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1. A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO2

Author: Robert B. Jackson, J. Rosende, Peter B. Reich, J. Fisher, Yolima Carrillo, Elise Pendall, K. Van Sundert, Richard P. Phillips, Jennifer Pett-Ridge, Benjamin N. Sulman, K. J. van Groenigen, R. D. Evans, Sara Vicca, Trevor F. Keenan, Adam F. A. Pellegrini, Bruce A. Hungate, Haicheng Zhang, Matthew E. Craig, Benjamin D. Stocker, and César Terrer
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, food and beverages, Carbon sink, Biomass, Soil carbon, complex mixtures, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nutrient, Agronomy, chemistry, Carbon dioxide, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Terrestrial ecosystems remove about 30 per cent of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by human activities each year1, yet the persistence of this carbon sink depends partly on how plant biomass and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks respond to future increases in atmospheric CO2 (refs. 2,3). Although plant biomass often increases in elevated CO2 (eCO2) experiments4–6, SOC has been observed to increase, remain unchanged or even decline7. The mechanisms that drive this variation across experiments remain poorly understood, creating uncertainty in climate projections8,9. Here we synthesized data from 108 eCO2 experiments and found that the effect of eCO2 on SOC stocks is best explained by a negative relationship with plant biomass: when plant biomass is strongly stimulated by eCO2, SOC storage declines; conversely, when biomass is weakly stimulated, SOC storage increases. This trade-off appears to be related to plant nutrient acquisition, in which plants increase their biomass by mining the soil for nutrients, which decreases SOC storage. We found that, overall, SOC stocks increase with eCO2 in grasslands (8 ± 2 per cent) but not in forests (0 ± 2 per cent), even though plant biomass in grasslands increase less (9 ± 3 per cent) than in forests (23 ± 2 per cent). Ecosystem models do not reproduce this trade-off, which implies that projections of SOC may need to be revised. A synthesis of elevated carbon dioxide experiments reveals that when plant biomass is strongly stimulated by elevated carbon dioxide levels, soil carbon storage declines, and where biomass is weakly stimulated, soil carbon accumulates.
Published: 2021
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2. Deciphering climate, soil, and phylogenetic controls on leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of terrestrial plants

Author: Benjamin D. Stocker, Zhengbing Yan, Jingyun Fang, and Di Tian
Subjects: Phylogenetic tree, chemistry, ved/biology, Phosphorus, Terrestrial plant, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Botany, chemistry.chemical_element, Nitrogen, Stoichiometry
Abstract: Leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential nutrients constraining plant growth and ecosystem productivity. Stoichiometric relationships between N and P concentration have been explored at both regional and global levels in recent decades, especially for leaves, resulting in the increasing number of available data. For example, threshold values of leaf N:P ratios and a 2/3 power law of leaf N-P scaling relationship have been proposed, and are widely used to detect nutrient limitation in terrestrial ecosystems. However, our recent work has revealed that significant variation in the scaling exponent of leaf N against P concentration appeared not only across plant functional and taxonomic groups, but also along climatic and soil fertility gradients. This suggests the N vs. P scaling exponent to be a relatively plastic “trait” that is shaped by local climate environments, soil nutrient conditions, and phylogeny in conjunction, with important feedbacks to ecosystem function and crucial insights into traditional mechanistic ecosystem models, which have mostly modelled the controls on leaf N and P stoichiometric characteristics through the relationships of foliar nutrient concentrations with soil nutrient availability across plant functional types (PFT), ignoring the important differences within PFTs and species along climatic gradients.To further identify relationships of leaf N against P concentrations with multiple controls across the globe, we compiled a comprehensive leaf N and P dataset. Totally, this dataset contains 12,453 individual records spanning 2,158 sites worldwide, including 203 families, 1,291 genera and 3,361 species. The climatic, soil variables and phylogenetic information provided for each individual record included: (1) geographical location information; (2) topography indices; (3) sampling period during the field campaigns and experiments; (4) taxonomic information; (5) life form (i.e. angiosperm vs. gymnosperm, monocotyledonous vs. dicotyledonous, woody (including coniferous, deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen broad-leaved woody) vs. herbaceous plants; (6) climate indices, including mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, aridity index, maximum cumulative water deficit; (7) pairwise soil N and P concentrations for part of the whole records; (8) corresponding soil class information from the Harmonized World Soil Database; (9) corresponding atmospheric CO2 concentration and bulk atmospheric N deposition during the sampling period; and (10) specific leaf area (TRY Plant Trait Database).Moreover, we built empirical models of varying complexity, which provides critical insight into the relative importance of plant phylogeny, soil properties and climatic variables in shaping global-scale leaf N and P stoichiometry of terrestrial plants. Then, we assessed the power of the modelled optimal maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate standardized to 25 ℃ (Vcmax25), based on leaf N concentrations, as an independent predictor to investigate the power of the state-of-the-art optimality model driven by climate variables alone for photosynthetic traits. We further explored the use of the N~P scaling relationship for each specific species, life form and PFT in parameterizing current ecosystem models. Collectively, our work may provide an important benchmark for connecting plant elemental stoichiometry with next-generation earth system models, which can enhance our predictions of ecosystem functioning and vegetation dynamics, especially in the context of rapidly environmental changes with increasing CO2 and N deposition.
Published: 2021
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3. Combining diverse data for the quantification of terrestrial carbon and nitrogen allocations

Author: Benjamin D. Stocker, Yunke Peng, Sara Vicca, Keith J. Bloomfield, Yuanfeng Sun, Xiangping Wang, Zhiwen Guo, Colin Prentice, Di Tian, and Matteo Campioli
Subjects: chemistry, Environmental chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Environmental science, Nitrogen, Carbon
Abstract: Plants not only acquire carbon to sustain biomass production, autotrophic respiration, and the production of non-structural compounds, but also require nitrogen to support carboxylation and growth. However, available observations have not fully been integrated and used for modelling growth, carbon allocation to different compartments, and how different compartments’ nitrogen-to-carbon ratio vary across large climatic and soil gradients. This leaves substantial uncertainty in estimates of the global distribution of growth and nitrogen uptake by plants. Here, we used the P-model, a first principles-derived and remote sensing-driven model for terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) to simulate the global distribution of GPP. Using comprehensive datasets with locally measured covariates for climatic and edaphic conditions and vegetation structure, we modelled the fractional allocation of GPP to biomass production (BP), aboveground net primary production (ANPP), and leaf NPP based on linear mixed-effects regression models. We defined BP as the sum of NPP in leaves, wood and roots. It thus does not include additional components such as exudates and labile carbon to mycorrhizae. Leaf nitrogen-to-carbon was modelled based on the maximum rate of carboxylation at 25 degrees Celsius (Vcmax25) and leaf mass per area (LMA). We then used global gridded data for the covariates that entered as predictors in site-level empirical models to simulate global C and N allocated to each component. We finally validated our global simulation results with an extended set of globally distributed GPP, BP and nitrogen-to-carbon ratio observations. GPP was well predicted (R2 = 0.61). In forests, ratios of BP/GPP and ANPP/GPP decreased with soil C/N and stand-age but increased with humidity and with the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR). The ratio of leaf NPP to ANPP, increased with light availability and growth temperature, but decreased with vapor pressure deficit. Leaf nitrogen-to-carbon ratio was positively related to the ratio of Vcmax25 to LMA. Leaf nitrogen resorption efficiency (NRE) was increased in drier and colder environments. Through our data validation at the end, we have shown a prediction for NPP (R2 = 0.26), ANPP (R2 = 0.28), leaf NPP (R2 = 0.39), NRE (R2 = 0.30), leaf N/C (R2 = 0.26) and leaf N flux (R2 = 0.35). Simulated global total GPP is 125 Pg C yr-1. Based on these statistical models, global mean carbon-use-efficiency (BP/GPP) was estimated to be 40%. The ratio of ANPP/BP was 72%, and ANPP was further split with 46% to leaf NPP and 54% to wood NPP. Simulated global total nitrogen acquisition (total of uptake from the soil and symbiotic N fixation) was 860 Tg N yr-1. Growth in the leaf, wood and root compartment accounted for 39%, 23% and 38% of global N acquisition, respectively. We suggest that plant adaptations result in higher ANPP, leaf NPP and finally leaf N flux under warmer, wetter, more abundant light and N-rich soil conditions, which aims to support higher rate of photosynthesis with greater nitrogen investment in the leaf.
Published: 2021
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4. Global carbon and water exchange during drought reflects adaptation of rooting depth to climate and topography

