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There is growing interest in developing methods to 'wrap' nano- and micron-sized biological objects within films that may offer protection, enhance their stability or improve performance. We describe the successful 'wrapping' of lectin-decorated microspheres, which serve as appealing model micron-sized objects, within cross-linked polymer film. This approach utilizes polymer chains able to undergo a structural metamorphosis, from being intramolecularly cross-linked to intermolecularly cross-linked, a process that is triggered by polymer concentration upon the particle surface. Experiments demonstrate that both complementary molecular recognition and the dynamic covalent nature of the crosslinker are required for successful 'wrapping' to occur. This work is significant as it suggests that nano- and micron-sized biological objects such as virus-like particles, bacteria or mammalian cells-all of which may benefit from additional environmental protection or stabilization in emerging applications-may also be 'wrapped' by this approach.

Data describing the effects of ultrasound upon biological objects of blood serum is analyzed in the paper. Biophysical as well as medical aspects of tissue reactions caused by ultrasound are considered in fine detail including the immune complexes’ dissociation processes accompanied by releasing of antibodies and antigens that used to be present in bound form and have been inaccessible for revelation by means of laboratory tests. The prospects of using ultrasonic techniques in laboratory diagnostics are presented using HIV-infection as an example.

Publications showing the prospects of combining computer simulation with atomic force microscopy in the study of polymer biological objects and materials for various purposes are analyzed. The problems that arise when these methods are used together are described. Three main directions are presented in which atomic force microscopy is used in conjunction with computer simulation: study of the surface topography of polymer materials; measurement of the force curve of the interaction of the atomic force probe with polymer structures; and determination of the energy of intermolecular interactions.

Methods of electrochemical analysis of biological objects based on the reaction of electro-oxidation/electro-reduction of molecules are presented. Polymer nanocomposite materials that modify electrodes to increase sensitivity of electrochemical events on the surface of electrodes are described. Examples of applications electrochemical biosensors constructed with nanocomposite material for detection of biological molecules are presented, advantages and drawbacks of different applications are discussed.

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), due to their unique spectral-luminescent properties, are attractive for visualizing biological objects in biological and medical research. The main methods for registering luminescent QDs in the cells are various types of scanning microscopy. It is important to note that during the use of QDs, they are delivered into different extracellular and intracellular environments, which can affect the surface integrity of QDs and, as a result, the photophysical characteristics of QDs. In this connection, changes in the characteristics of the luminescence signals of non-target QDs based on InP/ZnS, coated with polyethylene glycol with COOH-groups, were studied, which can reduce the risk of toxic effects in the process of biological and medical research. In this work, QDs-InP accumulated in endosomes of A549 cultured cells. Analysis of the photophysical properties of QDs showed that the average intensity of QDs in endosomes was lower than the intensity of clusters outside the cells, which can be explained by a lower concentration of QDs in intracellular clusters. However, the QDs luminescence lifetime in clusters, independent of concentration, was also 5–10 ns lower. Analysis of the QDs solution showed that a decrease in the quantum yield and QDs luminescence lifetimes is observed in solution with pH 4.0, but not 7.4–8.0. Also, the process of significant formation of QDs aggregates in such solutions was not revealed. In this connection, changes in the photophysical properties of QDs interacting with cells, can be associated with the entry into endosomes with a low pH level. Thus, the analysis of the luminescence lifetimes of QDs allows to obtain additional information about their state in comparison with the determination of the fluorescence intensity. Our results are important for an adequate interpretation of data concerning both the efficiency of QDs uptake and analysis of the properties of intracellular compartments in which QDs accumulate.

