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Background Kidney transplantation (KT) is the preferred treatment for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), while preemptive (PE) living donor (LD) KT is associated with better survival, quality of life, and lower costs. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic multisystem disorder. Renal involvement (multiple bilateral angiomyolipoma [AMLs], cysts, renal cell carcinoma [RCC]) is related to significant morbidity, including ESKD and KT. Nephrectomy in TSC patients before KT is controversial. Affected kidneys carry a risk of hemorrhage or malignancy, while AMLs may be fat-poor and are often hardly distinguishable from RCC in magnetic resonance (MR)/computed tomography. On the other hand nephrectomy impedes PE KT. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) have proved efficacy in many TSC complications, including AMLs, fat-poor AMLs, TSC-related RCC, and immunosuppressive (IS) treatment. Case report A 29-year-old female TSC patient was referred for evaluation to the TSC reference center. Her family history was negative for TSC. A clinical evaluation revealed multisystem TSC manifestation (skin, brain, lungs, kidneys). MR disclosed indeterminate fat-poor renal lesions, possibly AMLs, but RCC could not be excluded. A comparison with previous MR did not show any significant progression. Due to ESKD, the patient was qualified for PE LD (mother) KT. mTORi, sirolimus, was used in IS. Creatinine at discharge was 2.1 mg/dL. Sixteen months later, MR showed significant reduction in tumor size. Two years after KT, graft function remained stable (creatinine 1.98 mg/dL). No complications related to renal lesions occurred. Conclusions mTORi are the therapy of choice in TSC patients after KT, achieving IS effect and improvement in TSC manifestations while avoiding nephrectomy and management of patients with indeterminate renal lesions, especially in the case of PE KT.

Surface waters are very important for society, as they are a source of potable water, as well a water supply for agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This paper presents changes in the quality of the water in the Utrata River, along its entire length, as a function of the catchment area’s land use. Water-quality measurements were carried out once a month for a total period of one year (April 2019–March 2020) at 24 measurement points. The concentrations of the following compounds were measured: total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, and chemical oxygen demand. The results were compared with the limit values specified in the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Economy and Inland Navigation. In order to determine the impact of land use on water quality in the Utrata River, principal component analyses (PCA) were conducted. The research demonstrated a considerably negative impact of agricultural land use and the presence of urban areas on the water quality of the Utrata River, with elevated concentrations of total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and COD, and decreasing concentrations of dissolved oxygen. The presented results point to the need for effective strategies to mitigate the adverse impact of agriculture and urbanisation on the environment and surface waters.

Selenium is a micronutrient that is important for the proper functioning of the body. The research presented in this paper investigated the impact of various methods of selenium fertilization at various stages of plant growth on its content in grain and the quality properties of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Selenium fertilization did not affect the grain yield, however, it increased the selenium content in the grain. The research results showed that the accumulation of Se depends not only on the dose of the fertilizer but also on the stage of plant growth when the element is introduced. The most effective method of fertilization proved to be seed treatment and soil application combined with the foliar application at the tillering and stem elongation stages (G + S + F1-2), as well as at the stem elongation stage alone (G + S + F2). In terms of quality characteristics, the impact of selenium fertilization was observed only in the case of the falling number and the total protein content, all the parameters allowed for the grain to be classified as suitable for bread-making. Selenium fertilization can be considered as a safe way of increasing the Se content in spring wheat, which may contribute to an increase in the technological quality of the grain and its nutritional value.

The aim of the research was to determine whether, and to what extent, a surface fire of forest areas determines changes in physical and chemical properties of the soil. The test material consisted of soil samples taken from soil profiles exposed in a burnt-out area and in an area unaffected by fire. The samples were analyzed for total organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, and also selected indicators of soil acidification. As a result of the tests, it was found that there was a decrease in the levels of organic carbon (by over 75%) and nitrogen (by 50%). A negative effect of the changes was the narrowing of the C/N ratio, a positive one – an increase in soil pH (from 3.14 to 4.67), and a several-times reduction in hydrolytic and exchangeable acidity.