Author: Benjamin D. Stocker, Shersingh Joseph Tumber-Dávila, Alexandra G. Konings, and Robert B. Jackson
Subjects: chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Environmental science, Water exchange, Adaptation, Atmospheric sciences, Carbon
Abstract: The rooting zone water storage capacity (S) defines the total amount of water available to plants for transpiration during rain-free periods. Thereby, S determines the sensitivity of carbon and water exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere, controls the sensitivity of ecosystem functioning to progressive drought conditions, and mediates feedbacks between soil moisture and near-surface air temperatures. While being a central quantity for water-carbon-climate coupling, S is inherently difficult to observe. Notwithstanding scarcity of observations, terrestrial biosphere and Earth system models rely on the specification of S either directly or indirectly through assuming plant rooting depth.Here, we model S based on the assumption that plants size their rooting depth to maintain function under the expected maximum cumulative water deficit (CWD), occurring with a return period of 40 years (CWDX40), following Gao et al. (2014). CWDX40 is “translated” into a rooting depth by accounting for the soil texture. CWD is defined as the cumulative evapotranspiration (ET) minus precipitation, where ET is estimated based on thermal infrared remote sensing (ALEXI-ET), and precipitation is from WATCH-WFDEI, modified by accounting for snow accumulation and melt. In contrast to other satellite remote sensing-based ET products, ALEXI-ET makes no a priori assumption about S and, as our evaluation shows, exhibits no systematic bias with increasing CWD. It thus provides a robust observation of surface water loss and enables estimation of S with global coverage at 0.05° (~5 km) resolution.Modelled S and its variations across biomes is largely consistent with observed rooting depth, provided as ecosystem-level maximum estimates by Schenk et al. (2002), and a recently compiled comprehensive plant-level dataset. In spite of the general agreement of modelled and observed rooting depth across large climatic gradients, comparisons between local observations and global model predictions are mired by a scale mismatch that is particularly relevant for plant rooting depth, for which the small-scale topographical setting and hydrological conditions, in particular the water table depth, pose strong controls.To resolve this limitation, we investigate the sensitivity of photosynthesis (estimated by sun-induced fluorescence, SIF), and of the evaporative fraction (EF, defined as ET over net radiation) to CWD. By employing first principles for the constraint of rooting zone water availability on ET and photosynthesis, it can be derived how their sensitivity to the increasing CWD relates to S. We make use of this relationship to provide an alternative and independent estimate of S (SdSIF and SdEF), informed by Earth observation data, to which S, modelled using CWDX40, can be compared. Our comparison reveals a strong correlation (R2=0.54) and tight consistency in magnitude between the two approaches for estimating S. Our analysis suggests adaptation of plant structure to prevailing climatic conditions and drought regimes across the globe and at catchment scale and demonstrates its implications for land-atmosphere exchange. Our global high-resolution mapping of S reveals contrasts between plant growth forms (grasslands vs. forests) and a discrepant importance across the landscape of plants’ access to water stored at depth, and enables an observation-informed specification of S in global models.
Published: 2021
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5. Disentangling the role of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance on rising forest water-use efficiency

Author: Thomas Kolb, Jingfeng Xiao, Rosvel Bracho-Garrillo, Rossella Guerrieri, Kimberly A. Novick, Heidi Asbjornsen, Andrew D. Richardson, Benjamin D. Stocker, Mary E. Martin, Kenneth L. Clark, Katie A. Jennings, J. William Munger, Scott V. Ollinger, Soumaya Belmecheri, Sabina Dore, David Y. Hollinger, Guerrieri R., Belmecheri S., Ollinger S.V., Asbjornsen H., Jennings K., Xiao J., Stocker B.D., Martin M., Hollinger D.Y., Bracho-Garrillo R., Clark K., Dore S., Kolb T., William Munger J., Novick K., and Richardson A.D.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Water-use efficiency, Stomatal conductance, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, stable isotopes, AmeriFlux, Photosynthesis, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, chemistry.chemical_compound, water-use efficiency, CO2 fertilization, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Stable isotopes, Multidisciplinary, Moisture, Stable isotope ratio, Tree rings, Biological Sciences, 15. Life on land, Stable isotope, tree rings, chemistry, fertilization, 13. Climate action, Carbon dioxide, Environmental science, CO2, Tree ring, Temperate rainforest, Environmental Sciences, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Significance Forests remove about 30% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions through photosynthesis and return almost 40% of incident precipitation back to the atmosphere via transpiration. The trade-off between photosynthesis and transpiration through stomata, the water-use efficiency (WUE), is an important driver of plant evolution and ecosystem functioning, and has profound effects on climate. Using stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in tree rings, we found that WUE has increased by a magnitude consistent with estimates from atmospheric measurements and model predictions. Enhanced photosynthesis was widespread, while reductions in stomatal conductance were modest and restricted to moisture-limited forests. This result points to smaller reductions in transpiration in response to increasing atmospheric CO2, with important implications for forest–climate interactions, which remain to be explored., Multiple lines of evidence suggest that plant water-use efficiency (WUE)—the ratio of carbon assimilation to water loss—has increased in recent decades. Although rising atmospheric CO2 has been proposed as the principal cause, the underlying physiological mechanisms are still being debated, and implications for the global water cycle remain uncertain. Here, we addressed this gap using 30-y tree ring records of carbon and oxygen isotope measurements and basal area increment from 12 species in 8 North American mature temperate forests. Our goal was to separate the contributions of enhanced photosynthesis and reduced stomatal conductance to WUE trends and to assess consistency between multiple commonly used methods for estimating WUE. Our results show that tree ring-derived estimates of increases in WUE are consistent with estimates from atmospheric measurements and predictions based on an optimal balancing of carbon gains and water costs, but are lower than those based on ecosystem-scale flux observations. Although both physiological mechanisms contributed to rising WUE, enhanced photosynthesis was widespread, while reductions in stomatal conductance were modest and restricted to species that experienced moisture limitations. This finding challenges the hypothesis that rising WUE in forests is primarily the result of widespread, CO2-induced reductions in stomatal conductance.
Published: 2021

6. Revisiting Carbon Storage in Northern Peatlands: Ground-Based Estimates and Top-Down Constraints from Holocene Global Carbon Budget Reconstructions

Author: Fortunat Joos, Benjamin D. Stocker, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Julie Loisel, Jochen Schmitt, T. K. Bauska, Zicheng Yu, Victor Brovkin, Hubertus Fischer, Gustaf Hugelius, and Thomas Kleinen
Subjects: Carbon storage, Peat, chemistry, Earth science, Environmental science, chemistry.chemical_element, Carbon, Holocene
Abstract: Northern peatlands store large amounts of carbon (C) and have played an important role in the global carbon cycle since the Last Glacial Maximum. Most northern peatlands have established since the end of the deglaciation and accumulated C over the Holocene, leading to a total present-day stock of 500 ± 100 GtC. This is a consolidated estimate, emerging from a diversity of methods using observational data. Recently, Nichols and Peteet (2019 Nature Geoscience 12: 917-921) presented an estimate of the northern peat C stock of 1055 GtC—exceeding previous estimates by a factor of two. Here, we will review various approaches and estimates of northern peatlands C storage in the literature and consider peat C storage in the context of the Holocene global C budget. We argue that the estimate by Nichols and Peteet is an overestimate, caused by systematic bias introduced by their inclusion of data that are representative for the major peatland regions and of records that lack direct measurements of C density. In particular, some “peatland” sites and data that were included in their synthesis were likely from lacustrine sediments prior to the onset of peat deposits. Furthermore, we argue that their estimate cannot be reconciled within the constraints offered by ice-core and marine records of stable C isotopes and estimated contributions from other processes that affected the terrestrial C storage during the Holocene.
Published: 2020
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7. Author Correction: Nitrogen and phosphorus constrain the CO2 fertilization of global plant biomass