Актуальность. Исследования обусловлены необходимостью поиска чувствительных индикаторов техногенеза, элементный состав которых может позволить получить объективную информацию об эколого-геохимической обстановке изучаемой территории. Ртуть отличается высокими токсикологическими свойствами по отношению к живому организму. Использование биообъектов, находящихся в начале пищевой цепочки, является наиболее информативным и объективным, а также может послужить важной информацией для дальнейшего прогнозирования экологической обстановки территории. Цель: определить индикаторные способности элементного состава водных растений семейства рясковые (Lemnaceae) к эколого-геохимической обстановке различных урбанизированных территорий России на примере изучения концентраций ртути в ней. Объекты: водное растение семейства рясковые (Lemnaceae), отличающееся повсеместной встречаемостью, высокой скоростью прироста биомассы и толерантностью к климатическим условиям окружающей среды. Методика. Исследование проведено по единой методике в 65 населенных пунктах 46 регионов Российской Федерации. Определение валового содержания ртути в ряске проводилось методом атомно-абсорбционной спектрометрии. Результаты. Рассмотрена роль одного из индикаторов техногенеза - водные растения семейства рясковые. Получены количественные оценки распределения ртути в макрофите на исследуемой территории, определено среднее содержание ртути в ряске по России (среднее медианное - 14,7 нг/г, среднее арифметическое - 18 нг/г). Обнаружены аномальные концентрации ртути в водном растении на территории Ставропольского края, Республик Северная Осетия-Алания и Башкоркостан, а также Кировской и Кемеровской областей. Эколого-геохимическая обстановка данных территорий может быть обусловлена влиянием техногенных факторов, наиболее весомыми из которых является хлорно-щелочное производство. Отдельно изучена региональная специфика на примере Томского района Томской области, на территории которого подробно изучена зона влияния Северного промышленного узла. Relevance. The studies are determined by the need to find the sensitive technogenesis indicators, which elemental composition can show the ecological and geochemical situation of the territory. Mercury have negative toxicological influence on living organism. Biological objects at the beginning of food chain could be informative and objective indicators of environmental situation and can have important information for further predictions. The aim of the research is to determine the indicator abilities of Lemnaceae family aquatic plants to the ecological and geochemical situation of various urbanized territories in Russia by studying concentration of mercury. Objects: an aquatic plant of the duckweed family (Lemnaceae), characterized by widespread occurrence, high biomass growth rate and tolerance to climatic environmental conditions. Methodology. The study was carried out according to a single methodology in 65 settlements from 46 regions of the Russian Federation. The determination of gross mercury in duckweed was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results. The role of aquatic plant of the duckweed family as a geo-indicator of technogenesis is considered. The distribution of mercury in macrophyte from the study area was discovered, the average mercury content in duckweed for Russia (average median - 14,7 ng/g, arithmetic average - 18 ng/g) was calculated. The abnormally high concentrations of mercury were determined in an aquatic plant from the Stavlopol Krai, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and Bashkorkostan, Kirov and Kemerovo Regions. The ecological and geochemical situation in these territories may be influenced by technogenic factors, such as chlorine-hydroxide production. The regional specificity of the Tomsk region were studied individually. The influence of the Northern industrial zone was particularly studied there.

The effects of exposure to two different stress factors—a weak static magnetic field (WSMF) with a magnetic induction of 200 μT and oligopeptide epigenetic regulators—were studied. The results of explant exposure to tissue-specific oligopeptides and to WSMF were comparable. Experiments on cognitive behavior suggested that oligopeptides Ala–Glu–Asp–Pro and Lys–Glu–Asp–Ala had a beneficial effect on medium-term memory formation. It is noted that external WSMFs efficiently affect biological objects due to their high penetrating capacity in biological media.

Certified reference materials (CRM) composed of propyl (11383-2019) and isopropyl (11384-2019) alcohols solutions were created for validation of measurement procedures and control of measurement errors of measurement results of mass concentrations of toxic substances (alcohol) in biological objects (urine, blood) and water. Two ways of establishing the value of the certified characteristic – mass consentration of propanol-1 or propanol-2 have been studied. The results obtained by the preparation procedure and comparison with the standard are the same within the margin of error.

Label-free characterization of cell subpopulations is a very promising biomedical approach. Nowadays, there are several label-free methods based on different physical properties such as size, density, stiffness, etc. allowing the characterization of biological objects. However, fluorescence properties are the most suitable feature for the label-free study of tissue and cells. Understanding the autofluorescence level peculiarities of normal and pathological / live and dead cells can become a helpful tool for cells' metabolic activity, viability evaluation, and diagnostics of a number of diseases. In this study, we applied a series of mouse cell lines (RAW 264.7 - macrophages, L929 - fibroblasts, C2C12 - myoblasts, and B16-F10 - melanoma) to compare cell autofluorescence of live and dead cells under 488 nm laser excitation and found the difference between their autofluorescence depending on a cell state and type.

The review is devoted to the analysis of the problem of synergistic ideas application in oncology after simultaneous combined application of agents. An example of the determination and quantification of the synergistic enhancement ratio is presented. It is emphasized that independent addition is determined by product of probabilities of the effects induced by each agent applied separately. Elevated temperatures synergistically enhance the lethal effect of ionizing radiation and chemical compounds used in the treatment of cancer. Analyzing the dependence of the synergistic effect on the acting temperature after its simultaneous application with ionizing radiation or cisplatin, the existence of an optimal temperature ensuring the greatest synergistic interaction was shown for cultured mammalian and yeast cells. The universal regularities of the manifestation of synergism, independent on the agents, biological objects and tests used, are noted. The greatest synergy is observed with the simultaneous application of agents. The synergism recorded as a result of the combined effects of two factors is observed only with a certain ratio of the effects induced by each agent. Synergism depends on the intensity of the factors used — the current temperature, the dose rate of ionizing radiation or the concentration of chemical agents. These universal patterns have been demonstrated for proand eukaryotic cells, including oncological origin. The existence of universal patterns of synergism indicates the need to develop a new paradigm and theoretical model of synergism, which should take into account the identified patterns. An original biophysical concept of synergistic interaction is proposed. Concrete results are presented that demonstrate the possible ways of using the ideas of synergism in oncology by achieving the greatest synergistic enhancement ratio for the combined effects of various physical and chemical agents. It is concluded that the knowledge and the application of the ideas and general patterns of synergy described in this paper can be useful for specialists using the simultaneous action of various agents to optimize combined treatment methods in modern oncology.

