. Steamed bread prepared with a flour mixture containing 5% PRS3 was similar to the presidential acceptance of control flour. In this study, a new sustainable and efficient PRS3 preparation method was established, which has certain guiding significance for the processing of Functional steamed bread with high-resistant starch.

FOXG1 (forkhead box G1) syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by variants in the Foxg1 gene that affect brain structure and function. Individuals affected by FOXG1 syndrome frequently exhibit delayed myelination in neuroimaging studies, which may impair the rapid conduction of nerve impulses. To date, the specific effects of FOXG1 on oligodendrocyte lineage progression and myelination during early postnatal development remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of Foxg1 deficiency on myelin development in the mouse brain by conditional deletion of Foxg1 in neural progenitors using NestinCreER;Foxg1fl/fl mice and tamoxifen induction at postnatal day 0 (P0). We found that Foxg1 deficiency resulted in a transient delay in myelination, evidenced by decreased myelin formation within the first two weeks after birth, but ultimately recovered to the control levels by P30. We also found that Foxg1 deletion prevented the timely attenuation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) signaling and reduced the cell cycle exit of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), leading to their excessive proliferation and delayed maturation. Additionally, Foxg1 deletion increased the expression of Hes5, a myelin formation inhibitor, as well as Olig2 and Sox10, two promoters of OPC differentiation. Our results reveal the important role of Foxg1 in myelin development and provide new clues for further exploring the pathological mechanisms of FOXG1 syndrome.

The shelf life of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables is affected by microbial growth, enzymatic browning, and loss of flavor. Although ultrasound (US) treatment is often used in the preservation of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, it has limited antibacterial and preservative effects. Here, we used cactus polysaccharides (CP) to enhance the preservative effect of ultrasound treatment and extended the shelf life of fresh-cut potatoes. The results showed that combined treatment (CP + US) exerted better antimicrobial and anti-browning effects than individual treatments (either US or CP alone). In addition, CP + US has no adverse effect on texture and quality properties, as well as reduced the mobility of internal water. Combination treatment not only significantly decreased the activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase (P

The effects of air thawing (AT), water thawing (WT), slightly acidic electrolyzed water (ET), ultrasound-assisted water thawing (WUT) and ultrasound-assisted slightly acidic electrolyzed water (EUT) on the quality and myofibrillar protein (MP) structure of chicken breasts were investigated. The results showed that WUT and EUT could significantly improve the thawing rate compared with AT, WT, and ET groups. The EUT group not only had lower thawing loss, but also their immobilized and free water contents were similar to fresh sample according to the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) results. The EUT treatment had no adverse effect on the primary structure of the protein. The secondary and tertiary structures of MP were more stable in the EUT group according to Raman and fluorescence spectra. The muscle fibers microstructure from EUT group was neater and more compact compared with other thawing methods. Therefore, EUT treatment could be considered as a novel potential thawing method in the food industry.

Due to rising living standards, it is important to improve wheat’s quality traits by adjusting its storage protein genes. The introduction or locus deletion of high molecular weight subunits could provide new options for improving wheat quality and food safety. In this study, digenic and trigenic wheat lines were identified, in which the 1Dx5+1Dy10 subunit, and NGli-D2 and Sec-1s genes were successfully polymerized to determine the role of gene pyramiding in wheat quality. In addition, the effects of ω-rye alkaloids during 1BL/1RS translocation on quality were eliminated by introducing and utilizing 1Dx5+1Dy10 subunits through gene pyramiding. Additionally, the content of alcohol-soluble proteins was reduced, the Glu/Gli ratio was increased and high-quality wheat lines were obtained. The sedimentation values and mixograph parameters of the gene pyramids under different genetic backgrounds were significantly increased. Among all the pyramids, the trigenic lines in Zhengmai 7698, which was the genetic background, had the highest sedimentation value. The mixograph parameters of the midline peak time (MPT), midline peak value (MPV), midline peak width (MPW), curve tail value (CTV), curve tail width (CTW), midline value at 8 min (MTxV), midline width at 8 min (MTxW) and midline integral at 8 min (MTxI) of the gene pyramids were markedly enhanced, especially in the trigenic lines. Therefore, the pyramiding processes of the 1Dx5+1Dy10, Sec-1S and NGli-D2 genes improved dough elasticity. The overall protein composition of the modified gene pyramids was better than that of the wild type. The Glu/Gli ratios of the type I digenic line and trigenic lines containing the NGli-D2 locus were higher than that of the type II digenic line without the NGli-D2 locus. The trigenic lines with Hengguan 35 as the genetic background had the highest Glu/Gli ratio among the specimens. The unextractable polymeric protein (UPP%) and Glu/Gli ratios of the type II digenic line and trigenic lines were significantly higher than those of the wild type. The UPP% of the type II digenic line was higher than that of the trigenic lines, while the Glu/Gli ratio was slightly lower than that of the trigenic lines. In addition, the celiac disease (CD) epitopes’ level of the gene pyramids significantly decreased. The strategy and information reported in this study could be very useful for improving wheat processing quality and reducing wheat CD epitopes.