Author: César Terrer, Peter B. Reich, Benjamin D. Stocker, Christoph Müller, Sara Vicca, Shilong Piao, Robert B. Jackson, Paul C. D. Newton, Takayoshi Koike, Oskar Franklin, Marcel R. Hoosbeek, H. Wayne Polley, Dana M. Blumenthal, Alan F. Talhelm, Wolfgang Viechtbauer, Josep Peñuelas, Klaus Winter, Trevor F. Keenan, Caspar J. van Lissa, Kevin Van Sundert, I. Colin Prentice, Joshua B. Fisher, Lucas A. Cernusak, Bruce A. Hungate, Christopher B. Field, Makoto Watanabe, Yi Y. Liu, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Mark J. Hovenden, Christina Kaiser, Ian McCallum, and Victor O. Leshyk
Subjects: WIMEK, Bodemscheikunde en Chemische Bodemkwaliteit, Phosphorus, chemistry.chemical_element, Biomass, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Nitrogen, Human fertilization, Agronomy, chemistry, Life Science, Environmental science, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), Soil Chemistry and Chemical Soil Quality
Published: 2020
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8. Nitrogen and phosphorus constrain the CO2 fertilization of global plant biomass

Author: Caspar J. van Lissa, Benjamin D. Stocker, Oskar Franklin, Peter B. Reich, I. Colin Prentice, Kevin Van Sundert, Alan F. Talhelm, Josep Peñuelas, Mark J. Hovenden, Christina Kaiser, Takayoshi Koike, Paul C. D. Newton, Joshua B. Fisher, Robert B. Jackson, Sara Vicca, Klaus Winter, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Marcel R. Hoosbeek, H. Wayne Polley, Makoto Watanabe, Christoph Müller, Ian McCallum, Lucas A. Cernusak, Bruce A. Hungate, Christopher B. Field, Victor O. Leshyk, Trevor F. Keenan, Dana M. Blumenthal, Yi Y. Liu, Wolfgang Viechtbauer, César Terrer, Shilong Piao, AXA Research Fund, Commission of the European Communities, Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, and RS: MHeNs School for Mental Health and Neuroscience
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental Studies, 01 natural sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, CARBON, Human fertilization, Nutrient, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, 0502 Environmental Science and Management, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Biomass (ecology), Physics, FOREST PRODUCTIVITY, Vegetation, Nitrogen, Chemistry, Physical Sciences, GROWTH, 0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Ecosystem ecology, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Bodemscheikunde en Chemische Bodemkwaliteit, Environmental Science and Management, chemistry.chemical_element, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Atmospheric Sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, ENHANCEMENT, Life Science, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, Biology, METAANALYSIS, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Science & Technology, WIMEK, Phosphorus, Biogeochemistry, MOJAVE DESERT, 15. Life on land, CLIMATE, Climate Action, Agronomy, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, 0401 Atmospheric Sciences, ELEVATED CO2, Environmental Sciences, Soil Chemistry and Chemical Soil Quality, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), RESPONSES
Abstract: Elevated CO2 (eCO(2)) experiments provide critical information to quantify the effects of rising CO2 on vegetation 1-6 . Many eCO(2) experiments suggest that nutrient limitations modulate the local magnitude of the eCO(2) effect on plant biomass(1,3,5), but the global extent of these limitations has not been empirically quantified, complicating projections of the capacity of plants to take up CO27,9. Here, we present a data-driven global quantification of the eCO(2) effect on biomass based on 138 eCO(2) experiments. The strength of CO2 fertilization is primarily driven by nitrogen (N) in similar to 65% of global vegetation and by phosphorus (P) in similar to 25% of global vegetation, with N- or P-limitation modulated by mycorrhizal association. Our approach suggests that CO2 levels expected by 2100 can potentially enhance plant biomass by 12 +/- 3% above current values, equivalent to 59 +/- 13 PgC. The globalscale response to eCO(2) we derive from experiments is similar to past changes in greenness(9) and bio-mass(10) with rising CO2, suggesting that CO2 will continue to stimulate plant biomass in the future despite the constraining effect of soil nutrients. Our research reconciles conflicting evidence on CO2 fertilization across scales and provides an empirical estimate of the biomass sensitivity to eCO(2) that may help to constrain climate projections.
Published: 2019

9. Using research networks to create the comprehensive datasets needed to assess nutrient availability as a key determinant of terrestrial carbon cycling

Author: Jordi Sardans, Shilong Piao, Philip A. Fay, Sasha C. Reed, Karin T. Rebel, Kevin Van Sundert, Hans Lambers, Philippe Ciais, Josep Peñuelas, William R. Wieder, Michael Bahn, Sönke Zaehle, Ying-Ping Wang, Sara Vicca, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Ivan A. Janssens, Benjamin D. Stocker, Auðlinda- og umhverfisdeild (LBHÍ), Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences (AUI), Landbúnaðarháskóli Íslands, Agricultural University of Iceland, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Environmental Sciences
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Nutrient cycle, Global vegetation models, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental change, carbon-nutrient cycle interactions, data syntheses, manipulation experiments, Kolefni, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Nutrient, global vegetation models, nutrients, Environmental Science(all), Ecosystem, Renewable Energy, Jarðvegur, Biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Manipulation experiments, Carbon-nutrient cycle interactions, Data syntheses, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Physics, Environmental resource management, Environmental and Occupational Health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Nutrients, Chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Key (cryptography), Environmental science, Nutrient availability, Public Health, business, Cycling, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: A wide range of research shows that nutrient availability strongly influences terrestrial carbon (C) cycling and shapes ecosystem responses to environmental changes and hence terrestrial feedbacks to climate. Nonetheless, our understanding of nutrient controls remains far from complete and poorly quantified, at least partly due to a lack of informative, comparable, and accessible datasets at regional-to-global scales. A growing research infrastructure of multi-site networks are providing valuable data on C fluxes and stocks and are monitoring their responses to global environmental change and measuring responses to experimental treatments. These networks thus provide an opportunity for improving our understanding of C-nutrient cycle interactions and our ability to model them. However, coherent information on how nutrient cycling interacts with observed C cycle patterns is still generally lacking. Here, we argue that complementing available C-cycle measurements from monitoring and experimental sites with data characterizing nutrient availability will greatly enhance their power and will improve our capacity to forecast future trajectories of terrestrial C cycling and climate. Therefore, we propose a set of complementary measurements that are relatively easy to conduct routinely at any site or experiment and that, in combination with C cycle observations, can provide a robust characterization of the effects of nutrient availability across sites. In addition, we discuss the power of different observable variables for informing the formulation of models and constraining their predictions. Most widely available measurements of nutrient availability often do not align well with current modelling needs. This highlights the importance to foster the interaction between the empirical and modelling communities for setting future research priorities., We acknowledge support of the European Research Council grant ERC-SyG-610028 IMBALANCE-P and the ClimMani COST Action (ES1308). SV is a postdoctoral fellow and KVS a PhD fellow of the Fund for Scientific Research—Flanders (FWO). BDS was funded by ERC H2020-MSCA-IF-2015, FIBER, grant number 701329. SCR was supported by the US Geological Survey and the US Department of Energy (DE-SC-0011806). WRW was supported by the US Department of Agriculture NIFA Award number 2015-67003-23485, NASA Interdisciplinary Science Program award number NNX17AK19G, and US National Science Foundation grant DEB 1637686 to the Niwot Ridge LTER. Any use of firm, product, or trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. MB was supported by Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project no. P28572 and the Austrian Academy of Sciences (project ClimLUC). SZ was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (QUINCY; grant no. 647204).
Published: 2018
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10. Contrasting CO2 emissions from different Holocene land-use reconstructions: Does the carbon budget add up?