A method for quantitation of exogenous cis fatty acids in the presence of exogenous cis and trans fatty acids that does not require time-consuming and tedious chromatographic separation is described. In it, we use an inhibitor that blocks Elovl6, an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis in vivo. Samples prepared in the absence or presence of the inhibitor are sequentially analyzed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The developed method is used for analyzing endogenous cis fatty acids synthesized in cancer cells.

Novel luminescent derivatives of benzanthrone were obtained in nucleophilic substitution reactions of 3-(2-chloroacetamido)-benzanthrone with a number of heterocyclic amines. The structures of the obtained compounds were confirmed by spectral data. Target products, due to pronounced luminescent properties, can be used to visualize biological objects.

Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is one of the most widely used and available methods for analysis of substances and materials. It allows one to determine about 70 elements from the periodic table and is characterized by rapidity, high accuracy and sensitivity, as well as simplicity of analytical techniques. A feature of AAS is simultaneous determination of only one element due to the use of a measurement design with a line source (hollow-cathode lamps, high-frequency electrodeless lamps, optical quantum generators, etc.). To make AAS more competitive, the first commercially available continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer was designed in 2004. Unique analytical capabilities of the new instruments found application first of all in the analysis of food, pharmaceuticals, waste and drinking water, oil and petrochemicals, biological objects, etc. This review covers publications on the application of continuum source AAS in analytical chemistry and provides a development outlook of the method.

Subject and Purpose. Synthesis of biological sorbents has become one of the ways to solve the problem of environment contamination with heavy metals. Today, studying properties of biosorbents with injection of magnetic nanoparticles is important. Thus, injection of magnetic nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe3O4) improves absorption properties of biosorbents. The subject of the present work is magnetic resonance properties of nanoparticles inside biosorbents, such as macromycetes like Pleurotus ostreatus. The purpose is to examine these magnetic resonance properties and analyze the state of magnetite nanoparticles inside Pleurotus ostreatus. Methods and Methodology. The X-band Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) method is employed to register ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra at T = 294 K. TEM-images of magnetic nanoparticles are made in the transmission electron microscope. Mathematical modeling for the properties of the arising clusters of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles inside macromycetes Pleurotus ostreatus is performed using a phenomenological model upon the well-known Kittel equation. A model enhancement is proposed in the case of interacting nanoparticles inside an ellipsoidal magnetic cluster. Results. It has been shown that Fe3O4 nanoparticles are well absorbed by macromycetes and gather into structural clusters regardless of the concentration of magnetic nanoparticles injected. These magnetic clusters of magnetic nanoparticles have ellipsoidal shapes with an aspect ratio of 3:1:1. The developed mathematical model makes it possible to obtain dimensions of magnetic clusters from the FMR spectra and evaluate their shape and mutual magnetic interaction. The mathematical modeling results are in good agreement with TEM-images of these clusters inside Pleurotus ostreatus. As a result of modeling are in good agreement with the TEM-images of these clusters inside Pleurotus ostreatus. Conclusion. The presented results will contribute to the development of non-destructive testing of the state of biological sorbents using magnetic resonance radio spectroscopy methods.

The interface between electronic components and biological objects plays a crucial role in the success of bioelectronic devices. Since the electronics typically include different elements such as an insulating substrate in combination with conducting electrodes, an important issue of bioelectronics involves tailoring and optimizing the interface for any envisioned applications. In this paper, we present a method for functionalizing insulating substrates (SiO

The principles of organisation and functioning of complex biological objects have inspired the development of new materials and systems in engineering, electronics, design, chemistry and other fields. Two major areas of biological applications of biomimetic systems are delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents and tissue engineering, both of which are described below. Biomimetic drug delivery systems can imitate the structure and functions of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells or viruses by reproducing their morphology, mechanical properties and characteristic molecular traits. In tissue engineering, the biomimetic approach is essentially indispensable for reproducing natural tissues and organs in order to restore the organism functionality lost as a result of either trauma or disease.

