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A hybrid enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method by combining low salinity water (LSW) and low salinity surfactant (LSS) flooding techniques was designed. Different experiments were done to screen the Caspian seawater (SW) with altered ionic composition and surfactant, for the optimized performance in Kazakhstani carbonate oil fields. Changing to a more water-wet state and creating the middle phase were studied as the main criteria to select the best-engineered brine and anionic surfactant. The largest alteration towards the water-wet condition was recorded at 10 times dilution of the SW with 3- and 6- times spiked calcium and sulfate ions, respectively (10xSW-6SO4, Mg, 3Ca). This combination of anionic surfactants with carbonate formations is considered as a new approach in hybrid EOR methods. Among the anionic surfactants screened, Soloterra-113H (Alkyl Benzenesulfonic acid) showed the best solubilization ratio, aqueous stability, and Winsor type 3 microemulsions. The wettability alteration by the combination of optimized brine and screened surfactant was greater compared to the standalone LSW, which was confirmed by the 10° difference in contact angle measurement. The microemulsion phase constituted nearly 40% of the total height of the oil/brine column by the hybrid method. The recovery factor after injecting formation water was 52%, and it increased to 61% after optimized LSW injection. After switching to the engineered brine/surfactant, the recovery factor reached 70%, which proves the effectiveness of the hybrid method. The proposed combined method works better than either standalone EOR method due to the higher alteration in capillary number by changing wettability and reducing IFT, which leads to higher oil recovery.

Microorganisms can produce bio-hydrogen (H2) during their metabolism, and especially dark fermentative production from carbohydrates is a promising option. However, the technology still suffers from low H2 production rates due to product inhibition of the H2-producing enzymes. In this study we investigate if subsurface (reservoir) microbes can be relevant bio-H2 producers and a source of high-pressure adapted enzymes. In addition, we also investigate the potential H2 productivity using an indigenous reservoir community, thereby proposing a preliminary screening workflow for mature oil fields to be used as potential in-situ H2 bioreactors. We cultured two H2-producers Marinitoga hydrogenitolerans and Thermotoga napthophila, which were isolated from high-pressure environments, and a freshly obtained oil reservoir brine containing a fermentative community under atmospheric and pressurized conditions (15–16 bar). All cultures produced H2 under atmospheric conditions with different productivities. Marinitoga shows the same cell number increase and glucose consumption under high pressure compared to atmospheric but with a significantly decreased H2 productivity of −86%. The productivity decline of the reservoir community was less pronounced with −35%. The mole fraction of H2 in the produced gas was in both cases high (0.64 and 0.82 respectively). Our results indicate strong differences in the pressure-related enzyme adaptations and may be used for screening of pressure-tolerant microbes and enzymes for enhanced bio-H2 production.

Meat jerky is a type of meat snack with a long shelf life, light weight, and unique sensory properties. However, meat jerky requires a long manufacturing time, resulting in high energy consumption. In this study, beef jerky was prepared by injecting different concentrations of brine at different hot-air drying times (0–800 min). When the brine injection levels were increased to 30%, the drying characteristics of beef jerky, such as drying time and effective moisture diffusivity, were significantly improved owing to the relatively high water content and the formation of porous structures. The physicochemical properties (e.g. meat color, porosity, shear force, and volatile basic nitrogen) of the beef jerky injected with 30% brine were improved owing to the shortened drying time. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the beef jerky structure became porous and irregular during the brine injection process. Our novel processing technique for manufacturing beef jerky leads to improved quality characteristics and shortened drying times.

Lithium is an economically important element that is increasingly extracted from brines accumulated in continental basins. While a number of studies have identified silicic magmatic rocks as the ultimate source of dissolved brine lithium, the processes by which Li is mobilized remain poorly constrained. Here we focus on the potential of low-temperature, post-eruptive processes to remove Li from volcanic glass and generate Li-rich fluids. The rhyolitic glasses in this study (from the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain volcanic province in western North America) have interacted with meteoric water emplacement as revealed by textures and a variety of geochemical and isotopic signatures. Indices of glass hydration correlate with Li concentrations, suggesting Li is lost to the water during the water-rock interaction. We estimate the original Li content upon deposition and the magnitude of Li depletion both by direct in situ glass measurements and by applying a partition-coefficient approach to plagioclase Li contents. Across our whole sample set (19 eruptive units spanning ca. 10 m.y.), Li losses average 8.9 ppm, with a maximum loss of 37.5 ppm. This allows estimation of the dense rock equivalent of silicic volcanic lithologies required to potentially source a brine deposit. Our data indicate that surficial processes occurring post-eruption may provide sufficient Li to form economic deposits. We found no relationship between deposit age and Li loss, i.e., hydration does not appear to be an ongoing process. Rather, it occurs primarily while the deposit is cooling shortly after eruption, with δ18O and δD in our case study suggesting a temperature window of 40° to 70°C.