Ratooning ability is a key factor that influences the ratoon rice yield in areas where light and temperature are not sufficient for second-season rice. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) are the most powerful tools for the detection and precise mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In this study, using 176 NILs, we identified a novel QTL for ratooning ability in NIL128. First, we mapped the QTL between the markers Indel12-29 and Indel12-31, which encompass a region of 233 kb. The rice genome annotation indicated the existence of three candidate genes in this region that may be related to ratooning ability. Through gene prediction and cDNA sequencing, we speculated that the target gene of ratooning ability is LOC_Os02g51930 which encodes cytokinin glucosyl transferases (CGTs), hereafter named qRA2. Further analysis showed that qra2 was a 1-bp substitution in the first exon in NIL128, which resulted in the premature termination of qRA2. The results of the knockdown experiment showed that the Jiafuzhan knockdown mutants exhibited the ratooning ability phenotype of NIL128. Interestingly, the qRA2 gene was found to improve ratooning ability without affecting major agronomic traits. These results will help us better understand the genetic basis of rice ratooning ability and provide a valuable gene resource for breeding strong ratoon rice varieties.

Cuproptosis resulting from copper (Cu) overload has not yet been investigated in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) induced by persistent hyperglycemia play an essential role in cardiotoxicity. To clarify whether cuproptosis was involved in AGEs-induced cardiotoxicity, we analyzed the toxicity of AGEs and copper in AC16 cardiomyocytes and in STZ-induced or db/db-diabetic mouse models. The results showed that copper ionophore elesclomol induced cuproptosis in cardiomyocytes. It was only rescued by copper chelator tetrathiomolybdate rather than by other cell death inhibitors. Intriguingly, AGEs triggered cardiomyocyte death and aggravated it when incubated with CuCl2 or elesclomol–CuCl2. Moreover, AGEs increased intracellular copper accumulation and exhibited features of cuproptosis, including loss of Fe–S cluster proteins (FDX1, LIAS, NDUFS8 and ACO2) and decreased lipoylation of DLAT and DLST. These effects were accompanied by decreased mitochondrial oxidative respiration, including downregulated mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, decreased ATP production and suppressed mitochondrial complex I and III activity. Additionally, AGEs promoted the upregulation of copper importer SLC31A1. We predicted that ATF3 and/or SPI1 might be transcriptional factors of SLC31A1 by online databases and validated that by ATF3/SPI1 overexpression. In diabetic mice, copper and AGEs increases in the blood and heart were observed and accompanied by cardiac dysfunction. The protein and mRNA profile changes in diabetic hearts were consistent with cuproptosis. Our findings showed, for the first time, that excessive AGEs and copper in diabetes upregulated ATF3/SPI1/SLC31A1 signaling, thereby disturbing copper homeostasis and promoting cuproptosis. Collectively, the novel mechanism might be an alternative potential therapeutic target for DCM.

Fever is an important part of inflammatory response to infection. Although brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is known to be potently influenced by systemic inflammation, the role of BAT during infection-induced fever remains largely unknown. Here, we injected mice with a low dose of LPS and found that low-dose LPS can directly induce thermogenesis of brown adipocytes. It is known that miR-143 is highly expressed in the BAT, and miR-143 knockout mice exhibited stronger thermogenesis under cold exposure. Interestingly, miR-143 was negatively correlated with an LPS-induced increase of TNFα and IL-6 mRNA levels, and the IL-6 pathway may mediate the inhibition of miR-143 expression. Moreover, miR-143 is down-regulated by LPS, and overexpression of miR-143 in brown adipocytes by lentivirus could rescue the enhancement of UCP1 protein expression caused by LPS, hinting miR-143 may be an important regulator of the thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. More importantly, the knockout of miR-143 further enhanced the LPS-induced increase of body temperature and BAT thermogenesis, and this result was further confirmed by in vitro experiments by using primary brown adipocytes. Mechanistically, adenylate cyclase 9 (AC9) is a new target gene of miR-143 and LPS increases BAT thermogenesis by a way of inhibiting miR-143 expression, a negative regulator for AC9. Our study considerably improves our collective understanding of the important function of miR-143 in inflammatory BAT thermogenesis.