The advantage of biotesting in comparison with the physicochemical analysis of the use of Paramecium caudatum for toxicological studies has been shown. Physical and chemical analysis often fails to detect unstable compounds. In addition, these tools are not possible to determine the ultra-low concentration of chemicals. In addition to the traditional use of laboratory animals, representatives of protozoa have recently been used. In connection with this, a test object of the Sim-plest type was chosen and justified. The advantages of using the simplest compared with the use of laboratory animals. The various models used to test toxic substances are described. Their advantages and disadvantages are noted. The main advantages of second-order models using alternative models (various hydrobionts, bacteria, cell cultures, etc.) are described. The relevance of using the culture of cells of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum for toxicological studies has been shown. The methodological aspects of the biotesting of organic solvents using the proposed test object are presented. A unidirectional change in the toxicometric parameters of organic solvents for two types of biological objects: a white mouse and a culture of infusoria Paramecium caudatum were revealed. The possibility of using Paramecium caudatum for toxicological studies has been shown. A correlation was noted between the indicators of the general toxicity of organic dyes and those of white mice.

Data from the studies of mechanisms underlying the development of the sporoderm (envelopes of spores and pollen grains) are analyzed in the aspect of colloidal interactions (the micellar hypothesis that implies the contribution of self-assembly processes to the development) and supplemented by results of experimental in vitro modeling of sporoderm-like structures where the driving force were physical-chemical regularities of colloidal systems. The relative contributions of the genome and self-assembly to the emergence of complex biological envelopes are considered.

Fluorescence change systems that can respond to biological objects have attracted attention for use as biological probes and sensors. In this study, we report emission enhancement in a fluorescent aggregate composed of amphiphilic donor-acceptor dye molecules. The emission efficiency of the aggregate was reduced upon introducing a hydrophilic galactopyranose moiety, because of the decrease in the aggregate stability, which in turn was due to disruption of the hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity balance. In contrast, emission enhancement could be achieved by treatment with β-galactosidase, as a result of the removal of the galactopyranose moiety. The change in aggregate stabilization based on the hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity balance leads to the emission enhancement into detectable β-galactosidase activity.

Background. At the beginning of 2019, the use of a new representative of synthetic cannabimimetics of the methylbutanoate indazole carboxamides group, MDMB(N)-073F, was recorded in a number of regions in the Russian Federation. Characteristic features of the pharmacological effect, the clinical picture of MDMB(N)-073F poisoning have not been studied, the psychoactive effects produced by MDMB(N)-073F remain unexplored. In this regard, the study of the new cannabimimetic metabolism is an important aspect in establishing the fact of taking MDMB(N)-073F during expert studies of biological objects.The aim of the research is identifying metabolites of synthetic MDMB(N)-73F cannabimimetics in real urine samples using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS).Materials and methods. 10 urine samples were collected from March 15 to March 29, 2019. 8 urine samples were taken from the medical examination offices of the city of Yekaterinburg and the Sverdlovsk region from the persons examined for intoxication; 2 urine samples were obtained from the patients of the Sverdlovsk regional center of acute poisoning upon enrolment to the toxic-intensive care unit with a preliminary diagnosis of “acute poisoning by synthetic cannabimimetics”. In the research, SampliQ EVIDEX-200 mg – 3 ml (Agilent, USA) cartridges were used for the sample preparation; β-glucuronidase Type HP-2, From Helix Pomatia, 100000 U/ml (Sigma-ALDRICH CHEMI, Germany) was used for enzymatic hydrolysis. Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry with the use of Agilent 7820 gas chromatograph with Agilent 5975 mass selective detector (Agilent, USA) was used as an instrumental method of the analysis.Results. The metabolites that make it possible to establish the fact of taking MDMB(N)-073F cannabimimetics via urine screening procedure to detect the presence of narcotic and medicinal substances with the use of solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography methods with mass spectrometry, have been described. The major metabolites MDMB(N)-073F in the urine of smoking mixtures consumers have been identified. The metabolism of MDMB(N)-073F has been found to be mainly due to hydrolysis of the ester group, hydroxylation, oxidative defluorination and N-dealkylation. Most of the resulting metabolites are excreted in the urine in the conjugated form.Conclusion. Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric characteristics of some derivatives of the main metabolites of the new synthetic MDMB(N)-073F cannabimimetic have been obtained. This data can be used in the practice of forensic chemical and chemical toxicological analysis.