Author: Fortunat Joos, Zicheng Yu, and Benjamin D. Stocker
Subjects: 010506 paleontology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Land use, 530 Physics, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, chemistry, 550 Earth sciences & geology, Environmental science, Physical geography, Land resources, Carbon, Holocene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Published: 2018
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11. Audit of the global carbon budget: estimate errors and their impact on uptake uncertainty

Author: Pieter P. Tans, Michael D. DeGrandpre, Rik Wanninkhof, John B. Miller, Leila Cooper, James W. C. White, Robert J. Andres, William R. L. Anderegg, Caroline B. Alden, Richard A. Houghton, Ashley P. Ballantyne, and Benjamin D. Stocker
Subjects: Land use, business.industry, Fossil fuel, lcsh:QE1-996.5, lcsh:Life, chemistry.chemical_element, Biosphere, Monitoring system, Fossil fuel emissions, Ecosystem services, Atmosphere, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, chemistry, Climatology, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology, business, Carbon, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract: Over the last 5 decades monitoring systems have been developed to detect changes in the accumulation of carbon (C) in the atmosphere and ocean; however, our ability to detect changes in the behavior of the global C cycle is still hindered by measurement and estimate errors. Here we present a rigorous and flexible framework for assessing the temporal and spatial components of estimate errors and their impact on uncertainty in net C uptake by the biosphere. We present a novel approach for incorporating temporally correlated random error into the error structure of emission estimates. Based on this approach, we conclude that the 2σ uncertainties of the atmospheric growth rate have decreased from 1.2 Pg C yr−1 in the 1960s to 0.3 Pg C yr−1 in the 2000s due to an expansion of the atmospheric observation network. The 2σ uncertainties in fossil fuel emissions have increased from 0.3 Pg C yr−1 in the 1960s to almost 1.0 Pg C yr−1 during the 2000s due to differences in national reporting errors and differences in energy inventories. Lastly, while land use emissions have remained fairly constant, their errors still remain high and thus their global C uptake uncertainty is not trivial. Currently, the absolute errors in fossil fuel emissions rival the total emissions from land use, highlighting the extent to which fossil fuels dominate the global C budget. Because errors in the atmospheric growth rate have decreased faster than errors in total emissions have increased, a ~20% reduction in the overall uncertainty of net C global uptake has occurred. Given all the major sources of error in the global C budget that we could identify, we are 93% confident that terrestrial C uptake has increased and 97% confident that ocean C uptake has increased over the last 5 decades. Thus, it is clear that arguably one of the most vital ecosystem services currently provided by the biosphere is the continued removal of approximately half of atmospheric CO2 emissions from the atmosphere, although there are certain environmental costs associated with this service, such as the acidification of ocean waters.
Published: 2015

12. Global carbon budget 2013

Author: Bronte Tilbrook, Glen P. Peters, Andy Wiltshire, Abdirahman M Omar, Almut Arneth, A. Arvanitis, Joanna Isobel House, Richard A. Houghton, Pieter P. Tans, Benjamin D. Stocker, Josep G. Canadell, Nathalie Lefèvre, S. van Heuven, C. Le Quéré, Steve D Jones, Christian Rödenbeck, Pierre Regnier, R. Moriarty, T. Ono, Robbie M. Andrew, Stephen Sitch, Geun-Ha Park, Louise Chini, Atul K. Jain, Philippe Ciais, Fabienne Maignan, Anna B. Harper, Etsushi Kato, S. Saito, Benjamin Pfeil, Jörg Schwinger, Gregg Marland, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Michael R. Raupach, Ian Harris, Laurent Bopp, Thomas A. Boden, Arne Körtzinger, Sönke Zaehle, Nicolas Viovy, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Pierre Friedlingstein, Rik Wanninkhof, Benjamin Poulter, Taro Takahashi, Joachim Segschneider, Scott C. Doney, Ralph F. Keeling, Robert J. Andres, Charles D. Koven, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Exeter, Appalachian State University, University, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research and School of Environmental Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System, The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Chemistry Department [Massachusetts Institute of Technology], Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Geosciences: 450::Meteorology: 453 [VDP], MODELS, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Oseanografi: 452 [VDP], Earth and Planetary Sciences(all), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Carbon cycle, Atmosphere, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Meteorologi: 453 [VDP], carbon budget, chemistry.chemical_compound, METHANE, carbon sinks, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Geosciences: 450::Oceanography: 452 [VDP], Deforestation, CARBON DIOXIDE, ddc:550, Climate change, fossil fuels, Energy statistics, Land use change, lcsh:Environmental sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, Généralités, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, Earth sciences, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Carbon dioxide, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Sink (computing)
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (G ATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ ,reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003-2012), EFF was 8.6±0.4 GtC yr-1, ELUC 0.9±0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.3±0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.5±0.5 GtC yr -1, and SLAND 2.8±0.8 GtC yr-1. For year 2012 alone, EFF grew to 9.7±0.5 GtC yr-1, 2.2% above 2011, reflecting a continued growing trend in these emissions, G ATM was 5.1±0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9±0.5 GtC yr-1, and assuming an ELUC of 1.0±0.5 GtC yr-1 (based on the 2001-2010 average), S LAND was 2.7±0.9 GtC yr-1. GATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003-2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high EFF. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 392.52±0.10 ppm averaged over 2012. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.1% (1.1- 3.1 %) to 9.9±0.5 GtC in 2013, 61% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy.With this projection, cumulative emissions ofCO2 will reach about 535±55 GtC for 1870-2013, about 70% from EFF (390±20 GtC) and 30% from ELUC (145±50 GtC). This paper also documents any changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget from previous budgets (Le Quéré et al. 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP-2013-V2.3). © 2014 Author(s) CC Attribution 3.0 License., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2014
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13. The global carbon budget 1959-2011

Author: Philippe Ciais, Robert J. Andres, Glen P. Peters, Sönke Zaehle, Pierre Friedlingstein, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Scott C. Doney, Chris Huntingford, Benjamin Poulter, Mark R. Lomas, Joanna Isobel House, Michael R. Raupach, Anders Ahlström, Etsushi Kato, Jörg Schwinger, Gregg Marland, Tom Boden, Laurent Bopp, G. R. van der Werf, Atul K. Jain, Thomas J. Conway, Peter Levy, Clare Enright, Robbie M. Andrew, Nicolas Viovy, C. Le Quéré, C. Jourdain, Josep G. Canadell, Ralph F. Keeling, Ning Zeng, Stephen Sitch, Samuel Levis, Benjamin D. Stocker, Richard A. Houghton, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center [Oak Ridge] (CDIAC), U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Cabot Institute, University of Bristol [Bristol], Appalachian State University, University of North Carolina System (UNC), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Global Carbon Project (GCP), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry (WHOI), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of Illinois [Chicago] (UIC), University of Illinois System, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), The Scripps Research Institute [La Jolla, San Diego], PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Utrecht University [Utrecht], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Centre for Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics: National Centre for Earth Observation (CTCD), University of Sheffield [Sheffield], University of Bergen (UiB), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science [College Park] (AOSC), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, European Project: 283080,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2011,GEOCARBON(2011), European Project: 226520,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2008-1,COMBINE(2009), European Project: 264879,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,CARBOCHANGE(2011), Tectonics, Earth and Climate, Theoretical Chemistry, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), The Scripps Research Institute [La Jolla], University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, and Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern]
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, chemistry.chemical_compound, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Data and Information, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Land use, land-use change and forestry, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, lcsh:Environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, Geology, LAND-USE CHANGE, COVER CHANGE, Climatology, Carbon dioxide, Physical Sciences, FIRE EMISSIONS, VEGETATION DYNAMICS, 530 Physics, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Geosciences: 450::Meteorology: 453 [VDP], Climate change, Land cover, INTERNATIONAL-TRADE, Ecology and Environment, Atmospheric Sciences, Carbon cycle, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Meteorologi: 453 [VDP], Meteorology and Climatology, Deforestation, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Science & Technology, business.industry, Fossil fuel, 15. Life on land, Marine Sciences, MODEL, CLIMATE, lcsh:Geology, chemistry, 13. Climate action, CO2 EMISSIONS, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, business
Abstract: Accurate assessments of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the climate policy process, and project future climate change. Present-day analysis requires the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. Here we describe datasets and a methodology developed by the global carbon cycle science community to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, and methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from Land-Use Change (ELUC), including deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land cover change data, fire activity in regions undergoing deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. Finally, the global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms. For the last decade available (2002–2011), EFF was 8.3 &pm; 0.4 PgC yr−1, ELUC 1.0 &pm; 0.5 PgC yr−1, GATM 4.3 &pm; 0.1PgC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.5 &pm; 0.5 PgC yr−1, and SLAND 2.6 &pm; 0.8 PgC yr−1. For year 2011 alone, EFF was 9.5 &pm; 0.5 PgC yr−1, 3.0 percent above 2010, reflecting a continued trend in these emissions; ELUC was 0.9 &pm; 0.5 PgC yr−1, approximately constant throughout the decade; GATM was 3.6 &pm; 0.2 PgC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.7 &pm; 0.5 PgC yr−1, and SLAND was 4.1 &pm; 0.9 PgC yr−1. GATM was low in 2011 compared to the 2002–2011 average because of a high uptake by the land probably in response to natural climate variability associated to La Niña conditions in the Pacific Ocean. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 391.31 &pm; 0.13 ppm at the end of year 2011. We estimate that EFF will have increased by 2.6% (1.9–3.5%) in 2012 based on projections of gross world product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. All uncertainties are reported as &pm;1 sigma (68% confidence assuming Gaussian error distributions that the real value lies within the given interval), reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. This paper is intended to provide a baseline to keep track of annual carbon budgets in the future. All data presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_V2013).
Published: 2013
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14. The terrestrial carbon budget of South and Southeast Asia

