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Objective: Detecting the level of antioxidant and tissue damage that can occur in liver tissue induced metabolic syndrome by a high fructose diet in rats and the changes after exercise and/or caloric restriction. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into five groups: control (C), metabolic syndrome (M), metabolic syndrome with exercise (ME), metabolic syndrome with caloric restriction (MCR), and metabolic syndrome with exercise and caloric restriction (MECR). To induce metabolic syndrome, a 10% fructose solution was given to rats in drinking water for 3 months. Exercise and caloric restriction were applied to the related groups for 6 weeks after the induction of metabolic syndrome. Glucose in the blood, lipid peroxidation (LPO), sialic acid (SA), hexosamine, mucin, fucose, glutathione (GSH) levels, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tissue factor (TF), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S transferase (GST) activities were measured in rat liver homogenates. Results: In the liver, LPO levels increased and TF activities decreased in the M group compared to the C group and increased in the MCR and MECR groups compared to M group. GSH levels, SOD, and CAT activities decreased in M compared to C group and increased more significantly in MECR group compared to M group. SA levels increased in MCR and MECR groups compared with M group. Fucose levels also increased in MECR compared with the all others. Conclusion: Liver tissue damage that occurs after a fructose diet and decreased antioxidant levels was shown to improve best in combined exercise and caloric restriction treatment (MECR group).

Boron concentrations in 335 tap water samples collected from 75 cities in Turkey have been determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Boron levels ranged between 0.001 and 5.5 mg/L...

In the present study, an immunosorbent surface-based theophylline determination method was developed and validated. The procedure was tested on milk samples. Theophylline was removed from milk by an immunosorbent surface. The efficiency of theophylline removal was found to be between 95–97%. The proposed method is cost effective and does not require any special equipment. Detection and quantification limits of the proposed method were determined based on the standard deviation of 10 ng/mL theophylline and they were equal 3 and 11 ng/mL, respectively. Results were also validated for precision, accuracy and linearity.

Purpose: The boron and fluoride mainly accumulate in the bones and teeth of the human body. The purpose of this study is to determine boron or fluoride levels in the whole tooth, to evaluate the correlation between their levels and to compare these levels in primary/permanent, carious, and non-carious groups. Materials and Methods: The boron and fluoride levels of thirty-six teeth, separated such as primary carious (n=9) and non-carious (n=9), permanent carious (n=9) and non-carious (n=9), were determined by ICP-MS and ion-selective electrode, respectively. Results: While boron levels were between 0.001 and 5.88 ppm, the fluoride levels were between 21.24 and 449.22 ppm. The boron level of non-carious teeth was higher than those of carious teeth in primary and permanent tooth groups. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The fluoride level of non-carious teeth was higher than those of carious teeth in primary (p=0.062) and permanent teeth groups (p=0.046). Negative correlation, found between boron and fluoride in all groups, was significant only in non-carious teeth group (r=-0.488, p=0.040). Conclusion: The results of our study proved the importance of fluoride as a protective factor for dental caries once more. The boron levels in non-carious teeth were also higher than carious teeth. However, it was not significant. Moreover, there was negative correlation between teeth boron and fluoride levels. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct more detailed studies on the tooth boron level and its relation with caries formation and with fluoride levels.

Objective: Amiodarone is used in the treatment of arrhythmia and has been shown to cause side effects in various organs. White cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) is a widely consumed vegetable. The effects of exposure to amiodarone and white cabbage consumption on heart tissue has not previously been investigated. We aimed to investigate the effects of white cabbage extract on amiodarone given to rats’ cardiac tissues. Material and Method: Rats were given white cabbage extract and amiodarone by gavage for seven days. Amiodarone was applied 1 hour after administration of the white cabbage extract. On the eighth day, the hearts of the animals were taken and homogenized. The levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), sialic acid (SA) and activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and tissue factor (TF) were determined. Results: The GSH level, CAT and SOD activities decreased, while the LPO and SA levels increased in the amiodarone treated group. The White cabbage extract prevented any damage of the amiodarone by decreasing the amount of LPO and SA and also strengthened the antioxidant defence system by increasing the amount of the GSH and SOD activities and the CAT and GST activities. Conclusion: It is suggested that the consumption of white cabbage could be an alternative approach to the prevention of the adverse effects of amiodarone on heart tissue. Amaç: Aritmi tedavisinde kullanılan amiodaronun çeşitli organlarda yan etkilere neden olduğu gösterilmiştir. Beyaz lahana (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) yaygın olarak tüketilen bir sebzedir. Amiodaron maruziyeti ve beyaz lahana tüketiminin kalp dokusu üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmamıştır. Beyaz lahana ekstraktının amiodaron uygulanan sıçanların kalp dokuları üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmayı amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Sıçanlara yedi gün boyunca gavajla beyaz lahana ekstresi ve amiodaron verildi. Beyaz lahana ekstresinin uygulanmasından 1 saat sonra amiodaron uygulandı. Sekizinci günde, hayvanların kalpleri alındı ve homojenize edildi. Lipit peroksidasyon (LPO), indirgenmiş glutatyon (GSH), siyalik asit (SA) düzeyleri ile glutatyon-S-transferaz (GST), katalaz, süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) ve doku faktörü (TF) aktiviteleri belirlendi. Bulgular: Amiodaron verilen grupta GSH, CAT, SOD aktiviteleri azalırken LPO ve SA seviyeleri arttı. Beyaz lahana, LPO ve SA miktarını azaltarak amiodaron zararını önledi. Ayrıca GSH düzeyleri ile SOD, CAT ve GST aktivitelerini artırarak antioksidan savunma sistemini güçlendirdi. Sonuç: Beyaz lahana tüketiminin, amiodaronun kalp dokusunda olumsuz etkilerini önlemek için alternatif bir yaklaşım olabileceği ileri sürülebilir.

Thermal skin burns cause local injury as well as triggers acute systemic inflammation response where the imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative system occurs. As an alternative treatment, various medicinal herbs are used to treat burn injuries in many countries. In this study, the possible protective role of oral or topical Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) treatment against burn-induced damage was investigated. The dorsum of the Wistar Albino rats was shaved and exposed to 90 °C water bath in burn group or 25 °C water bath in control group for 10 s under ether anesthesia. Myrtle extract was applied 100 mg/kg/day for 2 days either orally or topically. In skin samples; malondialdehyde and glutathione levels, catalase, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide and tissue factor activities were determined. Skin tissues were also examined by light microscopy. Severe thermal skin burn injury caused a significant decrease in glutathione level, superoxide dismutase, catalase and tissue factor activities as well as nitric oxide level, which was accompanied with significant increases in skin malondialdehyde level. Myrtle treatment reversed all these biochemical indices except topical Myrtle treated group’s nitric oxide level, as well as histopathological alterations, which were induced by thermal trauma. Both oral and topical Myrtle extract treatment was found to have protective role in the burn induced oxidative injury, which may be attributed to the potential antioxidant effect of Myrtle. As a conclusion, Myrtle significantly diminishes burn-induced damage in skin.