The rapid retreat of the Dead Sea during the past four decades led to the exposure of unique structures of massive gypsum along the shores. Many of these structures (having the shape of mounds) are associated with the activity of Ein Qedem-type saline springs that currently discharge Ca-chloride brine to the lake. Field observations, radiocarbon dating of aragonite (within the gypsum mounds) that yield ancient ages, and the narrow range of δ34S and δ18O values ( δ 34 S gyp : 14.1–16.9‰; δ 18 O gyp : 14.4–16.5‰) indicates that the formation of the gypsum structures is related to the mixing of brines: the Dead Sea brine and ancient (last glacial) Ein Qedem type brine. These are Ca-chloride brines having different salinities and sulfur concentrations that satisfy conditions of an outsalting process whereby supersaturation of gypsum is attained by the mixing of these two brines in the offshore shallow water environment. Thermodynamic calculations (using the PHREEQC software) show that gypsum outsalting occurred when both brines were enriched with sulfate as compared to the present. The Ein-Qedem brine had higher sulfate when subjected to less intensive bacterial sulfate reduction. The Dead Sea was characterized by higher sulfate concentrations during intervals of low lake stands. The conditions of higher sulfate concentrations and enhanced discharge of the saline springs occurred repeatedly in the Dead Sea between ∼6.6 to 0.6 ka and were intermittent with periods of enhanced supply of sulfate to the lake by freshwaters.

Surface complexation models (SCM), based mainly on the diffuse double layer (DDL) theory, have been used to predict zeta potential at the crude oil-brine-rock (COBR) interface with limited success. However, DDL is inherently limited in accurately predicting zeta potential by the assumptions that all the brine ions interact with the rock surface at the same plane and by the double layer collapse at higher brine ionic strength (>1M). In this work, a TLM-based SCM captured zeta potential trends at the calcite-brine interface with ionic strength up to 3 M. An extended DDL and TLM-based SCMs were used to predict the electrokinetic properties of a composite carbonate rock showing a different mineralogical composition. The extended TLM-based SCM captured the zeta potential prediction trends and magnitude, highlighting the contribution of the inorganic minerals and organic impurities on the composite carbonate surface. In contrast, the extended DDL-based SCM captured the zeta potential trends but failed to capture the magnitude of the measured zeta potential. Interestingly, the TLM-based SCM predicted a positive SP for the rock-brine interface, which could explain the oil-wet nature of composite carbonate rocks due to electrostatic adsorption of negatively charged carboxylic acids. Conversely, the DDL-based SCM predicted a negative SP, leading to an inaccurate interpretation of the electrokinetic properties at the rock-brine interface. Thus, the use of extended TLM-based SCM was required to accurately predict the zeta potential and account for the adsorption of carboxylic acids on the reservoir composite carbonate surface.

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of brine solution in compared to nisin and ozonated water treatments against E. coli O157:H7 in experimentally local produced soft cheese (ELPSC). A total of 25 raw cow milk samples were collected from farmers and local markets in Baghdad city and utilized to manufacturing 25 of ELPSC samples following the traditional procedure in rural Iraq without salting or heat treatment. Bacteriological analysis for potential E. coli O157:H7 contamination was performed and confirmed by cultural, biochemical, and serological tests. Antibacterial activity of brine solution (7% w/v), nisin solution (100 IU/mL), and ozonated water (0.6 ppm) was performed for positive samples after 2 h contact time at ambient temperature. Positive isolates of E. coli O157:H7 were detected and confirmed as 3 out of 25 cheese samples (12%), with initial average bacterial count of 6.146 log10 CFU/g. The initial bacterial count was significantly (P