Removing bottom sediment from water reservoirs and rivers can, on the one hand, be an effective method to restore lakes, and on the other - be used for plant production, ensuring the recycling of nutrients. The aim of this research was to evaluate the possibilities of using various types of bottom sediment and its impact on heavy metal content in soil and plants. For this purpose, a pot experiment was carried out using white mustard (Sinapis alba) as a test plant. The total content of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb) was determined in soil and plant. The addition of all types of bottom sediment increased heavy metal content in the soil. The results indicate that adding bottom sediment resulted in a significant increase in plant yield in comparison to the control. The highest yield as a result of direct effect was obtained for a combination with a 5% addition of dam sediment, while as a result of residual effect, the highest yield was achieved for a mixture with a 10% addition of pond sediment. The values of the transfer factor (TF = Cplant/Csoil) indicate a high accumulation of zinc and low accumulation of lead in the plant.

Selenium (Se) is a micronutrient that is insufficiently present in the human diet. Increasing its content in food through appropriately matched agricultural practices may contribute to reducing Se deficit in humans. The study covered the effect of grain, soil, as well as grain and soil fertilization with selenium combined with foliar application at different stages of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) development. The fertilization involved the application of sodium selenate. Fertilization with selenium had no significant effect on the grain yield. Grain application, soil application, and grain and soil application combined with foliar application at particular development stages of the plant significantly contributed to an increase in selenium content in grain. The study showed that the accumulation of selenium in spring wheat depends on the type of fertilization and term of its application. The best method of introducing selenium into the plant is grain and soil fertilization combined with foliar application at the stage of tillering and stem elongation (G + S + F1-2) for which the highest selenium content was obtained (0.696 mg·kg−1 Se). The applied biofortification methods contributed to the increase in selenium in the grain of spring wheat.

This paper analyses the effects of soil and foliar fertilization with sodium selenate (VI) on the selenium content in spring wheat grain. The research was carried out at the Departmental Experimental Station of the Institute of Agriculture WULS in Skierniewice in 2018 and 2019. The dose of selenium used was 5.00 g Se·ha−1 in various development stages of spring wheat. The results showed that selenium fertilisation did not affect the size of the grain yield, but both soil and foliar fertilisation significantly increased the content of selenium in wheat grain compared to the control group. The highest Se content was obtained with the method of soil fertilisation combined with the foliar application with a total dose of 10.00 g·ha-1 Se in the stem elongation phase (S + F2), and in the tillering and stem elongation phase (S + F1 + F2), which resulted in the values of 0.615 and 0.719 mg·kg−1 Se in grain, respectively. On this basis, it was concluded that the best time to carry out foliar fertilisation treatment is in the stem elongation phase (BBCH 30–39). The results show that the greatest increase in selenium content in the grain is achieved with soil and foliar fertilisation combined.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of three hemp cultivars to accumulate heavy metals under sewage sludge (SS) and phosphogypsum (PG) application. The field study was carried out from 2014 to 2016 on Luvisol (loamy sand) in Poland. The experiment scheme included five treatments&mdash, T0: the control without fertilization, T1: 170 kg N (nitrogen) ha&minus, 1 from sewage sludge, T2: 170 kg N ha&minus, 1 from sewage sludge and 100 kg ha&minus, 1 of phosphogypsum, T3: 170 kg N ha&minus, 1 from sewage sludge and 500 kg ha&minus, 1 of phosphogypsum, and T4: 170 kg N ha&minus, 1 from sewage sludge and 1000 kg ha&minus, 1 of phosphogypsum. It was found that the application of municipal sewage sludge enriched the soil with the bioavailable forms of heavy metals to the greatest extent and contributed to the highest increase in their contents in vegetative and generative organs of hemp plants. These parameters showed a phosphogypsum dose-dependent decline, which could hinder the phytoextraction process. The greatest extractions of heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) from the soil treated with SS and PG were achieved by the Tygra variety, which had the highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) and biomass yield.

The aim of the study is to characterise biologically active hydolysates and peptide fractions obtained from vacuum-packed string beans (Phaseolus vulragis L.) (PB). Unpacked beans were a control sample. The influence on human squamous carcinoma cell line SCC-15 (ATCC CRL-1623) was determined. Packed bean (PB) and unpacked bean (UB) extracts were found to exert no effect on the tongue squamous carcinoma cells. The results of the study indicated that the packing process contributed to the retention of protein, soluble dietary fibre, and free sugar (2.36, 3.5, and 1.79 g/100 d.m., respectively). PB was characterised by higher antioxidant activity (expressed as neutralisation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS ABTS•+) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) free radicals) as well as Fe2+ chelation and reducing power (IC50 = 54.56, 0.46, 3.85 mg mL−1; 0.088 A700/peptide content, respectively) than the UB samples before hydrolysis. The hydrolysis process enhanced these properties. The IC50 value of lipase and α-amylase inhibitory activity of the hydrolysates obtained from UB was reduced. The PB and UB fractions exhibited a certain level of antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Candida albicans were not sensitive to these peptide fractions.

Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas, which is released through human activities such as deforestation, burning fossil fuels, agriculture, and degradation of soil. The type of soil tillage systems has a very important impact on soil CO 2 emissions. Usually higher soil CO 2 emission have been observed under conventional tillage compared to reduced tillage. Maize is one of the main cereals grown around the world that reacts positively on conservation tillage. We hypothesized that reduced tillage with sub-soil fertilizer application could increase maize yield and reduce carbon emissions compared to conventional plowing. Therefore we studied CO 2 emissions from soil under a conventional and innovative, environmentally safe, low-cost maize production system dedicated both to reduce time and resources and to manage the field sustainably with a lower CO 2 footprint. We observed that the magnitude of grain yield depended on soil and climate conditions but not on the cultivation system. The CO 2 emission level depended on the year of the study and the soil tillage method and was subject to considerable changes during the growing season. The use of reduced soil tillage significantly limited emissions of the analyzed gas into the atmosphere. Depending on the year of the study, CO 2 emissions in the reduced tillage system were 7 to 35% lower than those in the conventional system. The extent of the reduction in CO 2 emissions achieved under reduced tillage is very large relative to conventional tillage, which is probably due to the relatively low organic matter content of the both investigated soils in the conventional tillage. We could show that on sandy soils with a low organic matter content reduction in tillage is a factor significantly diminishing CO 2 emissions.

The aim of the study was to determine the levels of selected trace elements in soils and in the common dandelion depending on the distance from a traffic route. The study was conducted in Warsaw near one of the main roads in the suburb of Ursynów. Samples for testing were taken from the 0–25 cm layer at sites located directly alongside the roadway and at a distance of 30, 60 and 300 m from its edge. The amounts of Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd in the soils were determined by the AAS method, after extraction in HCl at a concentration of 1 mol·dm−3, and in the aboveground parts and roots of dandelion plants after wet mineralization in a mixture of HNO3 and HClO4 by the AAS method. On the basis of the results obtained, it was shown that the concentrations of the tested metals, both in the soils and in the biomass of the test plant, were highest directly at the edge of the roadway and decreased significantly with the distance away from the road. This correlation indicates a significant impact of road transport on heavy metal levels in the environment bordering a traffic route. It was also shown that dandelion plants accumulate higher amounts of heavy metals in the aboveground parts than in the roots, and the heavy metal contents in the dandelion biomass were found to be significantly positively correlated with the amounts of these elements in the soils.

The aim of the research was to assess the effect of long-term application of different doses of nitrogen fertilizers with or without manure to changes in the total organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, evaluation of dissolved organic carbon content and the value of absorbance coefficient (A4/6) in sandy loam soil. The base of research was the long-term field experiment, established in 1979 at the Wierzchucinek Experimental Station close to Bydgoszcz city - Poland. The experiment was carried out in the three-course crop rotation, potato, rye, rye in randomized split-plot design. The experimental treatments were four levels of N fertilizers in 0, 47, 93, and 140 kg∙ha-1∙yr-1 (N0, N1, N2, N3) as a 1st factor of experiment, and the same doses of N fertilizers with farmyard manure application (30 t∙ha-1) as a 2nd factor. After 36 years of experiment the content of total organic carbon was 26% lower and the content of total nitrogen 13% higher compared to the values determined before the experiment foundation (1979). The consequence of changes in the content of organic carbon and total nitrogen, are changes in the ratio of organic carbon content and total nitrogen content. It was noticed that the use of manure and different nitrogen doses resulted in a decrease of organic carbon content and total nitrogen content value. After application of different nitrogen doses, organic carbon content ranged from 122.4 to 152.2 mg∙kg-1. The same nitrogen doses applied simultaneously with farmyard manure increased the organic carbon content, which ranged from 133.5 to 166.7 mg∙kg-1. The changes of the organic carbon content did not effect on percentage of this fraction in the total organic carbon. Percentage of organic carbon content in total organic carbon content was on averaged 1.6%. After the application of different nitrogen doses, humic acids of analyzed soils were characterized by lower average value of A4/6 (5.4). However, the application of nitrogen doses with manure brought a higher - 6.3 - A4/6 value. Farmyard manure application caused the formation of humic acids of lower molecular weight and a low humification degree.