Author: Etsushi Kato, Stephen Sitch, Nicolas Viovy, Richard A. Houghton, Shijie Shu, Matthew Charles Cervarich, Benjamin Poulter, Charles D. Koven, Josep G. Canadell, Almut Arneth, Ning Zeng, Benjamin D. Stocker, Atul K. Jain, Andy Wiltshire, Pierre Friedlingstein, Prabir K. Patra, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Life on Land, land surface model, chemistry.chemical_element, Land cover, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Southeast asia, carbon budget, ddc:550, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Land use, land-use change and forestry, terrestrial carbon, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Foundation (engineering), 15. Life on land, ComputingMilieux_GENERAL, Climate Action, Earth sciences, Oceanography, Geography, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Physical geography, Carbon
Abstract: Accomplishing the objective of the current climate policies will require establishing carbon budget and flux estimates in each region and county of the globe by comparing and reconciling multiple estimates including the observations and the results of top-down atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) inversions and bottom-up dynamic global vegetation models. With this in view, this study synthesizes the carbon source/sink due to net ecosystem productivity (NEP), land cover land use change (E$_{LUC}$), fires and fossil burning (E$_{FIRE}$) for the South Asia (SA), Southeast Asia (SEA) and South and Southeast Asia (SSEA = SA + SEA) and each country in these regions using the multiple top-down and bottom-up modeling results. The terrestrial net biome productivity (NBP = NEP – E$_{LUC}$ – E$_{FIRE}$) calculated based on bottom-up models in combination with E$_{FIRE}$ based on GFED4s data show net carbon sinks of 217 ± 147, 10 ± 55, and 227 ± 279 TgC yr$^{-1}$ for SA, SEA, and SSEA. The top-down models estimated NBP net carbon sinks were 20 ± 170, 4 ± 90 and 24 ± 180 TgC yr$^{-1}$. In comparison, regional emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels were 495, 275, and 770 TgC yr$^{-1}$, which are many times higher than the NBP sink estimates, suggesting that the contribution of the fossil fuel emissions to the carbon budget of SSEA results in a significant net carbon source during the 2000s. When considering both NBP and fossil fuel emissions for the individual countries within the regions, Bhutan and Laos were net carbon sinks and rest of the countries were net carbon source during the 2000s. The relative contributions of each of the fluxes (NBP, NEP, E$_{LUC}$, and E$_{FIRE}$, fossil fuel emissions) to a nation’s net carbon flux varied greatly from country to country, suggesting a heterogeneous dominant carbon fluxes on the country-level throughout SSEA.
Published: 2016
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15. Global carbon budget 2014

Author: Joanna Isobel House, Roland Séférian, Stephen Sitch, Robbie M. Andrew, C. Cosca, Jörg Schwinger, Thomas A. Boden, Truls Johannessen, Michael R. Raupach, Pieter P. Tans, Nicolas Metzl, Jeremy T. Mathis, Ying-Ping Wang, R. Moriarty, G. R. van der Werf, Christian Rödenbeck, Peter Landschützer, Ute Schuster, Benjamin D. Stocker, Benjamin Poulter, Taro Takahashi, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Joachim Segschneider, Philippe Ciais, Almut Arneth, Andrew Lenton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Frédéric Chevallier, Laurent Bopp, C. Le Quéré, Etsushi Kato, Wouter Peters, Atul K. Jain, Camilla S. Landa, T. Ono, Ning Zeng, Charles D. Koven, Ralph F. Keeling, Yann Bozec, Joe Salisbury, Ivan D. Lima, Yukihiro Nojiri, Are Olsen, Steve D Jones, Shushi Peng, Mario Hoppema, Richard A. Houghton, Tobias Steinhoff, Bronte Tilbrook, Glen P. Peters, S. Saito, Benjamin Pfeil, Andy Wiltshire, Adrienne J. Sutton, Louise Chini, Josep G. Canadell, Vassilis Kitidis, Ian Harris, Pierre Regnier, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Viovy, Rik Wanninkhof, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, CHImie Marine (CHIM), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), University of Bristol [Bristol], Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Earth Science Division [LBNL Berkeley] (ESD), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics [ETH Zürich] (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship (CSIRO), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Appalachian State University, University, Équipe CO2 (E-CO2), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Swedish Defence Research Agency [Stockholm] (FOI), Meteorology and Air Quality Department [Wageningen] (MAQ), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Montana State University (MSU), Australian National University (ANU), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), University of New Hampshire (UNH), Météo-France [Paris], Météo France, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Imperial College London, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington [Seattle], Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science [College Park] (AOSC), Earth and Climate, Amsterdam Global Change Institute, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Météo-France
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR JULES, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, earth system model, environment simulator jules, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, land-use change, chemistry.chemical_compound, ComputingMethodologies_SYMBOLICANDALGEBRAICMANIPULATION, ddc:550, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Land use, land-use change and forestry, DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, lcsh:Environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, EARTH SYSTEM MODEL, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, terrestrial ecosystems, Vegetation, LAND-USE CHANGE, FLUX VARIABILITY, Climatology, Carbon dioxide, INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY, FIRE EMISSIONS, international-trade, Meteorology and Air Quality, 530 Physics, interannual variability, Climate change, co2 flux variability, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Carbon cycle, Latitude, ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 UPTAKE, Deforestation, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Zoology and botany: 480::Ecology: 488 [VDP], TheoryofComputation_ANALYSISOFALGORITHMSANDPROBLEMCOMPLEXITY, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, atmospheric co2, WIMEK, Généralités, 15. Life on land, dioxide emissions, TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, lcsh:Geology, Earth sciences, mixed-layer scheme, chemistry, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480::Økologi: 488 [VDP], MathematicsofComputing_DISCRETEMATHEMATICS
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2, and land-cover-change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2004-2013) EFF was 8.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr-1, ELUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND 2.9 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1. For year 2013 alone, EFF grew to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, 2.3% above 2012, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM was 5.4 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND was 2.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr-1. GATM was high in 2013, reflecting a steady increase in EFF and smaller and opposite changes between SOCEAN and SLAND compared to the past decade (2004-2013). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 395.31 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2013. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.5% (1.3-3.5%) to 10.1 ± 0.6 GtC in 2014 (37.0 ± 2.2 GtCO2 yr-1), 65% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2014, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 545 ± 55 GtC (2000 ± 200 GtCO2) for 1870-2014, about 75% from EFF and 25% from ELUC. This paper documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this living data set (Le Quéré et al. 2013, 2014). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP-2014)., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2015
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16. Global Carbon Budget 2015