Background: Boron is an element commonly found in nature. The main boron source for organisms is through food and drinking water. In recent years, it is suggested that the “boron-rich diet” can affect human health positively. However, more detailed studies are needed. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of increased dietary boron intake on some biochemical parameters in humans. Material and methods: Thirteen healthy women consumed diets containing 10 mg more boron than their routine diet for one month. This boron intake was provided with the increase of boron-rich foods such as dried fruits, avocado, and nuts in the diet. Some biochemical and hematologic parameters were determined in blood, urine and saliva samples taken before and after a boron-rich diet. Results: Serum, salivary, and urine boron concentrations increased 1.3, 1.7, 6.0 fold, respectively. The most significant clinically change was found in the lipid profile. Serum total, LDL, VLDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels decreased significantly. Body weight, body fat weight, and Body Mass Index also decreased. Significant changes in serum TSH and salivary buffering capacity were also found. Conclusion: Increasing the intake of boron through dietary means might contribute to beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, obesity, and thyroid metabolism; salivary boron may reflect serum boron; and boron may be used as a cariostatic agent in dentistry. An increased intake of other dietary factors such as fiber, potassium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin E in the boron-rich foods might have been responsible of the effects described. To our knowledge, this study is the first clinical study in which dietary boron intake is increased via foods.

Background: In current dental treatments, with the aim of a preventive approach,it is argued that removing only the infected layer of dentin is sufficient for cavity preparation. However it is impossible to be sure that the infected layer was completely removed. In addition, the cause of secondary caries and post operative sensitivities has been reported as residual bacteria in some studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial and photo-active properties of Cotinus coggygria Scop., Rumex cristatus DC., Beta vulgaris L.var.cicla and Eruca sativa aqueous extracts, and to investigate their usefulness for cavity disinfection in dentistry. Method: The aqueous solutions of plant extracts were prepared to be at a maximum concentration and the Streptococcus mutans solutions mixed with phosphate buffered saline to give 10 8 cfu/mL. A 430–480 nm wavelength light source was used for the irradiation. Three different applications were made: extract + Streptococcus mutans mixture exposed to ligh; extract + Streptococcus mutans mixture that was not exposed to light and S. mutans exposed to light. Results: No antibacterial effect was found for the second and third applications. In the first application, however, irradiation with extract + Streptococcus mutans mixture reduced the number of microorganisms in the beginning by 99% for only Rumex cristatus DC. extract (log 2). Conclusion: Rumex cristatus DC. extract can be used as an alternative in photo-active disinfection of cavities in dentistry. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. SAG-C-DRP-131016-0452 This work was financially supported by the by the Marmara University Scientific Research Projects Commission [grant number SAG-C-DRP-131016-0452 ].

This study aimed to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of bitter melon (BM), chard, and parsley extracts on oxidative damage that may occur in the brain of rats with bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced biliary cirrhosis. It was observed that lipid peroxidation (LPO), sialic acid (SA), and nitric oxide (NO) levels increased; glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase (CAT) activity, and tissue factor (TF) activity decreased significantly in the BDL group. However, in groups with BDL given BM, chard, and parsley extracts LPO, SA, NO levels decreased; GSH levels and CAT activities increased significantly. No significant differences were observed between groups in total protein, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and boron. Histological findings were supported by the biochemical results. BM, chard, and parsley extracts were effective in the regression of oxidant damage caused by cirrhosis in the brain tissues. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Bitter melon (BM), chard, and parsley have antioxidant properties due to their bioactive compounds which are involved in scavenging free radicals, suppressing their production, and stimulating the production of endogenous antioxidant compounds. Since BM, chard, and parsley extracts were found to be effective in the regression of oxidant damage caused by cirrhosis in the brain tissues, these plant extracts may be an alternative in the development of different treatment approaches against brain damage in cirrhosis. At the same time, these species have been used as food by the people for many years. Therefore, they can be used safely as neuroprotective agents in treatment.

Background and Aims: Calcium phosphate is most of the inorganic content of dental calculus. Therefore, knowing or controlling the precipitation mechanism of calcium phosphate is very important for the inhibition of dental calculus formation at the beginning. Plants have been known to be excellent sources of many nutritional and phytochemical content. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Petroselinum crispum, Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa, Beta vulgaris L.var.cicla, Rumex cristatus DC. and Cotinus coggygria Scop. aqueous extracts on calcium phosphate precipitation, which is thought to reflect the onset of dental calculus formation in vitro. Methods: The optical density (0D) increases first with the calcium phosphate nucleation and when the balance is reached, the optical density decreases gradually when the nuclei begin to aggregate and precipitate. The OD change was monitored by recording the absorbance at 620 nm. Results: The effect on the calcium phosphate precipitation varied differently among the 5 types of aqueous extracts. The smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria Scop.) extract activated calcium phosphate precipitation while all others inhibited precipitation. Conclusion: These results suggest that some types of plant aqueous extracts may have protective potential against dental calculus initially and, therefore they may be used in toothpastes or in mouthwashes. Marmara University Scientific Research and Project CommisionMarmara University [SAG-C-YLP-120619-0219] This study was supported by Marmara University Scientific Research and Project Commision (Project No: SAG-C-YLP-120619-0219).

Enzymes are made of protein, that is why they are sensitive molecules and are affected by storage conditions. A small change in enzyme activity during storage may cause a big error in analysis results. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of storage time and temperature on urease activity. Urease solutions were prepared at different activities (from 100 to 2000 U/mL) and stored at room temperature, in the refrigerator (4°C), and in the deep freezer (-18°C and -80°C). Activity measurements were made at regular intervals until 28 days by the modified Weatherburn method. The relative activities of 100-1000 U/mL urease solutions stored at room temperature, 4, -18 or -80°C were 75% and below after 4 days. Twenty-eight days later, for 2000 U/mL urease solutions, only at room temperature, the relative activity was reduced to 37%, while at 4, -18 or -80°C, the relative activities were above 80%. Since urease can be maintained at 4°C for 28 days without significant loss of activity, it has practical importance. Low-activity urease solutions (such as 100-1000 U/mL) should not be stored at -18 or -80°C for short or long term storage, they should be stored at 4°C only for one day. Keywords: Urease activity, storage time, storage temperature

Objective: Questions have been raised on the safety of prolonged use of NaOCl. There is a demand on developing alternative agents and activation methods for effective irrigation in a short time. Our study compares sodium hypochlorite to different irrigants with and without laser activation to evaluate antibacterial efficiency against Enterococcus faecalis. Methods: Bacteria was inoculated into 54 human teeth and incubated for 28 days to build up biofilm. The teeth then were randomly divided according to the irrigation method into two; (1) syringe (S) and (2) Erbium laser activation (LA) groups. In each group, teeth were divided into 4 experimental subgroups to evaluate the antibacterial properties of four different solutions of saline (NaCl), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), sodium pentaborate pentahydrate (NaB) and deuterium depleted water (DDW). For S subgroups the amount of applied irrigant solution was 10 mL and for LA subgroups it was 10 mL. Samples were taken from canal wall and colony forming units were determined by plate counting after 24 hours. The survival rates of the bacteria were calculated as data.Results: Both techniques were reduced the bacterial survivors and no statistically difference was found between S and LA (p>0.05). As expected, NaOCl-LA found more effective than Saline-LA (p0.05). NaB solution showed similar antibacterial effect as NaOCl (p>0.05)Conclusion: The most effective NaOCl solution was followed by NaB, DDW and Saline, respectively. Laser activation did not increase effectiveness of solutions compared to syringe irrigation.

The urea test strip was prepared using polyethyleneglycol based hydrogel, urease and commercial pH-indicator paper. The swelling behavior of hydrogel indicated the ability of the urea to penetrate ...