Taikor (Garcinia pedunculata Roxb.) is an underutilized, however nutritious fruit, typically found in Bangladesh and northeast parts of India. Taikor slices (1 ± 0.25 cm thickness) were pretreated for 10 min in 10% sucrose, 10% fructose, and 2% brine solution. Three different temperatures, such as 45, 50, and 55 °C were used to perform the drying operation at 30% constant relative humidity (RH). The thin-layer dehydration characteristics of taikor slices were analyzed using the Newtonian, Page, and Henderson and Pabi’s model. The changes in pH, total acidity, color, β-carotene, vitamin C, B vitamins, antioxidant activity, and microbial load calculation were done to compare the comprehensive quality of untreated and pre-treated dried taikor. After assessing the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) values, the Page model was obtained as the best-suited model. For this model, the R2 and RMSE values were found to be approximately 1 and below 0.1094, respectively. Among the pretreatments, sucrose helped retain quality characteristics like ascorbic acid (115.25 ± 0.19 mg/100 g), antioxidant activity (33.25 ± 0.07%) more in the dried samples. The brine pretreated sample had minimum microbial growth. Fructose pretreated taikor samples dried at 45 °C exhibited maximum value of B vitamins (B1 0.025 ± 0.002 mg/100 g, B2 0.016 ± 0.002 mg/100 g, B3 0.011 ± 0.001 mg/100 g), total phenolic content (15.78 ± 0.15 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoid content (11.11 ± 0.08 mg QE/100 g). Overall, fructose pretreated sample dried at 55 °C was found to be the best method for preserving the maximum physical and chemical quality of dried Garcinia pedunculata.

Manufacture of common salt by evaporation of natural brine has been renowned from past. The southern state of Tamil nadu in India, 75% of the salt is made by solar evaporation of sea brine, 20% from subsoil brine and therefore the rest from backwater. For the manufacture of salt and its by-products by the evaporation of brine, the information of each the composition of the brine and its phase chemistry is important. Underground brine (subsoil) is considered to be the sea water cut-off from oceans and concentrated by sunlight. It contains the elements of chloride, sulphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in higher proportion. The physical parameter of rainfall data was collected because it interferes by diluting the brine and reducing the rate of evaporation. The monitoring of the physical and chemical parameters of brine at various stages viz, source, reservoir, condenser, crystallizer and bittern of the subsoil salt-pan gives plentiful possibilities for the management of the salt-pans. The results of chemical parameters and their seasonal dissimilarities were studied for a period of one year. (Jan-Dec 2019).

Nitrate deposits are rare worldwide, especially potassium nitrate deposits; furthermore, their genesis remains disputed. There is a rare salt-lake type potassium nitrate deposit in the Dawadi area of Lop Nor at the eastern margin of the Tarim Basin, and the ore bodies show coexisting solid and liquid phases. Additionally, there are large sulphate-type potash deposits in the adjoining Luobei Depression, south of the Dawadi area. To determine why there are two different types of potash deposits in adjacent depressions with similar climates, field geological surveys were conducted and samples collected. It was found that the Tertiary clastic layer at the periphery of the Dawadi deposit was rich in high-salinity brine, with nitrate contents of up to 495–16,719 mg/L, much higher than those in the Luobei Depression, 1–35 mg/L. Additionally, a type of deep hydrothermal (Ca–Cl) brine was found in the fault zones, with nitrate contents of up to 8044 mg/L, dozens of times greater than that of ordinary groundwater. Using comprehensive analysis and research, we concluded that the Dawadi and Luobei depressions belong to different hydrological systems with no connection between them; thus, the two deposits belong to different metallogenic systems. Furthermore, groundwater played an important role in the mineralization of the potassium nitrate deposit, and a deep source may have been an important source of the ore-forming materials. The fault system widely developed in Lop Nor provides favorable channels for deep hydrothermal recharge, and the groundwater and deep hydrothermal brine could provide the source for the nitrate mineralization in the Dawadi Depression through water–rock reactions.