One of the main directions in the development of modern electroanalytical chemistry is the development of new effective methods for research and analysis of biological objects, particularly, human blood serum. The creation of new electrochemical sensors is a promising approach, which has determined several main directions in applied voltammetry in the field of chemical analytical control. In this work, the dynamics and parameters of total antioxidant activity of human serum blood of patients with chronic cerebral ischemia, during treatment with pharmaceutical drugs Mexidol, Cavinton Comfort, and Cytoflavin was tested by cathode voltammetry with a model process of oxygen electroreduction, using a new electrochemical sensor.

For the first time we study the effects of deuterium for various alive and model biological systems on a wide scale of deuterium concentration including water depleted of deuterium. All the data have statistical significance better than 0.05. Mechanisms of the observed phenomena are discussed.

The kinetics and mechanisms of the effect of some pesticides: PCNB, TCU, Rohor, PCPNa, chlorophos, heptachlor, and photodynamic herbicides on the AChE activity and mechanical resistance of erythrocytes to ultrasound were studied. A varying degree of the ability of the treated erythrocytes to ultrasound was detected. Data on the violation of the structural and functional properties of erythrocytes correlate with the results of the toxic effects of these drugs on various biological objects. The obtained data can be used for selective search of drugs with the lowest toxicity in their further use in economic activity.

The problem to which the claimed study is to improve the methods of immunostaining of large biological objects, including mammalian embryos, isolated whole organs, and marine invertebrates through the use of penetrating agents and detergents for the delivery of antibodies and their subsequent visualization after chemical clearance. The advantages of the proposed method are adaptability for different biological objects. This method allows to easily visualizing the deeper tissue structures of organs, embryos of vertebrates, and also, for the first time, the method is adapted for invertebrate animals. The method involves the use of DMSO penetrating agents, solutions of blocking and incubation with antibodies and chemical enlightenment using a mixture of benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate.

This review analyzes the general patterns of synergism, whose manifestation under the simultaneous actions of various agents does not depend on the biological objects and the effect being analyzed. The existence of an optimum temperature that provides the maximum synergy for simultaneous application of hyperthermia with various physical or chemical agents is demonstrated. Examples of the dependence of synergism on the intensity of electromagnetic radiation applied simultaneously with a fixed elevated temperature are given. It is shown that the synergistic effect of interaction of these factors with hyperthermia increases as the intensity of applied agents increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases. A biophysical interpretation of this original dependence of synergism on the intensity of the used agents is suggested. This interpretation is based on the idea that the formation of additional lethal changes as a result of the interaction of sub-lesions underlies the mechanism of synergistic interaction.

The complexity of biological objects and the rapid change in their composition after sampling, the variety of compounds of different chemical nature, possessing oxidative and antioxidant properties, make the task of its estimating extremely nontrivial and important for food, nutrients and human health characterization. The paper discusses the use of potentiometry in determining integral antioxidant/oxidant activity mainly of biological fluids and human skin. The source of information is the electrode potential shift that occurs when the analyzed object is inserted in the solution of the mediator system or when the mediator system is exposed to human skin. The experimental approaches, protocols, calculations are described. A number of examples of antioxidant activity and oxidative stress estimation in medicine are presented. The works show lower levels of antioxidant activity (AOA) of plasma and blood serum in patients with cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and malignant neoplasms as compared with the healthy volunteers. It was found out that antioxidant activity of fertile men semen is higher than AOA of infertile patients. Using the method discussed have shown that in some infertile male patients antioxidant activity of semen has been accompanied by oxidant activity. It has been found, that antioxidant activity of skin increases after intake of ascorbic acid and vitamin-enriched juices. The described approach holds considerable promise for monitoring oxidative stress of the whole organism and its systems, and for selecting effective and safe therapy. Thus, it opens up new opportunities in expanding the use of analytical chemistry in such an important field as medicine.

This study is focused on the evaluation of the levels of accumulation of the man-made radionuclides by several components of Yenisei River close to the water discharge spot of the Mining and chemical plant containing a significant amount of man-made radionuclides. The study was performed during the period of activity of the third nuclear reactor, belonging to this facility and included measuring the concentration of the gamma-emitting man-made and natural radionuclides. Gamma-spectrometry indicated significant amounts of man-made activation radionuclides (24Na – up to 1950 Bk/kg, 51Cr – up to 2860 Bk/kg) in biological objects. With some assumptions at the dose rate assessment, the highest does were estimated for the following organisms (mkGy/day): water plants – up to 39, fish – grayling 22,3 and pike 36,4. These values are significantly lower compared to the accepted dose from ionizing radiation for the water biota – 10 mkGy/day.