With a rapidly increasing amount of waste, waste management is an extremely important issue. Utilising processes such as combustion and biological processing significantly decreases the accumulation and volume of waste. Despite this, huge volumes of resulting waste that still need to be managed remain. This paper identifies various methods of processing organic waste, discussing both thermal and biological techniques for waste management. Additionally, this paper demonstrates that the end products remaining after processing waste are oftentimes functional for agricultural use. These materials are excellent byproducts used to produce various organic, mineral and organomineral fertilisers. For instance, it appears that the production of fertilisers is the most promising method of utilising fly ash that results from the combustion of waste. In order to minimise the environmental risk of polluting soil with heavy metals, waste, as well as ashes resulting from combustion, must meet the criteria for the limit of contaminants.

Plums are a popular fruit whose large quantities are subjected to processing, which contributes to changes in the physicochemical parameters, and the magnitude of these changes is determined by the technology applied. The study aimed to analyse the bioactive compound content and the antioxidant capacity of plums of the Bluefree, Stanley and Sweet Common Prune (Wegierka Zwykla) varieties, depending on the drying and extraction processes applied. Significant differences in the bioactive compound content and the antioxidant capacity were found between the varieties under study. The convection drying process resulted in the greatest significant decrease in both the anthocyanin pigment content (by an average of 82%) and the total polyphenol content (by an average of 41%). The average losses of phenolic acids reached 34%, and the greatest decrease was noted for chlorogenic acid (an average of 69%). As regards flavan-3-ols and flavonols, the drying processes caused their losses by an average of 56%. The vacuum drying and lyophilisation processes applied were softer for the tested bioactive compounds. Moreover, these processes reduced the ABTS and FRAP antioxidant capacity. The ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction increased the total anthocyanin content by an average of 29%. These methods yielded significantly greater amounts of all four determined anthocyanins in the tested fruit. The results show that the search for a safe, inexpensive raw material drying method is still a current research issue.

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the soil type and differential sulphur rates used with or without Basfoliar 36 Extra on the soil pH as well as the amount of available forms of copper, zinc and manganese based on the micro plots field experiment. Moreover, the relationship between the studied microelements was examined. The experiment was performed in two-factor design; the first-order factor was the soil type (Typic Hapludolls, Typic Hapludalfs, Typic Haplorthods, Typic Endoaquolls), while the second-order factor - fertilization with sulphur and compound fertilizer - Basfoliar 36 Extra. The plant tested was Rota cultivar maize. The use of sulphur and sulphur combined with Basfoliar 36 Extra changed the classification of the soils in terms of their pH. In the soils under study, as a result of the 10-years application of sulphur and/or foliar fertiliser with NPK fertilization as well as growing maize in monoculture showing a high uptake of macro- and micro-nutrients, there was reported a clear decrease in the content of zinc, copper and manganese, as compared with the initial content. With that in mind, one shall assume that growing maize in a 10-year monoculture is connected with an intensive use of soils, which can result in a clear deficit of the elements studied in soil.

The study was based on soil samples taken after the long-term fertilizer experiment (1974–2014) where different doses of nitrogen and potassium were applied. The experiment was located at the Research Station of the UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz (Poland). The long-term application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers leads to changes in the concentration of mercury, soil acidification, reduction in total organic carbon, total nitrogen as well as affluence of available nutrients (P, K, Mg) and increased mobility of copper and zinc. The significant positive correlation between total mercury content in the soil and the content of N-NO3, Zn, N-NH4 and the hydrolytic acidity value were stated.