To select the optimum methods, such criteria like reservoir heterogeneity, reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, crude oil type API (American Petroleum Institute), and brine salinity. EOR methods contained water flooding, chemical flooding, nanofluids injection, CO2 (carbon dioxide) injection, SAGD/WAG (Surfactant assisted gas drainage/water alternative gas injection), and hybrid injection. Multi-criteria decision-making methods of FTOPSIS (a fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) and FAHP (fuzzy analytic hierarchy process) were used to select the optimum in the EOR method. The hybrid injection is considered the preferable oil recovery enhancement method in both FTOPSIS and FAHP methods. It has a normalized weight of 74% and 23% for FTOPSIS and FAHP, respectively. In the FTOPSIS method, SAGD/WAG and CO2 methods are the second and third preferred enhanced oil recovery methods with the normalized weight of 65% and 56%, respectively. In the FAHP method, CO2 and SAGD/WAG methods are the second and third preferred enhanced oil recovery methods with the normalized weight of 19% and 14%.

Altering the wettability of the rock–oil–brine system plays a substantial role in the oil recovery process from carbonate reservoirs. Hence, there arises a need for understanding the wetting and wettability alteration of this system. In this study, we ran a suite of spontaneous imbibition tests and investigated the efficiency of Carbon nanodots (CND) and an in-house cationic Gemini surfactant (GS8) on the wettability alteration of and recovery from oil-wet carbonate rock samples. The study considered the effects of additives concentrations, sample aging, initial water saturation, and rock permeability. Both CND and GS8 proved efficient at concentrations below 200 ppm. At 200 ppm, separately CND in seawater and GS8 in seawater demonstrated each about 22%–25% incremental oil recovery over neat seawater. Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements supported this observation. NMR T 2 distribution and NMR T 2 D fluid typing measurements helped evaluate the recovery in terms of the pore size distribution and the oil and brine water saturation at different imbibition stages. CND exhibited a strong positive effect on the wettability of all tested samples, and accordingly, on the imbibition characteristics and oil recovery. It altered the wettability from strongly oil-wet to water-wet with equal efficiency in all pore systems making it a strong candidate for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). GS8, on the other hand, was most efficient in the macropores. Unlike CND, the efficiency of GS8 decreased in the mesopores and more so in the micropores. Rock–oil–brine surface contact angle and oil–brine interfacial tension measurements supported the imbibition test results and helped interpret the recovery mechanism. Overall, CND proved effective for EOR in the harsh carbonate reservoir environment and demonstrated itself as a viable and economical substitute to the more costly and complex oilfield chemicals for recovery operations.

Low salinity water injection is a promising water-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method for carbonate rocks. However, permeability impairment resulted from competition between mineral scale precipitation and rock dissolution is not well understood due to complex injection water/formation brine/rock interactions. In this paper, simultaneous effects of rock dissolution and mineral scale precipitation in low saline co-water injection on permeability performance were investigated. A dynamic flow of water with varying ion composition considering scale precipitation/rock dissolution coupling with geochemical reactions (using PHREEQC) was developed. The proposed model was validated with outlet ion concentration of single phase coreflood data. Then, permeability decline curves were obtained for each mixing ratio of formation brine and diluted sea water. The results show that in case of co-water injection, mineral scale precipitation is the dominant mechanism in early times of flooding and can be comparable with rock dissolution quantitatively in longer time. This result is in contrast with results of sequensive injection available in literature due to lack of sufficient mixing zone between injected water and formation brine and small pore volume of injection. In addition there are three different regions in permeability curve of co-water injection which is reflecting the competition between mineral scale precipitation and rock dissolution mechanisms. Moreover, as the share of formation brine increased more than 0.5, mineral precipitation became dominant and permeability curve decreased monotonically. The model can be used for distinguishing share of different mechanisms of permeability variation during low salinity waterflooding.

Lead is produced from ores, concentrates and secondaries using pyrometallurgical process routes. Different hydrometallurgical techniques are also employed to recover lead as metal or its compound. In the present study, an attempt was made to recover lead from the anode slime (12.75% Pb and 18.50% Cu as major elements) that is obtained during electrorefining of copper. Before lead extraction, decopperization was carried out using very dilute sulphuric acid leaching, where Cu was completely removed. Lead was extracted using brine solution as the leachant. The maximum leaching efficiency of 80.66% was obtained using 35% brine solution under the conditions of 5% pulp density, 90 °C temperature and 1 h duration. Lead was further recovered from the brine leach solution as lead sulphide using sodium sulphide by precipitation technique. It is found that lead sulphide of high purity can be produced from anode slime.