The ways of entering the environment and harmful effects on human health of copper compounds (copper) and products of their decomposition are considered. Among the chemicals that pollute different objects of the environment, a significant group of toxicants are metals and their compounds. Metals play an important role in the physiological processes of living organisms. However, the ingestion of large quantities of metals into the body leads to poisoning. The subject of research was copper and its compounds. In insignificant quantities it is contained in the cells of almost all human organs. The content of copper is replenished at the expense of food products, especially cereals, peas, mushrooms, meat, and others. Widespread use of copper in industry, agriculture, everyday life requires detailed research in various objects. The method of separation, purification, detection and quantitative determination of coupler compounds in biological objects (seeds of leguminous plants) is proposed. The identification was carried out by qualitative reactions, and the quantitative determination - by the photoelectrocolorimetric method on the basis of the reaction with ditison. The developed method can be determined from 2 to 10 mg of Cuprum in 100 g of the object under study. Detection limit is 0.5 mg.

The concentration of carbon nanopipes (CNPs) can be detected and quantitatively measured in various matrices, including biological ones, using the methodology of formation of a gamma-emitting radioactive isotope marker in a CNP. The methodology has been tested in a 10-day experiment on the sprouting of wheat seeds on an artificial substrate damped by a water suspension of radioactively marked Taunit-M multiwall CNPs (MCNP) (Russia). Changes in the activities of samples of developing plant organs—root system, coleoptile and root base, and stem with leaves—makes it possible to define the quantitative concentration of MCNPs passing from a substrate with a known concentration of the given nanomaterial into a plant. The results show promising outlooks for applying this methodology for quantitative measurements of CNP mass/concentration in various media and biological objects.

Background The assessment of the potential significance of synergistic interaction between adverse ecological factors acting together at the level of intensities found in the biosphere is still intriguing and unresolved problem. Objective This study aims to analyze synergistic effects for various biological objects, tests, and interacting agents to provide conclusive evidence of possible synergistic interactions of natural intensities of environmental factors on cell growth. Methods Four dose-effect curves were obtained for each object and interacting factors: after the individual action of agents, after their simultaneous action and theoretically expected curve after independent addition of the effects produced by each agent. The synergistic enhancement ratio (SER) and its dependence on intensities of agents were quantitatively estimated based on these curves. Results The extent of synergistic interaction was shown to be dependent on the intensity of physical factors or concentration of chemicals in such a manner that there were optimal conditions at which the greatest synergy may be achieved. The lesser the intensity of one of the agents applied, the smaller intensity of another agent has to be used to provide the highest synergistic interaction. In investigations where SER > 1, CI Conclusion The existence of optimal conditions providing the greatest synergistic effect and its dependence on the intensity of applied agents was demonstrated. Common patterns were identified. It is concluded that synergistic interactions are important for the evaluation of biological consequences and risk assessment from combined effects at low intensities of ionizing radiation, UV-light, electromagnetic fields, or small concentration of chemicals.

In in vitro experiments, the possibility of using a luminescent system extracted from the luminous fungus Armillaria borealis has been shown to detect and determine the concentration of hispidin. A linear dependence of the luminescent response on the content of hispidin in solutions in the concentration range of 5.4 × 10–5–1.4 × 10–2 µM was detected. The stability of the enzyme system and the high sensitivity of the bioluminescent reaction allows carrying out multiple measurements with the analyte detection limit of 1.3 × 10–11 g. The obtained results show the prospects of creating a rapid bioluminescent method for the analysis of medical substances or extracts from various biological objects for the presence of hispidin.

The article deals with the issue of detection of rocuronium in biological objects. The analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography / mass-spectrometry with “electrospray” ionization. We have a case of forensic practice.

The article discusses the effect of microwave radiation on the seeds of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The aim of the research is to increase the efficiency of pre-sowing treatment of seeds with Ultra-high-frequency radiation (UHF) radiation, allowing one to increase the standard planting material yield and reduce its cultivation time. The specificity of enzyme systems for stressing effects is revealed, the dynamics of their change in the period after irradiation is ambiguous and depends on the time of irradiation. The stimulating and lethal doses of radiation are determined. The results show seed treatment with stimulating doses causes reversible changes in the structure and function of enzymes. The regularities and model of the impact of UHF radiation as a stimulating factor on seed viability are established. When exposed to stress factors (radiation), an increase in the activity of enzymes is observed, leading to the excitation or inhibition of growth processes at the first stages of development. As a result, a stimulating effect arises – the germination of seeds increases, the growth of seedlings in height increases, or depressing – the germination decreases and the growth of seedlings slows down.