Author: Douglas Vandemark, Robert J. Andres, Charles D. Koven, Christian Rödenbeck, Benjamin Poulter, Taro Takahashi, Leticia Barbero, Yukihiro Nojiri, Fiz F. Pérez, Judith Hauck, Jörg Schwinger, S. Nakaoka, Ralph F. Keeling, Etsushi Kato, Gregor Rehder, Pieter P. Tans, Aki Murata, Thanos Gkritzalis, C. Le Quéré, Nathalie Lefèvre, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, R. Moriarty, T. Ono, Laurent Bopp, Tatiana Ilyina, Jinfeng Chang, Thomas A. Boden, Joanna Isobel House, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Roland Séférian, Atul K. Jain, Marianela Fader, Frank J. Millero, S. van Heuven, Philippe Ciais, Are Olsen, Adrienne J. Sutton, Richard A. Houghton, Louise Chini, Robbie M. Andrew, Denis Pierrot, Tobias Steinhoff, David R. Munro, Nicolas Metzl, Richard A. Feely, Peter Landschützer, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Pierre Friedlingstein, I. T. van der Laan-Luijkx, Siv K. Lauvset, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Ute Schuster, Benjamin D. Stocker, Andrew Lenton, Ian Harris, Vassilis Kitidis, Stephen Sitch, Ning Zeng, Bronte Tilbrook, Glen P. Peters, S. Saito, Benjamin Pfeil, Andy Wiltshire, Sönke Zaehle, Ivan D. Lima, Karen O'Brien, Almut Arneth, Frédéric Chevallier, G. R. van der Werf, Nicolas Viovy, Josep G. Canadell, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Norwegian Research Council, European Commission, Department of Energy (US), Helmholtz Association, Leverhulme Trust, Department of Energy and Climate Change (UK), European Research Council, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK), Department of Commerce (US), National Science Foundation (US), Ministry of Environment (Japan), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (France), Institut Polaire Français Paul Emile Victor, German Research Foundation, Gobierno de España, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, European Space Agency, Research Council of Norway, Swiss National Science Foundation, National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (US), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (US), Leerstoel Ridder, Environmental Sciences, Sub Algemeen Math. Inst, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Oceans and Atmosphere Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, Exeter Climate Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center [Oak Ridge] (CDIAC), U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), University of Bristol [Bristol], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ, Climatic Research Unit [Norwich] (CRU), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics [ETH Zürich] (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship (CSIRO), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Équipe CO2 (E-CO2), Department of Ocean Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] (ATOC), University of Colorado [Boulder], Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Météo-France [Paris], Météo France, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Imperial College London, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington [Seattle], Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science [College Park] (AOSC), European Project: 603542,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,LUC4C(2013), European Project: 282672,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2011,EMBRACE(2011), European Project: 264879,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,CARBOCHANGE(2011), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), Météo-France, Earth and Climate, and Geology and Geochemistry
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR JULES, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, chemistry.chemical_compound, FOSSIL-FUEL COMBUSTION, CO2 FLUX VARIABILITY, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, lcsh:Environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, EARTH SYSTEM MODEL, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, Geology, Vegetation, LAND-USE CHANGE, COVER CHANGE, Carbon dioxide, Physical Sciences, INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY, Meteorology and Air Quality, Life on Land, MIXED-LAYER SCHEME, Climate change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 12. Responsible consumption, Carbon cycle, Latitude, Atmospheric Sciences, Atmosphere, Deforestation, Life Science, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Science & Technology, WIMEK, 15. Life on land, Climate Action, lcsh:Geology, Geochemistry, chemistry, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science
Abstract: 48 pages, 9 figures, 10 tables.-- Proyecto Carbochange, Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates as well as consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2, and land-cover change (some including nitrogen–carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2005–2014), EFF was 9.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM was 4.4 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1. For the year 2014 alone, EFF grew to 9.8 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, 0.6 % above 2013, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, albeit at a slower rate compared to the average growth of 2.2 % yr−1 that took place during 2005–2014. Also, for 2014, ELUC was 1.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM was 3.9 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 4.1 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1. GATM was lower in 2014 compared to the past decade (2005–2014), reflecting a larger SLAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 397.15 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2014. For 2015, preliminary data indicate that the growth in EFF will be near or slightly below zero, with a projection of −0.6 [range of −1.6 to +0.5] %, based on national emissions projections for China and the USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy for the rest of the world. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2015, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 555 ± 55 GtC (2035 ± 205 GtCO2) for 1870–2015, about 75 % from EFF and 25 % from ELUC. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2015, 2014, 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2015)., NERC provided funding to C. Le Quéré, R. Moriarty, and the GCP through their International Opportunities Fund specifically to support this publication (NE/103002X/1). G. P. Peters and R. M. Andrew were supported by the Norwegian Research Council (236296). J. G. Canadell was supported by the Australian Climate Change Science Programme. S. Sitch was supported by EU FP7 for funding through projects LUC4C (GA603542). R. J. Andres was supported by US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research (BER) programmes under US Department of Energy contract DE-AC05- 00OR22725. T. A. Boden was supported by US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research (BER) programmes under US Department of Energy contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.J. I. House was supported by the Leverhulme foundation and the EU FP7 through project LUC4C (GA603542). P. Friedlingstein was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through projects LUC4C (GA603542) and EMBRACE (GA282672). A. Arneth was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through LUC4C (603542), and the Helmholtz foundation and its ATMO programme. D. C. E. Bakker was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through project CARBOCHANGE (284879), the UK Ocean Acidification Research Programme (NE/H017046/1; funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, the Department for Energy and Climate Change and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). L. Barbero was supported by NOAA’s Ocean Acidification Program and acknowledges support for this work from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ROSES Carbon Cycle Science under NASA grant 13-CARBON13_2-0080. P. Ciais acknowledges support from the European Research Council through Synergy grant ERC-2013-SyG-610028 “IMBALANCE-P”. M. Fader was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through project LUC4C (GA603542). J. Hauck was supported by the Helmholtz Postdoc Programme (Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association). R. A. Feely and A. J. Sutton were supported by the Climate Observation Division, Climate Program Office, NOAA, US Department of Commerce. A. K. Jain was supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF AGS 12-43071) the US Department of Energy, Office of Science and BER programmes (DOE DE-SC0006706) and NASA LCLUC programme (NASA NNX14AD94G). E. Kato was supported by the ERTDF (S-10) from the Ministry of Environment, Japan. K. Klein Goldewijk was supported by the Dutch NWO VENI grant no. 863.14.022. S. K. Lauvset was supported by the project “Monitoring ocean acidification in Norwegian waters” from the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. V. Kitidis was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through project CARBOCHANGE (264879). C. Koven was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231 as part of their Regional and Global Climate Modeling Program. P. Landschützer was supported by GEOCarbon. I. T. van der Lann-Luijkx received financial support from OCW/NWO for ICOS-NL and computing time from NWO (SH-060-13). I. D. Lima was supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF AGS-1048827). N. Metzl was supported by Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU) and Institut Paul Emile Victor (IPEV) for OISO cruises. D. R. Munro was supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF PLR-1341647 and NSF AOAS-0944761). J. E. M. S. Nabel was supported by the German Research Foundation’s Emmy Noether Programme (PO1751/1-1) and acknowledges Julia Pongratz and Kim Naudts for their contributions. Y. Nojiri and S. Nakaoka were supported by the Global Environment Research Account for National Institutes (1432) by the Ministry of Environment of Japan. A. Olsen appreciates support from the Norwegian Research Council (SNACS, 229752). F. F. Pérez were supported by BOCATS (CTM2013-41048-P) project co-founded by the Spanish government and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). B. Pfeil was supported through the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme AtlantOS under grant agreement no. 633211. D. Pierrot was supported by NOAA through the Climate Observation Division of the Climate Program Office. B. Poulter was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through GEOCarbon. G. Rehder was supported by BMBF (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung) through project ICOS, grant no. 01LK1224D. U. Schuster was supported by NERC UKOARP (NE/H017046/1), NERC RAGANRoCC (NE/K002473/1), the European Space Agency (ESA) OceanFlux Evolution project, and EU FP7 CARBOCHANGE (264879). T. Steinhoff was supported by ICOS-D (BMBF FK 01LK1101C) and EU FP7 for funding through project CARBOCHANGE (264879). J. Schwinger was supported by the Research Council of Norway through project EVA (229771). T. Takahashi was supported by grants from NOAA and the Comer Education and Science Foundation. B. Tilbrook was supported by the Australian Department of Environment and the Integrated Marine Observing System. B. D. Stocker was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and FP7 funding through project EMBRACE (282672). S. van Heuven was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through project CARBOCHANGE (264879). G. R. van der Werf was supported by the European Research Council (280061). A. Wiltshire was supported by the Joint UK DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101) and EU FP7 Funding through project LUC4C (603542). S. Zaehle was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the Eu ropean Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (QUINCY; grant agreement no. 647204). ISAM (PI: Atul K. Jain) simulations were carried out at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), which is supported by the US DOE under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. Contributions from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography were supported under DoE grant DE-SC0012167 and by Schmidt Philanthropies. This is NOAA-PMEL contribution number 4400
Published: 2015
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17. Effects of global change during the 21st century on the nitrogen cycle