The boron content was determined in 42 different foods consumed in Istanbul, Turkey. Eleven species of fruit, ten species of vegetable, eight species of food of animal origin, four species of grain, two species of nuts, two species of legume, and five other kinds of foods were included to this study. They were analyzed by two methods: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique and carminic acid assay, and the results of two methods were also compared. Boron concentration in foods ranged between 0.06–37.2 mg/kg. Nuts had the highest boron content while foods of animal origin had the lowest. A strong correlation was found between the results of the carminic acid assay and the ICP-MS technique (p = 0.0001, Pearson correlation coefficient: r = 0.956). Bland Altman analysis also supported this correlation. ICP-MS is one of the most common, reliable, and powerful method for boron determination. The results of our study show that spectrophotometric carminic acid assay can provide similar results to ICP-MS, and the boron content in food materials can be also determined by spectrophotometric method. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. SAG-C-YLP-070317-0092 Funding This work was financially supported by the Marmara University Scientific Research Projects Commission [grant number SAG-C-YLP-070317-0092].

The aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effects of vitamin U (Vit U) on lung tissue of pentyleneterazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in rats. Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control (0.9% NaCl given, intraperitoneally); Vit U (50 mg/kg/day, for 7 days by gavage); PTZ; (60 mg/kg one dose, intraperitoneally); and PTZ + Vit U (in same dose and time). At the end of the experiment, lung tissues were taken and examined biochemically and cytologically. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), sialic acid (SA), and nitric oxide (NO) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were determined in lung homogenates. Imprinted lung samples were stained with May Grunwald-Giemsa stain and microscopically examined for the presence of collagen fibers, macrophage, leucocyte, and epithelial cells. PTZ administration significantly increased GSH level and CAT activity and significantly decreased SOD activity compared to the control group. Vit U administration significantly increased GSH level and CAT activity compared to the control group. GSH and NO levels significantly decreased in PTZ + Vit U group compared to the PTZ group. In cytologic analysis, increased collagen fibers, macrophages, leucocytes, and epithelial cells were observed in PTZ group compared to the control group, and Vit U administration decreased these cytological parameters compared to the PTZ group. The findings of this study support the possible protective role of using Vit U as an add-on therapy in order to prevent lung tissue injury which may occur during seizures in epilepsy.

In the development of diabetic complications, oxidative stress caused by hyperglycemia plays an important role. Deuterium depletion has protective effect against cellular damage and tumor suppressor effect in cancer cell lines. The purpose of this study was to examine and evaluate the effect of deuterium depletion on erythrocyte oxidant and antioxidant system parameters in experimental diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. On the 30th or 40th day after STZ injection, blood samples were taken and blood glucose levels were measured. Erythrocyte hemolysates were also prepared. Lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels and glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities of erythrocytes were determined. At the 30 or 40 day periods, deuterium depleted water (DDW) consumption had differently affected oxidant-antioxidant parameters of erythrocytes. The clear effect of deuterium depletion in drinking water from 150 ppm to 85 ppm was observed in glutathione levels and it increased erythrocyte glutathione levels in both the control and diabetic groups. In conclusion, deuterium depletion may have protective effects on diabetes induced oxidative stress. Further studies are needed to be done to determine the mechanism of action and the useful dosage and the application period of DDW., Diabetik komplikasyonların gelişmesinde, hiperglisemi kaynaklı oksidatif stres çok önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Döteryum azlığının hücresel hasara karşı ve tümör baskılayıcı etki üzerine koruyucu etkisi olduğu kanser hücre hatlarında gösterilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, döteryum azaltılmasının sıçanlarda streptozotosin (STZ) ile oluşturulmuş deneysel diabette eritrosit oksidan ve antioksidan sistem parametreleri üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılması ve değerlendirilmesidir. STZ enjeksiyonunu takiben 30. veya 40. günde, kan örnekleri alınıp, kan glukoz değerleri ölçülmüş, eritrosit hemolizatları da hazırlanmıştır. Eritrositlerin lipid peroksidasyon ve glutatyon seviyeleri ile glutatyon-S-transferaz, süperoksit dismutaz ve katalaz enzim aktiviteleri tayin edilmiştir. 30 veya 40 günlük periyotlardaki döteryumu azaltılmış su tüketiminin, eritrosit oksidan-antioksidan parametre düzeylerine etkisinin farklı olduğu görülmüştür. İçme suyunda döteryumun 150 ppm den 85 ppm’e azaltılmasının net etkisi glutatyon düzeylerinde gözlenmiş olup hem kontrol hem de diyabetik gruplarda eritrosit glutatyon düzeylerini artırdığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, döteryumu azaltılmış suyun, diabete bağlı oksidatif hasara karşı koruyucu etkisi olabilir. Döteryumu azaltılmış suyun etki mekanizmasının, uygun dozunun ve uygulama süresinin aydınlatılması için daha fazla çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Summary We aimed to assess the relationship between myeloperoxidase (MPO) and internal derangement (ID) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and effects of arthrocentesis procedure, either alone or in combination with hyaluronic acid (HA) injection on the prognosis of ID of TMJ. A prospective randomised controlled trial has been conducted through patients, who underwent arthrocentesis for the treatment of ID of TMJ, were randomly divided into two groups. Group SS (n = 10) and Group HA (n = 14) patients were assigned 0·9% NaCl solution and sodium hyaluronate intra-articularly, respectively. Synovial fluid samples were assayed for MPO at the time of arthrocentesis and pain visual analogue scale (VAS) and maximum mouth opening (MMO) scores were recorded at pre- and post-operative periods as well as first-week, first-month and third-month intervals. There was a statistically significant decrease in MPO levels between the first to second arthrocenteses only in Group 2 (P = 0·001). Both VAS scores and MMO measurements decreased in the course of time following arthrocentesis and do not differ between the patients administered HA or SS. Similarly MPO levels do not change significantly between the two groups at either first or second arthrocenteses. In HA group, MPO levels significantly decreased from first to second sessions. In HA group, MPO levels decreased significantly only in patients with clinical success. Arthrocentesis procedure improves both pain VAS and MMO scores in the course of time, but these parameters do not differ between patients receiving either HA or SS. HA significantly reduces levels of MPO in synovial fluid, but SS does not. HA appears to alleviate inflammation inside the TMJ in patients with TMJ-ID.

Introduction The aims of this study were to determine the effects of different concentrations of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on alveolar bone density and orthodontic tooth movement. Methods Seventy-six rats were divided into 2 groups: a moderate concentration PRP injection group (n = 38) and a high concentration PRP injection group (n = 38). In each group, 5 time points were studied: 3, 7, 14, 21, and 60 days. Before orthodontic mesialization of the maxillary first molars, moderate and high concentrations of PRP were injected on the right sides of the molar buccal sulcus, and the left sides served as the controls. Tooth movements were measured on 3-dimensional digital models. Alveolar bone volume density and osteoclastic activity in the first molar intraradicular areas were evaluated by histomorphometric analysis. Results Alveolar bone density was decreased in the experimental groups compared with the control groups (P = 0.0001) at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. On day 3, osteoclastic activity of the experimental groups was higher than that of the controls (P = 0.044, P = 0.0001). On day 21, the amounts of tooth movement in the high-concentration experimental group were 1.7 times greater than in the high-concentration control group and 1.4 times greater than in the moderate-concentration experimental group (P = 0.001). On day 60, alveolar bone density increased to the original levels in all groups. Conclusions Injection of both moderate and high concentrations of PRP may accelerate orthodontic tooth movement by decreasing alveolar bone density on paradental tissues by enhancing osteoclastic activity in a transient way. © 2017 American Association of Orthodontists