The issues of external influence on biological objects have interested mankind since ancient times. It can significantly affect vital activity of yeast cells. Their use for bioindication and quantitative determination of the rate of gas emission depending on composition of culture liquid makes it possible to use this process for bioindication of environment. In the article, on the basis of a developed machine for measuring the rate of carbon dioxide emission by yeast fungi, which makes it possible to use it in laboratory and field conditions, the values of the effect of mercury on the process of fermentation of culture medium by yeast are given. A method for express bioindication by yeast fungi of environmental pollution with mercury has been worked out. It serves as the basis for development of guidelines for identifying and controlling sources of chemical hazards during emergency response. The experiments have shown that the maximum effect on bioactivity of yeast is exerted by the HgCl2 salt with different concentrations, which leads to a decrease in the rate of CO2 emission and deterioration of yeast vital functions.

Aim: To study the effect of the Device for wave influence on biological objects on the prevention of the development of acute radiation sickness and chronic radiation syndrome in vivo. Materials and Methods: The studies were performed on white rats irradiated at a dose of 8 Gy. The experimental group of irradiated rats was treated with a wave Device (Patent of Ukraine No. 53568) once, for 2.5 min, 1.5 h after irradiation. Their organs were processed by standard histologic methods. Results: In the demagnetized rats, dystrophic changes in cells and tissues of liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, bone marrow and spleen were insignificant in 60 days compared to the control non-demagnetized group of animals. Conclusion: The Device reduced the magnetic charge of magneto-containing elements and their compounds in the organism of the irradiated animals, and decreased the formation of reactive oxygen species, which play a key role in the development of radiation-induced diseases.

To date, simple and operative electrochemical methods are widely used to study antioxidant properties of various biological objects. One of them is the amperometric method, which is used in various fields of science, technology and medicine to determine the antioxidant activity (AOA) of various beverages, extracts and biological fluids, as well as the total content of antioxidants (AOs) present in them. Measurements of AOA (electrochemical oxidability) of some known individual AO and their mixtures by the amperometric method was performed in the present work. The coefficients of their oxidability were determined. The AOA values obtained correlate well with the AOA of these compounds measured by other methods. The coincidence of the experimental values of AOA and the values calculated with the use of the coefficients of oxidability for each component of the mixture was observed for most combinations of binary mixtures of used AOs. This indicates the absence of interaction between them (synergism or antagonism) during the oxidation. Several mixtures with a lower value of the measured AOA compared with the calculated value (antagonism) represented the exception. During the electrochemical oxidation of the “oxidized glutathione + ascorbic acid” mixture, partial reduction of glutathione by ascorbic acid is likely to proceed, which results in an excess of the measured AOA value over the calculated value. The results obtained may be useful when working with devices based on the amperometric method.

Topicality. Cyproheptadine hydrochloride (peritol) is an antihistaminic drug with an antiserotonin effect, which prevents development and facilitates the course of allergic reactions. The drug is characterized by antipruritic, antiexudative, anticholinergic and sedative effects. According to the literature sources, the drug can cause intoxication of the body and the lethal effects of overdosing, self-medication and in cases of suicide. The elaboration of highly sensitive and selective methods for the study of cyproheptadine, suitable for analysis in biological objects is an actual task. Aim. To study the elaboration of algorithm for the directed analysis of cyproheptadine in biological extracts by HPLC and TLC methods. Materials and methods. TLC studies were performed using 16 mobile solvent systems and three types of chromatographic plates. To identify the cyproheptadine were applied universally visualization conditions. HPLC studies were performed on a microcolumn liquid chromatograph “Milichrom A-02” (RPA “EkoNova” Novosibirsk, Russia) in a reversed-phase variant using a metal column with a non-polar sorbent Prontosil 120-5C 18 AQ. Results and discussion. TLC conditions for purifying cyproheptadine from biogenic impurities and its identification have been established. Based on the results of the studies, the behavior of cyproheptadine by the HPLC method was studied. Identification was carried out using retention parameters, spectral relationships, and quantitative determination using the absolute calibration method. The method is validated by parameters – range of linearity, limit of detection and quantitative determination, accuracy and precision. Conclusions. It was established that the most suitable TLC conditions for CTA of cyproheptadine are: mobile solvent systems – ethyl acetate-methanol-25 % solution ammonium hydroxide (85 : 10 : 5), glass plates of firm “Merk” ( Rf cyproheptadine = 0.50-0.55) and methanol, methanol-n-buthanol (60 : 40), Sorbphil-PTCX-AF-A ( Rf cyproheptadine = 0.55-0.58). It is established that the HPLC-method may determine cyproheptadine in a concentration range of 10.0-200.0 µg/ml. The relative uncertainty of the average result is ± 2.05 %. An algorithm for the direct analysis of cyproheptadine in biological extracts by HPLC and TLC methods has been developed.