Excessive energy intake is the main cause of obesity, and stimulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis has emerged as an attractive tool for anti-obesity. Although miR-143 has been reported to promote white adipocyte differentiation, its role in BAT remains unclear. In our study, we found that during HFD-induced obesity, the expression of miR-143 in BAT was significantly reduced, and the expression of miR-143 in WAT first increased and then decreased. Knockout (KO) of miR-143 with CRISPR/Cas9 did not affect the energy metabolism of normal diet fed mice and brown adipocyte differentiation but inhibited the differentiation of white adipocytes. Importantly, during high fat diet-induced obesity, miR-143KO significantly reduced body weight, and improved energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance. Further exploration showed that miR-143KO reduced the weight of adipose tissue, promoted mitochondrial number and functions, induced thermogenesis and lipolysis of BAT, increased lipolysis, and inhibited lipogenesis of white adipose tissue (WAT). Our study considerably improves our collective understanding of the function of miR-143 in adipose tissue and its potential significance in anti-obesity and provides a new avenue for the management of obesity through the inhibition of miR-143 in BAT and WAT.

In this paper, we propose an optimized method for nonlinear function approximation based on multiplierless piecewise linear approximation computation (ML-PLAC), which we call OML-PLAC. OML-PLAC finds the minimum number of segments with the predefined fractional bit width of input/output, maximum number of shift-and-add operations, user-defined widths of intermediate data, and maximum absolute error (MAE). In addition, OML-PLAC minimizes the actual MAE as much as possible by iterating. As a result, under the condition of satisfying the maximum number of segments, the MAE can be minimized. Tree-cascaded 2-input and 3-input multiplexers are used to replace multi-input multiplexers in hardware architecture as well, reducing the depth of the critical path. The optimized method is applied to logarithmic, antilogarithmic, hyperbolic tangent, sigmoid and softsign functions. The results of the implementation prove that OML-PLAC has better performance than the current state-of-the-art method.

Background: The Chinese official rhubarb (COR), from the genus Rheum, is listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while many rhubarb plant sources include in the Tibetan rhubarb (TR) are not attributable to Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Tibetan rhubarb is widely used as a natural medicine in Tibet; however, the difference in plant endogenous phytochemicals between the COR and TR remains largely unclear. Objective: To establish a method for evaluating the chemical composition and metabolic difference between COR and TR. Materials and methods: Using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, we established a strategy to quickly and comprehensively identify the chemical components of COR and TR. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analysis was applied to identify the significant metabolic differences between the two. Results: In total, 209 chemical compounds, including 51 anthraquinones, 44 stilbenes, 26 tannins, 52 acyl glycosides, and 36 other compounds, were identified using the data mining strategy. Importantly, 47 compounds may be the potential new compounds, while 35 significant metabolic differences were revealed between COR and TR. Conclusion: This study offers significant insight into the chemical composition and differences between COR and TR that could be used to develop their varieties and clinical applications.

Cathode materials of energy storage batteries have attracted extensive attention because of the importance in deciding the rate performance and long cycle property of batteries. Herein, we report a simple and environmentally friendly solvothermal method to prepare Zn-doped VO2(B) cathode materials. The introduction of zinc ions can effectively regulate the lattice structure, surface morphology and internal defect state of Zn-VO2(B) nano materials. The sample with Zn content x = 1.5% has smaller cell volume and grain size, and higher concentration of vacancy defects. These microstructures ensure the structural stability during ion embedding process and, thus, this sample shows excellent electrochemical performances. The capacitance retention rate still maintains 88% after 1000 cycles at the current density of 0.1 A·g−1. The enhanced performances of Zn-doped VO2(B) samples may lay a foundation for the improvement of electrochemical performances of VO2(B) cathode materials for energy storage batteries in the future.

Lead ions in water are harmful to human health and ecosystems because of their high toxicity and nondegradability. It is important to explore effective fluorescence probes for Pb2+ detection. In this work, surface-functionalized molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MoS2 QDs) were prepared using a hydrothermal method, and ammonium tetrathiomolybdate and glutathione were used as precursors. The photoluminescence quantum yield of MoS2 QDs can be improved to 20.4%, which is higher than that for MoS2 QDs reported in current research. The as-prepared MoS2 QDs demonstrate high selectivity and sensitivity for Pb2+ ions, and the limit of detection is 0.056 μM. The photoluminescence decay dynamics for MoS2 QDs in the presence of Pb2+ ions in different concentrations indicate that the fluorescence quenching originated from nonradiative electron transfer from excited MoS2 QDs to the Pb2+ ion. The prepared MoS2 QDs have great prospect and are expected to become a good method for lead ion detection.