Under the conditions of a long-term fertilizer experiment, this study aimed to determine the contents of total and exchangeable aluminium in soil as well as the Al concentration in the soil solution. Additionally, Al speciation was evaluated with the use of the MINTEQA2 software. The results obtained indicated that under the conditions of long-term application of different mineral fertilizers or farmyard manure, the soil reaction changed to a great extent (pH 3.58–6.78). At the same time, the content of total Al in soil fluctuated from 18.85 to 22.13 g/kg and that of exchangeable Al ranged from 1.42 to 102.66 mg/kg. The concentration of Al in the soil solution was highly differentiated (5.19–124.07 μmol/L) as well as that of free aluminium ions (Al3+) (0–16.9 μmol/L). In acidic soils, aluminium complexes with organic matter are the predominant forms of Al in the soil solution. In soils with neutral soil reaction, there were no free aluminium ions. Soil liming and addition of organic amendment were the treatments that restricted the presence of toxic aluminium forms in soil.

The influence of soil properties (pH, organic carbon content, soil texture, content of available zinc (Zn)) on the percentage share of the various forms of Zn in the soil solution of 62 arable soils of Poland were investigated. The soil solution was obtained following the vacuum displacement method. Speciation of zinc ions (Zn 2+ ) was determined with MINTEQA2 for Windows software. The investigation showed that the concentration of active Zn 2+ in the soil solution and related Zn bioavailability for the most part relies upon soil reaction when compared with other investigated physical and chemical soil properties. The effects of soil texture, and above all those of organic matter contents in soil, are significantly lesser. The results of speciation analysis showed that apart from physical and chemical soil properties active Zn 2+ are the main forms of Zn occurring in the soil solution. Depending on soil properties these ions add up to from 60% to almost 80% of all Zn forms in the soil solution. Zinc forms can be arranged with regard to their percentage share in the soil solution as follows: Zn-DOC > ZnCO 3 > ZnCl + > ZnHCO 3 + > ZnOH + .

The effects of mineral and organic fertilization on the contents of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, B and Mo in soil and in the soil solution as well as on availability of these elements for crops were investigated in the long-term field trial. The highest contents of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in soil and soil solution were observed in the treatment with the lowest pH (NPK). In this same combination the content of B and Mo was the lowest. The concentration of Zn, B and Fe in the soil solution significantly increased under farmyard manure application. Liming significantly decreased contents extractable by 1 mol/L HCl forms of Mn and Zn and significantly increase the content of Mo in the soil. Regardless of fertilization applied, microelement concentrations in the soil solution are sufficient for fulfilling nutritional needs of plants cultivated during the trial.

In view of modern worldwide research carried out in the context of broadly understood soil chemistry and monitoring of the natural environment, the methods of assessing the risk of Zn contamination in soil and agricultural crops based on the analyses of Zn concentration in the soil solution have gained more recognition. Accordingly, research on the evaluation of the effects of selected soil properties on changes in solid/solution partitioning coefficient (K d), the total concentration and activity of zinc in the soil solution was undertaken in this study. The study was based on the microplot field experiment. Investigated soil factors were as follows: soil texture, pH, organic carbon content and the degree of Zn contamination. The results indicated that zinc activity in the soil solutions was very high and comparable to the total concentration of zinc. The investigated soil properties significantly influenced the K d, the total concentration of zinc, as well as the concentration of Zn2+ in the soil solution. The total concentration and activity of zinc in the soil solution increased with increasing Zn content in the soil and rising soil acidity, while they decreased with increasing the content of organic carbon and clay particles. The values of K d increased significantly with rising soil pH and total Zn content and decreased with increasing soil organic content. Observed K d values were significantly higher in soil with 13 % clay than in soil with 7 % clay.