Systematic flotation survey and spatial analysis of artifacts at the submerged salt work of Ek Way Nal reveal evidence of a residence, salt kitchens, and additional activities. Ek Way Nal is one of 110 salt works associated with a Late to Terminal Classic (A.D. 600–900) salt industry known as the Paynes Creek Salt Works. Wooden posts that form the walls of 10 buildings are remarkably preserved in a peat bog below the sea floor providing an opportunity to examine surface artifacts in relation to buildings. Numerous salt kitchens have been located at the Paynes Creek Salt Works by evidence of abundant briquetage—pottery associated with boiling brine over fires to make salt. As one of the largest salt works with 10 buildings, there is an opportunity to examine variability in building use. Systematic flotation survey over the site and flagging and mapping individual artifacts and posts provide evidence that the Ek Way Nal salt makers had a residence near the salt kitchens, along with evidence of salting fish for subsistence or surplus household production. The results are compared with ethnographic evidence from Sacapulas and other salt works.

While the “low salinity waterflooding” (LSWF) has been praised for enhancing oil recovery from different core rocks, the performance of the technique in different wettability environments remains unclear. The consensus is that LSWF does not work well in water-wet carbonate oil reservoirs. The main research objective was to determine the effect of LSWF on the displacement efficiency (DE) in different wettability environments. Carbonate core flooding experiments on rocks with different wettabilities were performed at in-situ reservoir conditions using seawater as a “base water”. Seawater was sequentially diluted 10 to 50 times and spiked 2 and 6 times with sulfate. Following sequential flooding with four different waters, the DEs were measured for different wettabilities. Five different sequential brine floodings were performed on carbonate rocks. Results indicated that optimum low salinity water is a function of system wettability. Seawater (≈ 50,000 ppm) is the optimum brine for oil-wet and intermediate-wettability systems. Sequential flooding consisting of seawater followed by diluted seawater in a water-wet system yielded the highest DE of 88%. Besides, low-salinity brine followed by sulfate performed better in a water-wet environment than in oil- and intermediate-wettability systems.

BACKGROUND Enzyme injection is vital for improving the sensory attributes and processing characteristics of meat products by enhancing proteolysis. However, studies regarding the appropriate dose addition for accelerating protein degradation in grass carp are minimal. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Flavourzyme® on the flavor quality and antioxidant activity of salted grass carp via brine injection and brining. RESULTS Flavourzyme was added at doses of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 leucine aminopeptidase units (LAPU) per kilogram of raw meat. The results indicated that adding Flavourzyme promoted proteolysis, which was reflected by the enhanced total free amino acid content (from 3.7414 g kg-1 to 4.9160 g kg-1 in the brining group and from 3.8039 g kg-1 to 5.4061 g kg-1 in the injection group) and a decrease in salt soluble and insoluble protein (P

The kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) brine salting that used to make shredded were preservative with salt. Salt addition has aim to inactivate of bacterial contamination. Obviously, bacteria is still capable of growing in kawakawa brine shredding Therefore, in this study chitosan was added as antibacterial in shredded processing. Vibrio sp., is one of common halophilic bacteria found in seafood. If this bacteria is consumed, it can cause serious problems in human health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors that affect in identifying Vibrio sp., on kawakawa brine shredding (C), shredded non-chitosan (FC) and shredded contain of chitosan (FC+). The methods evaluated were steps in enriching bacteria, culturing bacterial in selective media and analysing bacterial by API 20E kit. Enriching and incubation periods were needed by halophilic bacteria to adaptation in new environment. It was required to observe the bacteria characteristics' that would be isolated. Bacterial colonies were growth on Thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose (TCBS) were not Vibrio sp., but confirmed as Pseudomonas luteola and Proteus vulgaris based on API 20E analysis. It was showed that TCBS media had some advantages in identifying Vibrio sp. In conclusion, to get the best result in identifying bacteria, at least two or more methods were used to avoid misidentification.