Thermal trauma can damage organs away from the skin burn site and lead to multiple organ dysfunction. Following thermal injury, all tissues are exposed to ischemia, and as a result, resuscitation and reperfusion occur during the burning shock. Burn damage starts systemic inflammatory reactions that produce toxins and reactive oxygen radicals that lead to peroxidation. This study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the possible antioxidant effects of Myrtus communis ethanol extract on burn-induced oxidative distant organ injury orally. The thermal trauma was generated under ether anesthesia by exposing the dorsum of rats to 90 °C water bath for 10 s. 100 mg/kg/day Mrytus communis ethanol extract was applied orally for two days. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, glutatinone-S-transferase (GST), superoxidedismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were determined to detect the possible antioxidant effects of myrtle on small intestine and lung tissues. Burn damage significantly increased MDA levels in lung and small intestine tissues, and significantly decreased GSH levels, CAT and GST activities in the small intestine and lung tissues compared to control group. Mrytus communis ethanol extract decreased MDA level and increased GSH level, SOD, CAT and GST activities significantly in either small intestine or lung tissues. Mrytus communis extract may be an ideal candidate to be used as an antioxidant adjunct to improve oxidative distant organ damage to limit the systemic inflammatory response and decreasing the recovery time after thermal injury.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of chard on valproic acid (VPA)-induced cardiac damage. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped as control, chard given control (100 mg/kg/day, by gavage), VPA (500 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally) and chard given VPA (100 mg/kg/day chard by gavage, 500 mg/kg/day VPA, intraperitoneally). The aqueous extracts of chard leaves were given 1 h prior to administration of VPA for 7 days. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total sialic acid (SA) levels and catalase (CAT) activity significantly increased in the VPA group compared with the control group (P

Background Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder which is characterized by the development of resistance to the cellular activity of insulin or inadequate insulin production. It leads to hyperglycemia, prolonged inflammation, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is assumed to play an important role in the development of diabetic complications. Melatonin is the hormone that interacts with insulin in diabetes. Therefore, in this study, the effects of melatonin treatment with or without insulin were examined in diabetic rat brain. Methods Rats were divided into five groups as control, diabetes, diabetes + insulin, diabetes + melatonin, and diabetes + melatonin + insulin. Experimental diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.). Twelve weeks after diabetes induction, rats were decapitated. Malondialdehyde, glutathione, sialic acid and nitric oxide levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, myeloperoxidase, and tissue factor activities were determined in brain tissue. Results Melatonin alone showed its antioxidant effect by increasing brain glutathione level, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities and decreasing malondialdehyde level in experimental diabetes. Although insulin did not have a significant effect on glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase, its effects on lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were similar to melatonin; insulin also decreased myolopeoxidase activity and increased tissue factor activity. Combined melatonin and insulin treatment mimicked the effects of insulin. Conclusion Addition of melatonin to the insulin treatment did not change the effects of insulin, but the detailed role of melatonin alone in the treatment of diabetes merits further experimental and clinical investigation.

Objective To explore the effects of hyaluronic acid (HA) on bleeding and associated outcomes after third molar extraction. Methods Forty patients who had undergone molar extraction were randomly divided into two groups; 0.8% (w/v) HA was applied to the HA group (n=20) whereas a control group (n=20) was not treated. Salivary and gingival tissue factor (TF) levels, bleeding time, maximum interincisal opening (MIO), pain scored on a visual analog scale (VAS), and the swelling extent were compared between the two groups. Results HA did not significantly affect gingival TF levels. Salivary TF levels increased significantly 1 week after HA application but not in the control group. Neither the VAS pain level nor MIO differed significantly between the two groups. The swelling extent on day 3 and the bleeding time were greater in the HA group than in the control group. Conclusions Local injection of HA at 0.8% prolonged the bleeding time, and increased hemorrhage and swelling in the early postoperative period after third molar extractions.

Valproic acid (VPA) is a drug used for the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar psychiatric disorders, and migraine. Previous studies have reported an increased generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the toxic mechanism of VPA. Edaravone, a free radical scavenger for clinical use, can quench free radical reaction by trapping a variety of free radical species. In this study, effect of edaravone on some small intestine biochemical parameters in VPA-induced toxicity was investigated. Thirty seven Sprague Dawley female rats were randomly divided into four groups. The groups include control group, edaravone (30 mg–1 kg–1 day–1) given group, VPA (0.5 g–1 kg–1 day–1) given group, VPA + edaravone (in same dose) given group. Edaravone and VPA were given intraperitoneally for 7 days. Biochemical parameters such as malondialdehyde, as an index of lipid peroxidation(LPO), sialic acid (SA), glutathione levels and glutathione peroxidase, glutathione- S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, myeloperoxidase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and tissue factor (TF) activities were determined in small intestine samples by colorimetric methods. Decreased small intestine antioxidant enzyme activities, increased LPO and SA levels, and increased activities of ALP and TF were detected in the VPA group. Based on our results edaravone may be suggested to reverse the oxidative stress and inflammation due to VPA-induced small intestine toxicity.

INTRODUCTION Physical activity has been found to be related with many health benefits. Our aim was to investigate the effect of chronic moderate exercise from acute stress on nicotine and cigarette smoke exposed rats. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats (200-250g, n = 48) were divided into 6 groups as non-exercised, exercised, smoke exposed, smoke exposed and exercised, nicotine applied, and nicotine applied and exercised. Nicotine bitartarate was applied intraperitoneally (0.1mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks, and cigarette smoke was exposed in a ventilated chamber. After 1 week of nicotine application or smoke exposure, moderate exercise training protocol was applied to exercise groups. At the end of the experiments, acute stress induction was made to all groups by electric foot shock. Holeboard tests were performed before and after the experiments. Biochemical and histological analyses were performed in lung, liver, colon, stomach, and gastrocnemius tissues. RESULTS Malondialdehyde levels were increased in all tissues of smoke exposed group (p < .05-.01) except gastrocnemius tissue compared to non-exercised group and were decreased with exercise (p < .05-.001). Myeloperoxidase levels were increased in lung, liver and colon tissues of smoke exposed group (p < .05-.001) and liver and colon tissues of nicotine applied rats (p < .01-.001) and decrease with exercise in liver and colon tissues of both smoke exposed or nicotine applied groups (p < .05-.01). In all tissue samples, increased histological injury scores (p < .05-.001) decreased significantly with exercise (p < .01-.001). CONCLUSION Biochemical parameters and histological scoring indicated increased tissue injury due to nicotine application and cigarette smoke exposure and exercise training ameliorated these effects in most of the tissues of acute stress induced rats.