Visible light is a necessary condition for the existence of life on the Earth. The food and oxygen consumed by humans, directly or mediately, are products of photosynthesis: conversion of light energy into the energy of chemical bonding in organic matter. Visible light not only provides photosynthesis in plants; it is also involved in the regulation of many reactions (from molecular to behavioral) in the animal world. This review is devoted to the questions concerning the role of light in the life of biological objects and the physical mechanisms of interaction of visible light with matter. The effect of light on the molecular and physiological reactions of a human and its microflora is analyzed. The existing methods and the application potential of light effects in diagnostics and therapy are considered.

Fluorine-19 has high NMR detection sensitivity—similar to that of protons, owing to its large gyromagnetic ratio and high natural abundance (100%). Unlike protons, however, fluorine-19 (19F) has a negligible occurrence in biological objects, as well as a more sensitive chemical shift. As a result, in vivo 19F NMR spectroscopy and MR imaging offer advantages of negligible background signal and sensitive reporting of the local molecular environment. Here we report on NMR hyperpolarization of 19F nuclei using reversible exchange reactions with parahydrogen gas as the source of nuclear spin order. NMR signals of 3-fluoropyridine were enhanced by ~100 fold, corresponding to 0.3% 19F nuclear spin polarization (at 9.4 T) using ca. 50% parahydrogen. While future optimization efforts will likely significantly increase the hyperpolarization levels we already demonstrate the utility of 19F hyperpolarization for high-resolution hyperpolarized 19F imaging and hyperpolarized 19F pH sensing.

This article concentrates on the analysis of mercury concentration in uneven-aged needles of different wood species on the territory of Altay Region. The following original data is given: level of mercury accretion and peculiarities of allocation depending on a strain of conifers, needles age, and landscape and climate conditions. The mercury content increases in the zone of impact of cities along the vector of the prevailing winds.

A possibility of detecting biogenic gases by the laser optoacoustic gas-analysis method is shown. The construction and specifications of instruments, developed for this purpose, are described. Examples of the analysis of gas samples of various biological objects, like air, expired by patients, suffered from different illnesses, and residual gases in the wood of year rings of conifers are given together with recommendations on applying the received information.

Researches on an optimization of the filtration process of DNA nucleotides gene expression profiles are presented in the article. The data of lung cancer patients E-GEOD-68571 of Array Express database were used as experimental data. Filtration was carried out under the terms of the expression detecting of corresponding gene, herewith the variance of gene expression, the absolute value of expression and the Shannon entropy were used as criteria. The value of thresholding coefficient was estimated on the basis of average (of) proximity measure of objects within the homogenous group and between groups. 470 columns were removed in the process of data filtering, and the matrix dimension of the test data has changed from (96´7129) to (96´6659). Estimation of the quality of information processing was performed by the comparative analysis of the clustering results of processed and unprocessed data.

Nanostructures research plays a crucial role in the transformation of breakthrough scientific ideas into next-generation technology. In the way that silicon revolutionized the microelectronics industry, plasmonic nanostructures can greatly impact on the field of analytical instruments for molecular analysis of materials, even biological objects. Currently, research in the plasmonics has been faced the problem of choosing the optimal plasmonic nanostructures in order to realize useful devices. Usually, metal components such as gold, silver and copper serve for working elements of plasmon-active surfaces, which have a number of advantages in comparison with other materials. However, on the stage of devises design, the choice even between three different metals causes great difficulties. In order to take the first steps to solve this problem, here we consider the criteria for plasmon-active metals choice, and also give examples of Au, Ag, and Cu nanostructures obtained by the controlled self-assembly in limited pore volume of the SiO 2 /Si template for SERS applications.

The possibility of noninvasive detection of magnetic particles in biological objects has been investigated. It has been found that magnetic particles, including magnetite, hematite, and catalytic iron particles in carbon nanotubes, can be detected by ultrasensitive magnetic field sensors with resolutions of 10−8-10−14 T. This research direction is shown to be promising for noninvasive monitoring of organs, implants, prosthesis, and other elements of biological systems.

Optic properties of cholesterol liquid crystals promote their use as active elements of optic sensors for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of biological substances. The change of spectral characteristics of cholesterol liquid crystals occurs during contact with biological substances, which is the basis for detection, identification and diagnostics of biological objects. Spectral characteristics of liquid crystal substances based on cholesterol liquid crystal BLO-62 with admixture of nematic liquid crystal 5CB and their change on introduction of aqueous solutions of pepsin and trypsin have been investigated. Concentration of pepsin (6%) and trypsin (10%) in aqueous solutions and their content in liquid crystal medium has been optimized to achieve maximal value of spectral sensitivity coefficient. The optical converter was developed with cholestric liquid crystal as a sensitive element. For the enzymes investigation the structural scheme of the sensor device is developed and the peculiarities of the information signal formation are presented. The sensor operation algorithm is developed to measure different types of enzymes.