Author: Robert M. Rees, Maria Cristina Facchini, James N. Galloway, Massimo Vieno, Matteo Rinaldi, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, John N. Cape, Marsailidh Twigg, Christophe Flechard, Anthony J. Dore, David Simpson, Ute Skiba, David Fowler, Eiko Nemitz, David Stevenson, J.W. Erisman, Mhairi Coyle, Mark A. Sutton, Benjamin D. Stocker, Claudia Steadman, Sönke Zaehle, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Penicuik EH26 0QB, Midlothian, Scotland, Partenaires INRAE, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Chalmers University of Technology [Gothenburg, Sweden], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Louis Bolk Institute (LBI), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), University of Virginia, EU project ACCENT+, EU project PEGASOS Legume Futures, EU project ECLAIRE, EU project UK Defra, EU project UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Earth and Climate, and Amsterdam Global Change Institute
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], reactive nitrogen, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, n-2 fixation, lcsh:Chemistry, 11. Sustainability, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, soluble organic nitrogen, bidirectional ammonia exchange, ionization mass-spectrometry, surface-atmosphere exchange, nitric-oxide emissions, climate-change, elevated co2, dry deposition, 2. Zero hunger, Chemistry, lcsh:QC1-999, Deposition (aerosol physics), Physical Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation, Meteorology, Reactive nitrogen, Science Policy, Climate change, Ecology and Environment, Atmospheric Sciences, nitrogen cycle, Ecosystem, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Nitrogen cycle, global change, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Science & Technology, Global change, 15. Life on land, Aerosol, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, Agriculture and Soil Science, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, 0401 Atmospheric Sciences, Eutrophication, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: The global nitrogen (N) cycle at the beginning of the 21st century has been shown to be strongly influenced by the inputs of reactive nitrogen (Nr) from human activities, including combustion-related NOx, industrial and agricultural N fixation, estimated to be 220 Tg N yr−1 in 2010, which is approximately equal to the sum of biological N fixation in unmanaged terrestrial and marine ecosystems. According to current projections, changes in climate and land use during the 21st century will increase both biological and anthropogenic fixation, bringing the total to approximately 600 Tg N yr−1 by around 2100. The fraction contributed directly by human activities is unlikely to increase substantially if increases in nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture are achieved and control measures on combustion-related emissions implemented. Some N-cycling processes emerge as particularly sensitive to climate change. One of the largest responses to climate in the processing of Nr is the emission to the atmosphere of NH3, which is estimated to increase from 65 Tg N yr−1 in 2008 to 93 Tg N yr−1 in 2100 assuming a change in global surface temperature of 5 °C in the absence of increased anthropogenic activity. With changes in emissions in response to increased demand for animal products the combined effect would be to increase NH3 emissions to 135 Tg N yr−1. Another major change is the effect of climate changes on aerosol composition and specifically the increased sublimation of NH4NO3 close to the ground to form HNO3 and NH3 in a warmer climate, which deposit more rapidly to terrestrial surfaces than aerosols. Inorganic aerosols over the polluted regions especially in Europe and North America were dominated by (NH4)2SO4 in the 1970s to 1980s, and large reductions in emissions of SO2 have removed most of the SO42− from the atmosphere in these regions. Inorganic aerosols from anthropogenic emissions are now dominated by NH4NO3, a volatile aerosol which contributes substantially to PM10 and human health effects globally as well as eutrophication and climate effects. The volatility of NH4NO3 and rapid dry deposition of the vapour phase dissociation products, HNO3 and NH3, is estimated to be reducing the transport distances, deposition footprints and inter-country exchange of Nr in these regions. There have been important policy initiatives on components of the global N cycle. These have been regional or country-based and have delivered substantial reductions of inputs of Nr to sensitive soils, waters and the atmosphere. To date there have been no attempts to develop a global strategy to regulate human inputs to the nitrogen cycle. However, considering the magnitude of global Nr use, potential future increases, and the very large leakage of Nr in many forms to soils, waters and the atmosphere, international action is required. Current legislation will not deliver the scale of reductions globally for recovery from the effects of Nr deposition on sensitive ecosystems, or a decline in N2O emissions to the global atmosphere. Such changes would require substantial improvements in nitrogen use efficiency across the global economy combined with optimization of transport and food consumption patterns. This would allow reductions in Nr use, inputs to the atmosphere and deposition to sensitive ecosystems. Such changes would offer substantial economic and environmental co-benefits which could help motivate the necessary actions.
Published: 2015
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18. Natural and anthropogenic methane fluxes in Eurasia: a mesoscale quantification by generalized atmospheric inversion

Author: Edward J. Dlugokencky, A. V. Fofonov, Antoine Berchet, Motoki Sasakawa, Philippe Bousquet, Denis K. Davydov, Jost V. Lavric, C. Cressot, Jean-Louis Bonne, Toshinobu Machida, J. Winderlich, Isabelle Pison, Renato Spahni, A. Galanin, M. Arshinov, Boris D. Belan, Jean-Daniel Paris, Frédéric Chevallier, Robert J. Parker, Benjamin D. Stocker, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics (IAO), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), University of Leicester, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern]
Subjects: Methane emissions, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, 530 Physics, Mesoscale meteorology, lcsh:Life, Wetland, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Methane, chemistry.chemical_compound, lcsh:QH540-549.5, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Atmospheric methane, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Inversion (meteorology), lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: Eight surface observation sites providing quasi-continuous measurements of atmospheric methane mixing ratios have been operated since the mid-2000's in Siberia. For the first time in a single work, we assimilate 1 year of these in situ observations in an atmospheric inversion. Our objective is to quantify methane surface fluxes from anthropogenic and wetland sources at the mesoscale in the Siberian lowlands for the year 2010. To do so, we first inquire about the way the inversion uses the observations and the way the fluxes are constrained by the observation sites. As atmospheric inversions at the mesoscale suffer from mis-quantified sources of uncertainties, we follow recent innovations in inversion techniques and use a new inversion approach which quantifies the uncertainties more objectively than the previous inversion systems. We find that, due to errors in the representation of the atmospheric transport and redundant pieces of information, only one observation every few days is found valuable by the inversion. The remaining high-resolution quasi-continuous signal is representative of very local emission patterns difficult to analyse with a mesoscale system. An analysis of the use of information by the inversion also reveals that the observation sites constrain methane emissions within a radius of 500 km. More observation sites than the ones currently in operation are then necessary to constrain the whole Siberian lowlands. Still, the fluxes within the constrained areas are quantified with objectified uncertainties. Finally, the tolerance intervals for posterior methane fluxes are of roughly 20 % (resp. 50 %) of the fluxes for anthropogenic (resp. wetland) sources. About 50–70 % of Siberian lowlands emissions are constrained by the inversion on average on an annual basis. Extrapolating the figures on the constrained areas to the whole Siberian lowlands, we find a regional methane budget of 5–28 TgCH4 for the year 2010, i.e. 1–5 % of the global methane emissions. As very few in situ observations are available in the region of interest, observations of methane total columns from the Greenhouse Gas Observing SATellite (GOSAT) are tentatively used for the evaluation of the inversion results, but they exhibit only a marginal signal from the fluxes within the region of interest.
Published: 2015
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19. Etsushi Kato 29 , Markus Kautz 30 , Ralph F. Keeling 31