Background: Salivary glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein, sialic acid (SA) levels, cytological parameters, and tissue factor activities (TFa) were investigated when fresh and after 3, 7, 11, 15, 21, and 30 days (d) of storage at −20 ◦ C both in the control and the periodontitis group. Moreover, the control and the periodontits groups were compared and continuity of the significances detected between the two groups were evaluated. Methods: GSH, MDA, SA, protein, and TFa were determined using the methods of Beutler, Yagi, Warren, Lowry, and Quick, respectively. Saliva imprint samples were stained with Giemsa and microscopically examined. Results: When the continuity of the significances of differences between the two groups was investigated, differences continued to be significant for GSH and TFa on days 3, 7, 11, 15, 21, and 30. Cytologically, only the significance detected betweenleucocytenumberscontinuedtobe significant for 30 d. However significance of differences in total protein, MDA, and SA levels on day 0, were interrupted on days 3, 7, and 11, respectively. Conclusion: Saliva samples may be stored for 30 d for GSH and TFa analyses in patients with and without periodontitis. However, to compare salivary MDA, SA, and total protein levels in these groups we suggest fresh samples to be studied. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 27:261‐266, 2013. C � 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

WOS: 000406687000043, PubMed ID: 28215833, Background Testicular torsion is a common problem and, to date, there is no agent to preserve testicular function following detorsion. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), with its rich growth factor composition, has proven beneficial in regenerative therapy. It is believed that PRP has not been studied in testis for ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) injury. Objective This study investigated the effect of PRP in an I/R rat model 1 month after detorsion. Study design Of 24 adult male Spraguee-Dawley rats, 18 were randomly assigned into three groups, with six in each: control, I/R and I/R + PRP. The PRP was prepared from the remaining six. Each group underwent right orchiectomy. Ischemia was performed by rotating the left testis 720 degrees and fixing with a nylon suture for 4 h. Reperfusion occurred 4 h later by removing the suture, and PRP was administered at a dose of 10 ml (2000 x 10(9)/l) into the left testis via the intra-parenchymal route. Animals were sacrificed at the fourth week, and testes were taken for malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and caspase-3 measurements. Results Ischemia/reperfusion caused a significant increase in MDA, MPO and caspase-3 activity, and significant decrease in GSH levels and SOD activity. The PRP treatment helped correct the alterations in SOD, caspase-3, and MPO activities and MDA levels. However, the mean MDA level and MPO activity were not totally restored compared with the controls. Serum testosterone levels of the I/R group were significantly lower compared with the control and I/R + PRP groups. TGF-b and caspase-3 protein expressions were significantly higher in the I/R group compared with the control group and were low with PRP administration compared with I/R groups (summary Table). Discussion The findings of the present study suggest that PRP, by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant defense, exerts protective effects on testicular tissues against I/R. This study had some limitations: a scoring system was not used in the assessment of spermatogenesis in the histopathological findings and specific testis cell types were not histologically assessed. Conclusions In light of the biochemical, histological and, especially, hormonal findings, intraparenchymal PRP injection may have a protective effect in testicular tissue against I/R injury.

Valproic acid (2-n-propylpentanoic acid, VPA),the most widely used antiepileptic drug, has potential adverse effects and it can disrupt the oxidant and antioxidant balance. Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one, EDA) is a potent free radical scavenger. In this study, the effect of EDA on gingiva in VPA induced toxicity was investigated. Female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, EDA (30 mg/kg/day) given group, VPA (0.5 g/kg/day) given group, and VPA+EDA (in same dose and time) given group. EDA and VPA were given intraperitoneally for seven days. Total protein, lipid peroxidation (LPO), sialic acid (SA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), sodium potassium ATPase (Na + /K + -ATPase) and tissue factor (TF) activities were determined in gingiva homogenates. The VPA-induced increases were statistically significant for MPO (p

Objective: Black tooth stain in children has been associated commonly with a low caries experience. The present study aimed to to compare salivary factors and caries indices in children with and without black tooth stain and to investigate the relationship between caries and caries associated salivary factors in these children. Study Design: Salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, total calcium and phosphorus were determined. Calcium and phosphorus levels were assayed by Inductive Coupled Plasma with Atomic Emission Spectrometry. DMFT and dft indices were evaluated according to WHO criteria. Results: Significantly higher levels of salivary buffering capacity and calcium, and lower flow rate were found in children with black tooth stain compared with those of without black tooth stain (p < 0.01, p = 0.044 and p = 0.037, respectively). The differences in phosphorus and pH were not significant between the groups. The dft index was found to be significantly lower in children with black tooth stain than children without black tooth stain (p = 0.030). However, DMFT did not change between the groups. There is no relationship between salivary parameters and caries indices in children with black tooth stain. Conclusion: It is suggested that low caries tendency seen in children with black tooth stain may be associated with high salivary calcium and buffering capacity.

In recent years, sialic acid is considered to be a possible marker for cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two different treatment periods of fenofibrate (CAS 49562-28-9) on serum, heart and liver sialic acid levels in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Serum, heart and liver total sialic acid levels were determined by Warren’s thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method and serum lipid levels by commercial kits at the end of the fenofibrate treatment for 3 and 6 weeks. Fenofibrate treatment reduced serum total sialic acid levels significantly in the control and hypercholesterolemic groups at the end of the 3 rd week and only in the control group at the end of the 6 th week. Serum sialic acid levels of fenofibrate-treated hypercholesterolemic rats in the 6-week period were significantly higher than those in the 3-week period. Neither the hypercholesterolemic diet nor fenofibrate had any significant effect on heart and liver sialic acid levels. In conclusion, decreased serum sialic acid levels in control and hypercholesterolemic groups by fenofibrate short-term treatment may contribute to the decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases that accompanies the hypercholesterolemic complications. The decreased serum sialic acid levels further indicate the clinical efficacy of fenofibrate as an anti-inflammatory agent.

In this study, 7,8-dihydroxy-3-(4-methylphenyl) coumarin (DHMPC), a new coumarin derivative, was tested for the first time to determine whether it had any antioxidant and lipid lowering effects. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding rats with a high cholesterol diet for 17 days. The lipid lowering and antioxidant effects of DHMPC were compared with those of hesperidin (CAS 520-26-3) and rutin (CAS 153-18-4), which have been pharmacologically determined as potential lipid lowering and antioxidant agents. DHMPC significantly decreased serum total cholesterol levels but not as efficient as hesperidin. When the ratios of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) to total cholesterol were evaluated, the most significant changes were observed in DHMPC and rutin treatments. The results of serum triglyceride levels indicate that DHMPC and hesperidin did not significantly decrease triglyceride level when compared to rutin group but prevented it to rise. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased as expected in high cholesterol diet groups but no significant decrease was observed for serum MDA levels in all treated groups. In contrast to serum MDA levels, liver homogenates MDA levels decreased in all treated groups but a considerable decrease was not observed for DHMPC treated group. Liver homogenates glutathione (GSH) levels drastically decreased in hyperlipidemic group and increased in all treated groups. As a conclusion DHMPC displayed both antioxidant and lipid lowering effects and can be a candidate drug for further studies.

Natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives have been shown to possess several beneficial pharmacological effects. The anticoagulation and antithrombotic activities of the 4-hydroxy coumarin derivatives are well known. In this study, besides the 4-hydroxy substituent phenyl and p-methylphenyl derivatives were synthesized and confirmed on the basis of their spectral data. 3-Amino-4-hydroxy coumarin, 5, 7-dihydroxy-4-phenyl coumarin and 7, 8-dihydroxy-3-(4-methylphenyl) coumarin were tested in rats to determine whether they had any effect on vitamin K inhibition by investigating the prothrombin time (PT). PT values of coumarin derivatives were compared with those of warfarin (CAS 81-81-2), which is the most commonly used anticoagulant. 7, 8-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methylphenyl)coumarin increased PT when compared to saline treated control group and other coumarins synthesized, 3-amino-4-hydroxy coumarin and 5, 7-dihydroxy-4-phenyl coumarin.