TiNb2O7 has been considered as a promising anode material for next-generation high power lithium ion batteries for its relatively high theoretical capacity, excellent safety and long cycle life. However, the unsatisfactory electrochemical kinetics resulting from the intrinsic sluggish electron transport and lithium ion diffusion of TiNb2O7 limit its wide application. Morphology controlling and carbon coating are two effective methods for improving the electrochemical performance of electrode materials. Herein, an ultrathin carbon-coated porous TiNb2O7 nanosheet (TNO@C) is successfully fabricated by a simple and effective approach. The distinctive sheet-like porous structure can shorten the transport path of ions/electrons and provide more active sites for electrochemical reaction. The introduction of nanolayer carbon can improve electronic conductivity and increase the specific surface area of the porous TiNb2O7 nanosheets. Based on the above synergistic effect, TiNb2O7@C delivers an initial discharge capacity of 250.6 mAh g−1 under current density of 5C and can be maintained at 206.9 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of 82.6%, both of which are superior to that of pure TiNb2O7. These results well demonstrate that TiNb2O7@C is a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries.

Lignin, a by-product of pulping and biorefinery, has great potential to replace petrochemical resources for wastewater purification. However, the defects of lignin, such as severe heterogeneity, inferior reactivity and poor solubility, characterize the production process of lignin-based products by high energy consumption and serious pollution. In this study, several lignin fractions with relatively homogeneous structure were first obtained by organic solvent fractionation, and their structures were fully deciphered by various characterization techniques. Subsequently, each lignin component was custom-valued for wastewater purification based on their structural characteristics. Benefiting from the high reactivity and reaction accessibility, the lignin fraction (lignin-1) refined by dissolving in ethanol and n-butanol could been used as a raw material to produce cationic lignin-based flocculant (LBF) in a copolymerization system using green, cheap and recyclable ethanol as solvent. The lignin fraction (lignin-2) extracted by methanol and dioxane showed low reactivity and high carbon content, which was used to produce lignin-based activated carbon (LAC) with phosphoric acid as activator. Moreover, the influences of synthetic factors on the purification capacity were discussed, and the LBF and LAC produced under the optimal conditions showed distinguished purification effect on kaolin suspension and heavy metal wastewater, respectively. Furthermore, the corresponding purification mechanism and external factors were also elaborated. It is believed that this cleaner production strategy is helpful for the valorization of lignin in wastewater resources.

Perovskite solar cells have exhibited astonishing photoelectric conversion efficiency and have shown a promising future owing to the tunable content and outstanding optoelectrical property of hybrid perovskite. However, the devices with planar architecture still suffer from huge Voc loss and severe hysteresis effect. In this research, Guanidine hydrobromide (GABr) post-treatment is carried out to enhance the performance of MAPbI3 n-i-p planar perovskite solar cells. The detailed characterization of perovskite suggests that GABr post-treatment results in a smoother absorber layer, an obvious reduction of trap states and optimized energy level alignment. By utilizing GABr post-treatment, the Voc loss is reduced, and the hysteresis effect is alleviated effectively in MAPbI3 solar cells. As a result, solar cells based on glass substrate with efficiency exceeding 20%, Voc of 1.13 V and significantly mitigated hysteresis are fabricated successfully. Significantly, we also demonstrate the effectiveness of GABr post-treatment in flexible device, whose efficiency is enhanced from 15.77% to 17.57% mainly due to the elimination of Voc loss.

The exocyst, an evolutionarily conserved octameric protein complex, mediates tethering of vesicles to the plasma membrane in the early stage of exocytosis. Arabidopsis Exo70, a subunit of the exocyst complex, has been found to be involved in plant immunity. Here, we characterize the function of OsExo70B1 in rice. OsExo70B1 mainly expresses in leaf and shoot and its expression is induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae). Knocking out OsExo70B1 results in significantly decreased resistance and defense responses to M. oryzae compared to the wild type, including more disease lesions and enhanced fungal growth, downregulated expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and decreased reactive oxygen species accumulation. In contrast, the exo70B1 mutant does not show any defects in growth and development. Furthermore, OsExo70B1 can interact with the receptor-like kinase OsCERK1, an essential component for chitin reception in rice. Taken together, our data demonstrate that OsExo70B1 functions as an important regulator in rice immunity.