Author: Nicolas Vuichard, Markus Kautz, Atul K. Jain, Richard A. Houghton, Anthony P. Walker, Bronte Tilbrook, Glen P. Peters, Christian Rödenbeck, Christopher W. Hunt, Nicolas Metzl, Andy Wiltshire, Dan Zhu, Sebastian Lienert, Ingrid T. van der Laan-Luijkx, Benjamin Poulter, Judith Hauck, Frédéric Chevallier, Philippe Ciais, Benjamin D. Stocker, Thomas Gasser, Ralph F. Keeling, Vivek K. Arora, Etsushi Kato, Gregor Rehder, Andrew C. Manning, X. Antonio Padin, Ivan D. Lima, Andrew Lenton, Steven van Heuven, Jessica N. Cross, Leticia Barbero, Robbie M. Andrew, Nathalie Lefèvre, Denis Pierrot, Roland Séférian, Yukihiro Nojiri, Ingunn Skjelvan, Meike Becker, Guido R. van der Werf, George C. Hurtt, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Stephen Sitch, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Ian Harris, Pieter P. Tans, Robert B. Jackson, Andrew J. Watson, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Hanqin Tian, Francesco N. Tubiello, Thomas A. Boden, Arne Körtzinger, Frank J. Millero, Benjamin Pfeil, Oliver Andrews, Corinne Le Quéré, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Nicolas Viovy, Anna Peregon, Catherine E Cosca, Vanessa Haverd, Richard Betts, Josep G. Canadell, Janet J. Reimer, Louise Chini, Kim I. Currie, Jörg Schwinger, Laurent Bopp, Tatiana Ilyina, Peter Landschützer, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, David R. Munro, Danica Lombardozzi, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, Sönke Zaehle, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Department of Earth System Science [Stanford] (ESS), Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, Climate Change Science Institute [Oak Ridge] (CCSI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, ESRL Chemical Sciences Division [Boulder] (CSD), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Climatic Research Unit, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Antarctic Climate & Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Cycles biogéochimiques marins : processus et perturbations (CYBIOM), Department of Ocean Sciences, University of Miami [Coral Gables], Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa (INESC-ID), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST)-Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores (INESC), University of Wisconsin Whitewater, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Montana State University (MSU), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST), Environmental Sciences, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California (UC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Earth and Climate
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR JULES, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Epidemiology, Earth science, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, FOSSIL-FUEL COMBUSTION, chemistry.chemical_compound, 11. Sustainability, ddc:550, Energy statistics, DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, lcsh:Environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, EARTH SYSTEM MODEL, lcsh:QE1-996.5, VEGETATION MODEL, Biosphere, Carbon dioxide, Meteorology and Air Quality, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, 530 Physics, MIXED-LAYER SCHEME, Earth and Planetary Sciences(all), chemistry.chemical_element, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], INTERNATIONAL-TRADE, 12. Responsible consumption, Carbon cycle, ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 UPTAKE, Deforestation, Bio-informatics & Animal models, Life Science, Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Epidemiologie, LAND-COVER CHANGE, WIMEK, business.industry, Fossil fuel, 15. Life on land, Earth system science, lcsh:Geology, Earth sciences, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Physical geography, Sink (computing), business, Carbon
Abstract: 44 pages, 9 tables, 9 figures.-- Corinne Le Quéré ... et al.-- This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the "global carbon budget" – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-cover change data and bookkeeping models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2007–2016), EFF was 9.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.3 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.7 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.6 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For year 2016 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1. Also for 2016, ELUC was 1.3 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM was 6.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.7 ± 1.0 GtC yr−1, with a small BIM of −0.3 GtC. GATM continued to be higher in 2016 compared to the past decade (2007–2016), reflecting in part the high fossil emissions and the small SLAND consistent with El Niño conditions. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 402.8 ± 0.1 ppm averaged over 2016. For 2017, preliminary data for the first 6–9 months indicate a renewed growth in EFF of +2.0 % (range of 0.8 to 3.0 %) based on national emissions projections for China, USA, and India, and projections of gross domestic product (GDP) corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). All results presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2017 (GCP, 2017)
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20. Aromatic-dependent Salmonella typhimurium are non-virulent and effective as live vaccines

Author: Susan K. Hoiseth and Benjamin D. Stocker
Subjects: Salmonella typhimurium, Transposable element, Salmonella, Phenylalanine, Auxotrophy, Mutant, Virulence, Salmonella typhi, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Mice, Species Specificity, Transduction, Genetic, medicine, Animals, Multidisciplinary, biology, Aroa, Chemistry, Tryptophan, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Tetracycline, biology.organism_classification, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Bacterial vaccine, Bacterial Vaccines, Mutation, Tyrosine
Abstract: An auxotrophic mutant which requires a metabolite not available in vertebrate tissues should be unable to grow in such tissue and thus be non-virulent. Most mutations to auxotrophy do not affect virulence1–3, presumably because the required metabolites are available at sufficient concentration. However, Bacon et al.1,2 noted that a Salmonella typhi mutant requiring p-amino-benzoic acid (p AB) was less virulent (for mice) than its parent. Salmonella, unlike vertebrates, cannot assimilate exogenous folate and must synthesize it from p AB; the virtual absence of p AB from vertebrate tissues is shown by the efficacy of sulphonamide chemotherapy. Yancey et al.4 reported reduced virulence for a S. typhimurium mutant with a requirement for 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (DHB), the precursor of the bacterial iron-acquisition compound, enterochelin. As DHB is not a known vertebrate metabolite, it would be expected to be absent from mouse tissues. Salmonella synthesize p AB and DHB from chorismate, the final product of the aromatic biosynthetic (aro) pathway. A complete block at any step of this pathway should make S. typhimurium auxotrophic for two compounds not available in vertebrate tissues, and thus non-virulent. We describe here the use of a tetracycline-resistance transposon, Tn10 (refs 5, 6), inserted in gene aroA to produce non-reverting, aromatic-requiring derivatives of virulent S. typhimurium strains. These derivatives were virtually non-virulent; their use as live vaccines conferred excellent protection against challenge with a virulent strain.
Published: 1981
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20 results on '"Benjamin D. Stocker"'

1. A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO2

2. Deciphering climate, soil, and phylogenetic controls on leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of terrestrial plants

3. Combining diverse data for the quantification of terrestrial carbon and nitrogen allocations

4. Global carbon and water exchange during drought reflects adaptation of rooting depth to climate and topography

5. Disentangling the role of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance on rising forest water-use efficiency

6. Revisiting Carbon Storage in Northern Peatlands: Ground-Based Estimates and Top-Down Constraints from Holocene Global Carbon Budget Reconstructions

7. Author Correction: Nitrogen and phosphorus constrain the CO2 fertilization of global plant biomass

8. Nitrogen and phosphorus constrain the CO2 fertilization of global plant biomass

9. Using research networks to create the comprehensive datasets needed to assess nutrient availability as a key determinant of terrestrial carbon cycling

10. Contrasting CO2 emissions from different Holocene land-use reconstructions: Does the carbon budget add up?

11. Audit of the global carbon budget: estimate errors and their impact on uptake uncertainty

12. Global carbon budget 2013

13. The global carbon budget 1959-2011

14. The terrestrial carbon budget of South and Southeast Asia

15. Global carbon budget 2014

16. Global Carbon Budget 2015

17. Effects of global change during the 21st century on the nitrogen cycle

18. Natural and anthropogenic methane fluxes in Eurasia: a mesoscale quantification by generalized atmospheric inversion

19. Etsushi Kato 29 , Markus Kautz 30 , Ralph F. Keeling 31

20. Aromatic-dependent Salmonella typhimurium are non-virulent and effective as live vaccines

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