Objectives The putative protective effects of resveratrol against oxidative injury in the heart, kidney and brain tissues of rats induced with the two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertension model were investigated. Methods Wistar albino rats were divided into sham-operated (n = 8) or 2K1C groups, in which rats received either resveratrol (10 mg/kg per day, i.p., n = 8), or saline (n = 8) starting at Week 3 after the surgery and continuing for the following 6 weeks. Indirect blood pressure recordings and echocardiographic images were made to evaluate cardiac function. At the end of Week 9 the animals were decapitated and plasma, heart, kidney and brain were taken for biochemical assays, while aortic rings were prepared for vascular reactivity studies. Key findings 2K1C hypertension resulted in increased blood pressure, aortic hypercontractility and reduced left ventricular function, leading to increased lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase activity, concomitant with significant reductions in tissue glutathione, superoxide dismutase, Na+/K+-ATPase and catalase activities in the cardiac, renal and brain tissues, indicating the presence of oxidative tissue damage in peripheral target organs. Elevated plasma levels of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, as well as reduced plasma levels of antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide further verified the severity of oxidative injury. A 6-week treatment with resveratrol reversed all the measured parameters, ameliorated hypertension-induced oxidative injury in the target organs and improved cardiovascular function. Conclusions Resveratrol improved cardiovascular function through the augmentation of endogenous antioxidants and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by maintaining a balance in oxidant/antioxidant status, which also ameliorated hypertension-induced oxidative injury in the cardiac, renal and cerebral tissues.

WOS: 000287501500015, PubMed ID: 20658190, The pathogenesis and treatment of ulcerative colitis remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of black cumin (Nigella sativa) oil on rats with colitis. Experimental colitis was induced with 1 mL trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in 40% ethanol by intracolonic administration with 8-cm-long cannula under ether anesthesia to rats in colitis group and colitis + black cumin oil group. Rats in the control group were given saline at the same volume by intracolonic administration. Black cumin oil (BCO, Origo "100% natural Black Cumin Seed Oil," Turkey) was given to colitis + black cumin oil group by oral administration during 3 days, 5 min after colitis induction. Saline was given to control and colitis groups at the same volume by oral administration. At the end of the experiment, macroscopic lesions were scored and the degree of oxidant damage was evaluated by colonic total protein, sialic acid, malondialdehyde, and glutathione levels, collagen content, and tissue factor, superoxide dismutase, and myeloperoxidase activities. Tissues were also examined by histological and cytological analysis. Proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1 beta, and IL-6], lactate dehydrogenase activity, and triglyceride and cholesterol levels were analyzed in blood samples. We found that black cumin oil decreased the proinflammatory cytokines, lactate dehydrogenase, triglyceride, and cholesterol, which were increased in colitis. BCO, by preventing inflammatory status in the blood, partly protected colonic tissue against experimental ulcerative colitis.

Ecological studies have suggested an inverse association between monounsaturated fat intake and total mortality, as well as with coronary heart diseases death. Whether the beneficial effects of olive oil on the cardiovascular system are exclusively due to oleic acid remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oleic acid consumption for three months on lipid profile, oxidant-antioxidant status and tissue factor (TF) activities in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Forty rats were divided into 5 groups of 8 rats each as control (C), STZ induced diabetic controls (DC); high-cholesterol fed hyperlipidemic controls (HC); diabetic rats fed a high cholesterol diet (Diabetic-Hyperlipidemic, DH) and diabetic-hyperlipidemic + oleic acid (DHO) group. Blood samples were used to evaluate lipid profile, hemostatic parameters, glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); tissue samples were used for the determination of TF activities. Oleic acid consumption beneficially affected serum total lipid, triacylglycerol and GSH levels and decreased TF activities of brain and kidney in DHO group compared with the DH group. Oleic acid may have protective effects against cardiovascular complications of diabetes since GSH, total lipid and TG levels were beneficially affected. The decreased TF activity in DHO group may protect these tissues from the risk of thrombosis. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms that lead to the changes in the TF activity of tissues due to oleic acid consumption.

The fluoride contents were determined by ion-selective electrode in 26 black tea samples originally produced in Turkey, Sri Lanka, India and Kenya, and in 14 herbal and seven fruit infusions originated from Turkey. Fluoride content in black tea infusions ranged from 0.57 to 3.72 mg/L after 5 min of brewing. Higher fluoride levels were found in black teas originated from Turkey when compared with teas originated from Sri Lanka. Moreover higher fluoride levels were determined in black tea bags compared with granular and stick-shaped black teas. However, herbal and fruit infusions were characterized by low values of fluoride (0.02-0.04 mg/L) after 5 min of brewing and increasing brewing time to 10 min caused only slight increases in some infusions. As a result, consuming tea infusions prepared from some black tea available in Turkish market, especially black tea bags, in large quantities may lead to exposion to a high amount of fluoride which may cause dental fluorosis. Although fruit and herbal infusions are safer to consume their fluoride contents are too low for caries prevention. In countries such as Turkey where tea is traditionally consumed, the fluoride concentration and daily safety precautions should be indicated on tea products.

Saliva samples are often required to be stored for longer periods of time either because of the project protocol or because of lack of funding for analysis. The effects of 6 months storage (fresh, 30, 60, 90 120, 150, and 180 d) on the stability of salivary reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and 90 days of storage (fresh, 15, 30, 60, and 90 d) on the stability of salivary tissue factor (TF) activity and the stability of saliva imprint samples at −20°C were evaluated in this study. Salivary GSH, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as an index of LPO, and TF activities were determined using the methods of Beutler, Yagi, and Quick, respectively. Saliva imprint samples were stained with Giemsa and microscopically examined. Salivary GSH levels and TF activities decreased, whereas MDA levels increased significantly after 6 months of storage at −20°C. Leucocyte, epithelium and bacterium cell counts did not significantly change at the end of 90 d of storage. Saliva samples may be stored up to 1 month at −20°C for LPO assay. For cytological examinations, saliva samples may be stored for 90 d at −20°C. Further studies are needed to determine the stability of salivary GSH, and salivary TF activity stored less than 30 days at −20°C. On the other hand, if saliva samples are required to be stored, to avoid the changes because of different storage periods, we recommend that they must be stored under the same circumstances and in the same time period. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 23:93–98, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

The possible protective effects of resveratrol (RVT) against cardiotoxicity were investigated in Wistar albino rats treated with saline, saline+doxorubicin (DOX; 20 mg/kg) or RVT (10 mg/kg)+DOX. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded on the 1st week and on the 7th week, while cardiomyopathy was assessed using transthoracic echocardiography before the rats were decapitated. DOX-induced cardiotoxicity resulted in decreased blood pressure and heart rate, but lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase and 8-OHdG levels were increased in plasma. Moreover, DOX caused a significant decrease in plasma total antioxidant capacity along with a reduction in cardiac superoxide dismutase, catalase and Na+,K+-ATPase activities and glutathione contents, while malondialdehyde, myelopreoxidase activity and the generation of reactive oxygen species were increased in the cardiac tissue. On the other hand, RVT markedly ameliorated the severity of cardiac dysfunction, while all oxidant responses were prevented; implicating that RVT may be of therapeutic use in preventing oxidative stress due to DOX toxicity.