Celem pracy była ocena zmian stężenia Cu i Zn oraz określenie procentowego udziału poszczególnych form tych pierwiastków w roztworze glebowym. Badania prowadzono w warunkach wieloletniego doświadczenia nawozowego zlokalizowa- nego w Stacji Doświadczalnej Wydziału Rolnictwa i Biologii SGGW w Skierniewicach. Roztwór glebowy pozyskano metodą pod- ciśnieniową. Poszczególne, możliwe do wystąpienia formy miedzi i cynku w roztworze glebowym obliczono przy wykorzystaniu programu komputerowego MINTEQA2. Uzyskane wyniki badań wskazują, że stężenie Cu i Zn w roztworze glebowym zwiększa się pod wpływem wyłącznego nawożenia mineralnego (NPK). W warunkach stosowania obornika (CaNPK+FYM) zmniejsza się stęże- nie miedzi, a zwiększa stężenie cynku w roztworze glebowy m w stosunku do obiektów' o wyłącznym naw ożeniu mineralnym (NPK, CaNPK). Wapnowanie było czynnikiem wpływającym na zmniejszenie stężenia obydw u badanych pierwiastków w roztworze glebo- wym. Wyniki analizy numerycznej roztw oru glebowego wykazały, że niezależnie od nawożenia dominującą formą miedzi w roztwo- rze glebowym były kompleksy metalo-organiczne. Ich udział w całkow itym stężeniu Cu w roztworze glebowym stanow ił od 76,5 do 85,2%. Pod względem malejącego udziału w roztworze glebowy m poszczególne formy miedzi można uszeregować następująco: kompleksy miedzi z materią organiczną >wolne jony Cu2+ >kompleksy miedzi z węglanami. Natomiast główną formą cynku w roztworze glebowym były wolne jony Zn2+, których udział w ogólnym stężeniu cynku w roztworze glebowym wynosił od 76,9 do 86,4%. Szereg malejącego udziału poszczególnych form cynku w roztworze glebowym przedstawia się następująco: wolne jony Zn2+ >kompleksy Zn z materią organiczną>kompleksy cynku z chlorkami >kompleksy z węglanami.

The determination of a range of boron concentration in the soil solution, evaluation of the effect of physicochemical soil properties on boron concentration in the soil solution as well verification whether boron quantity in the soil solution is sufficient for nutritional needs of selected plants cultivated in Poland were comprised. Av erage boron concentration in the soil solution of Poland’s cultivated soils ranges from 0.59 to 5.07 µmol/L and is differentiated by physico-chemical properties of soil. Taking into account decreasing effects of soil properties on the increase of boron concentration in the soil solution, the soil properties can be arranged as follows: organic C > soil abundance in available boron > soil texture > soil pH. The minimum boron quantity observed in the soil solu tion of Poland’s cultivated soils was not sufficient to fulfil nutritional needs of the plants. The maximum boron quantity observed secured nutritional needs of cereals and potatoes but not those of rape plants and sugar beets. Based on the study it can be concluded that the measurement of the concentration of boron in the soil solution can be used in the diagnosis of deficiency of this element for crops.

Results presented in this paper come from two long-term fertilization experiments carried out in Skierniewice (since 1923) and _ yczyn (since 1960). The top layer of soil in Skierniewice contains a little more clay and silt (17%) than at _ yczyn (14%), but the climatic conditions are alike - the mean for many years shows the precipitation of 520mm and temperature 7,9°C. Soil samples for the determination of microelements were collected in the years 1999 and 2000 from the control plots (Ca) and from combinations corresponding to 3 fertilization systems: mineral (CaNPK), organic (Ca + FYM) and mixed organic-mineral (CaNPK + FYM). The contents of B, Cu, Zn, Mn were determined in 4 extract solutions: 0,01mol CaCl2, EDTA, 1mol HCl and HF (total contents). The paper presents average results for the last two years. The following amounts of microelements (%) in relation to the total contents in particular extract solutions were obtained: CaCl 2 m Cu 0,4< Zn 2,2< Mn 3,5 < B 5,0; EDTA - B 2,4 < Mn 5,7 < Zn 9,0 < Cu...

In the conditions of long-term experiment carried out in the experimental field of Warsaw Agricultural University - SGGW at _ yczyn, ion concentration in the soil solution were examined as well as the relationships shaped between ions in the soil solution due to long-term diversified mineral and organic fertilization. Soil solution was obtained by the vacuum method and the concentration of particular ions in the soil solution was determined by the ICP method. Mineral and organic fertilization and liming significantly affected chemical composition of the soil solution and the relationships between particular ions in the soil solution. The lowest concentration of ions in the soil solution was observed in the control plots (not fertilized). Mineral and organic fertilization as well as liming caused the increase of ion concentration in the soil solution. In the plots with mineral fertilization alone K + and NH + 4 ions predominated in the cation structure in the soil solution. In the case of liming the share ...

