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Extracts of Cyclopia species, indigenous South African fynbos plants used for the production of honeybush tea, have potential as anti-obesity nutraceutical ingredients. Previously, we demonstrated that aqueous extracts of C. maculata and C. subternata exhibited anti-obesity effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In this study, we further explored these anti-obesity effects of C. maculata and C. subternata as well as C. intermedia for the first time. Extracts were prepared using a 40% methanol–water mixture (40% MeOH) in order to enhance the polyphenolic content of the extracts. Moreover, these extracts were separated into aqueous and organic fractions using liquid–liquid partitioning with n-butanol and water to further enrich the polyphenol content of the organic fractions. Extracts of all three Cyclopia species decreased the lipid content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, although differences in bioactivity of their aqueous and organic fractions were observed. The organic fraction of C. intermedia was further investigated. This fraction dose-dependently decreased the lipid content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without affecting cell viability, while increasing mRNA expression of HSL (1.57-fold, P

Metabolic complications in an obese state can be aggravated by an abnormal inflammatory response and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Pro-inflammatory response is known to be associated with the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species and subsequent generation of oxidative stress. Indeed, adipocytes from obese individuals display an altered adipokine profile, with upregulated expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6). Interestingly, natural compounds, including phenolic enriched foods are increasingly explored for their ameliorative effects against various metabolic diseases. Of interest is gallic acid, a trihydroxybenzoic acid that has progressively demonstrated robust anti-obesity capabilities in various experimental models. In addition to reducing excessive lipid storage in obese subjects, gallic acid has been shown to specifically target the adipose tissue to suppress lipogenesis, improve insulin signaling, and concomitantly combat raised pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress. This review will revise mechanisms involved in the pathophysiological effects of inflammation and oxidative stress in an obese state. To better inform on its therapeutic potential and improvement of human health, available evidence reporting on the anti-obesity properties of gallic acid and its derivatives will be discussed, with emphases on its modulatory effect on molecular mechanisms involved in insulin signaling, inflammation and oxidative stress.

Highlights • Depending on the concentration, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) can be toxic to cells. • 3T3-L1 adipocytes are a well-established model to study anti-obesity properties. • DMSO doses ≥1% reduced cell viability and promoted cell damage in 3T3-L1 adipocytes., Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an effective solvent and cytoprotectant agent that can induce diverse actions in experimental settings, ranging from metabolic stress to cytotoxic effects depending on the concentration used. Therefore, for the quality of experiments and reproducibility of results it is essential to establish a precise and non-toxic dose of DMSO within a specific cell system. 3T3-L1 adipocytes, represent a well-established in vitro cell model used to assess the anti-obesity potential of extracts and compounds. Although DMSO is commonly used as a solvent for these experiments, there is limited data available on the compounding effects of using DMSO. The purpose of this study was to assess a concentration-dependent effect of DMSO on lipid content, cell viability and oxidative damage in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Results showed that DMSO at doses ≥ 0.1% increased mitochondrial membrane potential as measured by JC-1 fluorescent staining, while doses ≥ 10% reduced the lipid content in matured adipocytes. Consistently, higher doses significantly reduced cell viability, elevated reactive oxygen species levels, depleted intracellular glutathione levels, and accelerated apoptosis and cell necrosis. An interesting finding was that a DMSO dose of 0.01% improved glutathione content of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and had minimal effects on cell viability, apoptosis or and necrosis, supporting its antioxidant effect. Therefore, this study provides compelling evidence that precaution should be taken when assessing compounds dissolved in DMSO, particularly doses ≥1% that were shown to induce oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Cyclopia species are increasingly investigated as sources of phenolic compounds with potential as therapeutic agents. Recently, we demonstrated that a crude polyphenol-enriched organic fraction (CPEF) of Cyclopia intermedia, currently forming the bulk of commercial production, decreased lipid content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and inhibited body weight gain in obese db/db mice. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a more effective product and/or one with higher specificity could be obtained by fractionation of the CPEF by purposely increasing xanthone and benzophenone levels. Fractionation of the CPEF using high performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC) resulted in four fractions (F1–F4), predominantly containing iriflophenone-3-C-β-D-glucoside-4-O-β-D-glucoside (benzophenone: F1), hesperidin (flavanone: F2), mangiferin (xanthone: F3), and neoponcirin (flavone: F4), as quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), and confirmed by LC-DAD with mass spectrometric (MS) and tandem MS (MSE) detection. All fractions inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and decreased lipid content in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, although their effects were concentration-dependent. F1–F3 stimulated lipolysis in mature adipocytes. Treatment of mature adipocytes with F1 and F2 increased the messenger RNA expression of hormone sensitive lipase, while treatment with F1 and F4 increased uncoupling protein 3 expression. In conclusion, HPCCC resulted in fractions with different phenolic compounds and varying anti-obesity effects. The activities of fractions were lower than the CPEF; thus, fractionation did not enhance activity within a single fraction worthwhile for exploitation as a nutraceutical product, which illustrates the importance of considering synergistic effects in plant extracts.