The inverse association of peanut consumption and risk markers of CHD (lipids) has been reported however health professionals are still concerned whether hyperlipidemic subjects advised to eat peanuts will have increased serum lipid levels. Tissue factor (TF), the major regulator of normal haemostasis and thrombosis, plays a critical role in haemostasis in all tissues. To investigate the effects of peanut consumption on lipid profile, blood Glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), haematologic parameters and TF activities in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. 32 Wistar Albino rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 rats each: 1-Control 2-Control+peanut 3-Hyperlipidemic and 4-Hyperlipidemic+peanut group. At the end of 12 weeks, blood samples were used to evaluate lipid profile, haemostatic parameters, GSH, TBARS and tissue samples were used for the determination of TF activities. Peanut consumption increased blood GSH both in the control and hyperlipidemic groups; increased HDL-cholesterol and decreased TBARS in the hyperlipidemic group. The addition of peanut to the diet did not change blood lipids, protrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time or fibrinogen levels significantly both in the control and hyperlipidemic groups. It affected TF activities differently in both groups. It decreased brain and aorta TF activity but increased spleen and kidney TF activity in the control group. It led to significant increases in the TF activity of kidney, spleen and aorta and a significant decrease in the TF activity of brain in the hyperlipidemic group. Peanut consumption improved GSH and HDL-C levels and decreased TBARS, without increasing other blood lipids in experimental hyperlipidemia. Nevertheless the mechanism of the effect of peanut consumption on the TF activity of tissues remains to be determined.

Saliva is an oral fluid with a protective role in oral health maintenance. Saliva consists of inorganic and organic compounds and calcium is one of the inorganic components. Calcium, which is the fifth most abundant element in the human body, plays a key role in bone mineralization, in addition to its many other biological functions. It plays a crucial role in the physiological function of both excitable and nonexcitable cells. Beneficial effects of saliva are derived from the cleansing action of salivary flow and from interaction and exchange of the chemical constituents between the saliva and the dental enamel. Proteins such as statherin, proline-rich proteins and mucins prevent calcium precipitation and keep the calcium concentration supersaturated in saliva in order to prevent enamel demineralization. Due to its affinity for being easily taken up by plaque, salivary calcium, is an important factor, not only with regard to the onset of periodontitis but also significantly with regard to oral health. In this chapter, the effects of salivary calcium on oral and dental health have been reviewed.

This study was designed to determine the possible protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) against Hg II-induced oxidative damage and also thromboplastic activity in the aorta and heart tissues. Wistar albino rats of either sex (200-250 g) were divided into four groups. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with (1) control (C) group: 0.9% NaCl; (2) EGb group: Ginkgo biloba extract (Abdi Ibrahim Pharmaceutical Company, Istanbul, Turkey) at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day; (3) Hg group: a single dose of 5 mg/kg mercuric chloride (HgCl(2)); and (4) Hg + EGb group: First day EGb at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day, i.p., 1 hour after HgCl(2) (5 mg/kg) injection; following four days EGb at a dose 50 mg/kg/day, i.p. After decapitation of the rats, trunk blood was obtained and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were analysed. In the aorta and heart tissues total protein, MDA, GSH levels and thromboplastic activity were determined. The results revealed that HgCl(2) induced oxidative tissue damage, as evidenced by increases in MDA levels and decreased GSH levels both in serum and tissue samples. Thromboplastic activity was increased significantly following Hg administration, which verifies the cardiotoxic effects of HgCl(2). Serum LDH and TNF-alpha were elevated in the Hg group compared with the control group. Since EGb treatment reversed these responses, it seems likely that Ginkgo biloba extract can protect the cardiovascular tissues against HgCl(2)-induced oxidative damage.

This study was designed to determine the effect of melatonin treatment on the glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in the skin as well as prothrombin time (PT) and fibrin degradation products (FDPs) in the blood of rats with thermal injury. Under ether anaesthesia, the shaved dorsum of the rats was exposed to 90 degrees C bath for 10 s to induce burn injury. Rats were decapitated either 3 or 24 hours after burn injury. Melatonin (10 mg/kg) was administered i.p. immediately after burn injury to same animals. In the 24 hour burn group, melatonin injections were repeated for two more occasions 8 and 16 h after burn injury. In the control group the same protocol was applied except that the dorsum was exposed to a 25 degrees C water bath for 10 s. Severe skin scald injury (30% of total body surface area) caused a significant decrease in PT at post burn 3 and 24 hours. FDPs was not increased at post burn 3 hour but was significantly increased at post burn 24 hour. GSH levels were significantly depressed at post burn 3 hour but were not changed at post burn 24 hour. LPO levels were significantly increased both at post burn 3 and 24 hours. Skin protein levels were significantly reduced at post burn 24 hour as evidenced by electrophoresis. Treatment of rats with melatonin normalized PT levels both at post burn 3 and 24 hours. FDP decreased at post burn 24 hour due to melatonin treatment. GSH levels significantly increased as a result of melatonin treatment both at post burn 3 and 24 hours melatonin treatment. LPO levels were not changed by melatonin at post burn 3 hour; however, the melatonin significantly decreased LPO values at post burn 24 hours. In conclusion, exogenously administered melatonin reduced skin oxidant damage and normalized the activated blood coagulation induced by thermal trauma.

Tea is among the most consumed beverages all over the world. Therefore investigating the effects of tea drinking on health is an unavoidable issue. Tea plant tree contains fluoride and many factors affect the fluoride content in tea. Daily tea drinking contributes to the daily fluoride intake significantly. Fluoride toxicity is an important health problem that may occur due to many factors including tea drinking. Herbal infusions are also becoming popular beverages and fluoride content of herbal infusions has also been investigated. This chapter reviews the fluoride content in tea and herbal infusions and their potential health effects.

Saliva has important functions in maintaining oral and dental health. In recent years, analyses of saliva have gained importance due to the ready availability of noninvasive methods. Besides the many functions of saliva its antioxidant content protects oral mucosa against oxidative damage. Various diseases have been shown to be related with the impaired oxidant–antioxidant balance in saliva. Selenium, a trace element involved in the structure of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase, contributes to the antioxidant activity of the organism. However, contradictory results were reported on the effect of selenium on dental caries. In this chapter the studies investigating the effects of selenium on dental health and the importance of salivary selenium has been reviewed.

Saliva is a secretion of the salivary and mucous glands and it has a major role in the maintenance of both general and oral health. Fluoride is an important element of the inorganic content of saliva. Fluoride can be found densely in nature as well as in toothpastes, rinses, lozenges, chewable tablets and drops. Dentists use fluoride in the professional application of gels, foams, and varnishes since it is the main agent that is of help to reduce the prevalence of dental caries. Protective programs for the prevention of dental caries in children should essentially involve the daily use of fluoride. However, fluoride intake must be well balanced between the accurate estimation of caries risks and the possible risks for toxic effects of the fluoride. The fluoride concentration in whole saliva is related to the fluoride excreted from the glands and it also depends on dietary fluid intake and dental fluoride preparations. Fluoride's effects on general health are not well documented, possible claims on cancer, kidneys, brain, fetal development, stomach and endocrine glands have been made in the literature. Fluoride is an important trace element in the maintenance of general and oral health.