Application of large amounts of NaCl to control slippery roads in winter leads to soil salinity and consequently to ionic imbalances, changes in pH, changes in physicochemical properties of the soil and the death of roadside trees. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salt stress on the content of microelements in the leaves of roadside trees and on the health trees. The subject of research were trees of the Crimean linden (Tilia ‘Euchlora’) growing in the median strip of one of the main streets in Warsaw. The roadside trees contained much higher amounts of Cl and Na than trees in a park (control). There was a significant correlation between the Cl and Na content in leaves of the trees and their health state. As the content of these elements increased, the health condition of leaves clearly deteriorated. There was no significant effect of soil salinity on the micronutrient content in leaves. The content of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in linden tree leaves were on levels considered normal, with values not indicative of any deficiency or toxicity. The presence of Fe and Zn in leaves had no significant effect on the health of leaves of the trees. A statistically significant negative relationship was found between the index of leaf damage and their content of Cu and Mn. This means that a higher degree of leaf damage corresponded to a lower content of Cu and Mn. Based on regression analysis, it was estimated an increase in the Cl content in soil solution by approximately 1000 mg dm -3 caused an average 0.2% increase in the Cl content in leaves.

The numerical speciation analysis relies on quantitative assessment of concentrations of different forms of an element in soil solution (free ions, complex ions, neutral complexes), which have different abilities to react (ion activity). The reactivity affects the element’s mobility and bioavailability. This method can be employed to estimate potential bioavailability and toxicity of a given element. This study was undertaken to evaluaate effects of selected soil properties on changes in the total concentration of copper (Cu) and percentages of particular forms of this element in soil solution. The study was based on a microplot experiment. The investigated factors were the soil texture, pH, organic carbon content and degree of soil copper contamination. Soil solutions were obtained with the vacuum displacement method. The concentration of copper in soil solution was determined with the ICP method, and the percentages of particular copper forms in the total copper concentration were calculated with the MINTEQA 2 software. It was found that copper in the analysed soil solutions occurred mainly in the form of metalorganic complexes. The increasing soil acidity was correlated with an increased percentage of free copper ions and copper complexes with organic matter. Simultaneously, the share of bonds with carbonates, sulfates and hydroxyl groups decreased. A decrease in the percentage of Cu 2+ free ions in the soil solution was observed in response to an increasing organic carbon content, while the percentage of copper complexes with organic matter rose. The degree of soil copper contamination and soil texture had no influence on the percentages of different copper forms in the soil solution.

The study was carried out to asses the influence of soil mineral fertilization, manure application and soil liming on changes in the concentration of microelements (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in soil solution. The tests were performed on samples of sandy soil collected from long-term fertilization experiments being conducted on lessive soil of the granulometric structure of clayish sand. Soil solution was prepared with the suction method. The concentration of microelements in soil solution was determined by means of the ICP method. The results showed an increase in Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and a decrease in B and Mo in soil solution when soil was fertilized with nitrogen. The concentration of microelements in soil solution was not significantly influenced when soil was fertilized with phosphorous and potassium. Liming had a significant effect on a decrease in the concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and an increase in B and Mo in soil solution. Soil application of manure significantly increased the concentration of microelements in soil solution.

Soil solution is a significant link in the process of plant nutrition. Analysis of the soil solution as a background of fertilization diagnostics may be very promising. Concentration of ions, being the nutrients in the soil solution is relatively low. Therefore, the questions arises: to what degree — in quantity aspect — the components of the soil solution cover the nutritional requirements of plants. The degree of quantitative coverage of nutritional requirements of the selected plants by ions (P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn), contained in the soil solution of arable layer of cultivated soils from Poland, was evaluated. To illustrate this relationship the the synthetic index, which has been called “solution recovery coefficient” (SRC), was calculated.

The aim of the study was to determine plant needs with regard to sulphur fertilization based on the assessments of sulphur in the soil profile carried out in the early spring. The study was founded on the continuous fertilization ex periment established in 1985 at the Experimental Station of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, which is located in Skierniewice. Soil samples were collected in the years 2009–2011 in the early spring (February/March) at low soil temperatures. The samples were taken at three soil depths: 0–30, 30–60, 60–90 cm. The content of sulfate sulphur was assessed in fresh soil samples after extraction in 0.01 mol/L CaCl 2 . The plants cultivated during the study were spring barley and yellow lupine. The amount of sulphur in soil profile was too small and not sufficient to fulfill yellow lupine nutritional needs, thus could be a limiting factor for successful yield production. Regardless the fertilizer treatment, the amount of sulfate sulphur found in 0–60 cm soil layer fully covered nutritional needs of spring barley.