The fibrinolytic system is known to play an important role in the protection of lung architecture and function. This study investigated the effects on lungs of inhibiting the fibrinolytic system using tranexamic acid (TXA). Thirty cats were used, 15 experimental and 15 control. TXA was administered intravenously to the experimental animals for 3 h at 200 mg/kg (acute) and 7 days at 100 mg/kg (chronic). Blood samples were obtained from the carotid artery. The acute dose cats were sacrificed at 3 h and 24 h and the chronic dose cats at 8 days. Samples of inflated and fixed lung were examined morphologically and their collagen contents were determined. Fibrinolytic activity in blood samples was determined by fibrinogen degradation products levels, fibrin plate lytic area diameter, and the euglobulin lysis time. Hyperemia, lung interstitial oedema, haemorrhaging, inflammatory cell infiltration, pneumocyte type II cell proliferation, thrombosis and emphysema-related changes, characterized by enlargement of air spaces accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls, were observed in experimental cats group. None of these alterations except hyperemia and lung interstitial oedema were observed in two control animals. Electron microscopy results revealed oedema fluid in the interstitium, proliferation of pneumocyte type II cells, thickening of the alveolar septa and presence of marked amounts of collagen. Vacuoles were seen in the capillary endothelial cells. Elastic tissue was observed as elastic masses and partly disrupted, although elastic fibers were not prominent in all parts of the interstitium. Collagen content in the chronic dose experimental group was significantly higher than in all control and acute dose experimental groups. The inhibition of fibrinolytic system appears to have caused the emphysematous alterations, alveolar wall destruction and collagen accumulation possibly by causing microthromboses leading to mechanical blockage-ischemic changes, or by causing secondary fibrinolysis as a result of fibrin degradation products affecting local plasminogen activators and proteases. An injury-repair process also appears to have occurred.

Antiepileptik ve antikonvulzan etkili bir ilac olan valproik asit (VPA) oksidan ureminde artisa neden oldugundan toksik yan etkilere sahiptir. Bu calismanin amaci guclu bir serbest radikal yakalayicisi olan edaravonun VPA’nin yol actigi toksisite ve doku hasari uzerine etkilerini biyokimyasal ve histolojik olarak arastirmaktir. Disi Spraque Dawley turu sicanlar kontrol, edaravon (30 mg kg-1 gun-1), VPA (0.5 mg kg-1 gun- 1), VPA+edaravon (ayni dozlarda) olmak uzere dort gruba ayrildi. VPA ve edaravon intraperitonal olarak 7 gun boyunca verildi. Total protein, lipit peroksidasyon (LPO), siyalik asit (SA) ve glutatyon (GSH) duzeyleri ve alkalen fosfataz (ALP), doku faktoru (DF), superoksit dismutaz (SOD), glutatyon- S-transferaz (GST), katalaz (KAT), glutatyon peroksidaz (GPx) ve miyeloperoksidaz (MPO) aktiviteleri pankreas homojenatlarinda olculdu. LPO ve SA duzeyleri ve ALP, DF ve MPO aktiviteleri kontrol grubuna gore kiyaslandiginda VPA grubunda anlamli olarak artti. GST, KAT ve GPx aktiviteleri kontrol grubuna gore kiyaslandiginda VPA grubunda anlamli olarak azaldi. VPA grubunda morfolojik olarak belirgin bir hasar tespit edildi. Edaravonun olumlu etkisi SA, DF, KAT ve GPx parametrelerinde ve histolojik incelemede gozlemlendi. Bu nedenle, edaravon VPA’nin pankreastaki zararli etkilerinin giderilmesinde ve/veya azaltilmasinda yararli olabilir.

Purpose Hyaluronic acid (HA) has a number of clinical applications in current practice. Therefore, correlation of HA with free radicals and inflammatory cells is clinically important. The purpose of this study is to measure the efficacy of high molecular weight HA on the oxidative stress of oral wounds (glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels), the inflammatory reaction (leucocytes, collagen and angiogenesis content), pain (visual analogue scale (VAS) records) and trismus (maximum interincisal opening (MIO) records) after third molar (M3) extraction. Patients and methods 40 patients were included in this study. 0.2 ml 0.8% HA was applied immediately after surgery within the HA group ( n = 20). Nothing was applied to the control group ( n = 20). The primary outcome variables were the changes in the inflammatory reaction (leucocyte, angiogenesis and collagen content), oxidative stress (GSH, LPO) and clinical parameters (VAS, MIO). Results were compared immediately after extraction (T0) and 1 week after surgery (T1). Bivariate analyses were used to assess the differences between the HA and control groups for each study variable. Results There was a statistically significant difference of leucocyte infiltration and angiogenesis between the groups at T1. The HA group showed less leucocyte infiltration and more angiogenesis than the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in oxidative stress, VAS or MIO levels between the groups. Conclusion Our results confirm the hypothesis that HA has an anti-inflammatory effect following M3 extraction. However, the oxidative stress levels and clinical outcomes were similar after one week. Further studies examining these parameters at different times are necessary.

Background and Aim: There is limited evidence suggesting that nuts improve plasma antioxidant potential. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of hazelnut consumption on serum lipids, atherogenic indexes and oxidant-antioxidant status in hyperlipidemic-diabetic rats. Methods: Wistar-albino rats of both sexes, weighing 200-250 g were used in this study. The group of animals used in this study, which consisted of 32 rats, were divided into 4 groups: control, control + hazelnut, hyperlipidemic-diabetic, hyperlipidemic-diabetic + hazelnut. Each group was fed with control or hyperlipidemic diets with the same amount of hazelnut (0.63%) added for 12 weeks. Diabetes has been induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection in diabetic groups. Blood glucose, serum lipids, glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and atherogenic indexes (AI and AIP) have been evaluated after the experiment was over. Results: In hyperlipidemic-diabetic group atherogenic indexes, LPO and serum lipid levels were found to have increased significantly, whereas HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and GSH levels were found to have decreased significantly in comparison with the control group (p < 0.01). Hyperglycemia was also seen to have increased in this group. Impaired antioxidant-oxidant balance was noted to have improved, GSH increased while triglyceride (TG) decreased significantly (p < 0.01). Hazelnut consumption also increased blood GSH levels and atherogenic index levels in the control group. Conclusions: Consumption of hazelnut at this dose (0.63%) may improve oxidant-antioxidant balance in healthy and hyperlipidemic-diabetic status without increasing blood lipids. Keywords: Hazelnut, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, lipids, glutathione, lipid peroxidation. [Dis Mol Med 2014; 2(3.000): 45-50]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of administering Glurenorm (gliquidone, 10 mg/kg) on the lenses and skins of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The drug was given to both diabetic and control rats daily, until the end of the experiment, at day 42. The drug was administered to one diabetic and one control group from day 0 and for the other diabetic and control groups from day 14. On day 42, cardiac blood samples, skin samples, and lenses were taken from each rat. Blood glucose (BG) was measured by the o-toluidine method. The total protein, nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins (NEG), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and glutathione (GSH) levels in the lens and skin homogenates were determined by the Lowry, thiobarbituric acid, Ledwozwy, and Ellman methods, respectively. Laemmli SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was also carried out on the lens or skin homogenates. After 42 d, Glurenorm given to the diabetic rats produced (i) significant reductions in BG, NEG, and total protein in the lenses; (ii) significant increases in GSH levels in the lenses; (iii) and no significant results in the skin. The body weights of the drug group dropped relative to day 0, but not significantly. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed no significant differences in any of the protein bands between any of the groups. In the lenses, the gains in turns of reduced NEG and increased GSH may have been offset by the reduction in protein.