Brine sludge (BS) is an industrial waste generated in large amounts by the Chlor-alkali industry and, usually disposed into industrial landfills. Because BS contains several chemical compounds, also presents a potential environmental impact. The feasibility of the utilization of brine sludge wastes for the preparation of value-added materials was investigated. The characterization of two brine sludge samples was performed in terms of chemical and physical composition, particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal analysis (DTA/TG). Elements like Ca, Si, Na, Mg, Al, Cl, and Fe were identified in the samples. The XRD results confirmed the crystalline nature of compounds and indicated that the main compounds in brine sludge samples were calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, magnesium hydroxide, and quartz. FTIR showed the presence of varying functional groups like carbonate, siloxane, and hydroxide. The two brine sludge samples can be considered as a fine powder with the mean diameter (d50) of 4.984 µm and 24.574 µm, for the BS from Santo André and Cubatão, respectively. The results indicated that the brine sludge samples presented favorable characteristics to use limestone filler and binder alternative to Portland cement in the nonstructural construction materials. The incorporation of brine sludge in geopolymeric materials is another possible use in sustainable construction material products. The production of value-added products from brine sludge will be an important contribution towards sustainable development adopted by the Chlor-alkali industry.

Due to the strong heterogeneity, the infaust mobility ratio of offshore heavy oil reservoirs and the high cost of produced water treatment, a “green” in-depth profile control technology was proposed, which integrated produced water reinjection and microsphere in-depth profile control and displacement technology. Experimental results show that RGO-PMSs maintained to be spherical and expanded 5.2–6 time after aging 15 days in brine. While the size of RGO-PMSs aggregation increased 15–25 times, which induced the enhancement of plugging efficiency when permeability was higher than 3000 mD. During RGO-PMSs migration in porous media, it could adjust profile by adsorbing on rock surface or forming plugging in the forms of single capture, bridging, and accumulation. Due to the elastic deformation ability of RGO-PMSs, the particles could enter in-depth reservoirs to form plugging and modulate profile. Moreover, RGO-PMSs system injection and subsequent water flooding could enhance the oil recovery in high permeability layer and low permeability layer of 31.3% and 73.5%, respectively in parallels core displacement experiments. It is believed that the proposed produced water injection combined with RGO-PMSs could be a potential “green” candidate for enhancing oil recovery in offshore heavy oil reservoirs.

Актуальность исследования обусловлена получением новых данных по изотопной геохимии сверхкрепких рассолов Сибирской платформы. Цель: выявить особенности генезиса рассолов и растворенной в них углекислоты, а также взаимодействия вод с окружением. Методы. Полевое опробование проведено в соответствии с общепринятыми методиками. Химико-аналитические исследования выполнены методами титриметрии, ионной хроматографии и масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой. Определение δD, δ18O, δ13С проводилось на приборе Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer FinniganTM MAT 253, снабженном приставками пробоподготовки H/Device (для анализа δD) и GasBench II (для анализа δ18O и δ13СDIC). Изотопные отношения 87Sr86/Sr и 87Rb/86Sr изучались на масс-спектрометре MI 1201T в двухленточном режиме с регистрацией на одном коллекторе. Результаты. Представлены новые изотопно-геохимические данные по сверхкрепким рассолам Сибирской платформы широкого стратиграфического диапазона (от рифея до ордовика). Для изученных рассолов характерен широкий интервал относительных концентраций дейтерия и кислорода-18: от –133 до –17,5 ‰ для δD и от –17,0 до –2,5 ‰ для δ18O. На основании значений кислородных и водородных дельт рассолов предполагается их седиментационно-метаморфический генезис. Значения δ13С для DIC рассолов варьируют в диапазоне от –31 до +12,7 ‰. Предполагается биогенное (бактериальное) происхождение растворенной в водах углекислоты. В среднем переход от более молодых комплексов к более древним сопровождается обогащением DIC легким изотопом углерода. Стронциевые отношения изученных рассолов делят их на две группы: с отношениями 87Sr/86Sr, близкими к значениям в водах современного океана, и со значениями 87Sr/86Sr, существенно их превышающими. Предполагается, что для рассолов второй группы захоронение вод происходило в присутствии обломочного материала выветривания континентальной коры, обогащенного радиоактивным 87Rb.

Since early 80s, people of Pakistan have been enjoying good quality of salt known as refined salt. Mechanical salt washing is used in many countries to upgrade salt quality. The counter current washing at multiple stages and dewatering by centrifuge improves salt quality. During this process almost 10 to 15% of salt is converted into saturated brine solution containing high amount of sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sulphate. In the current practice most of the salt processers, this brine waste solution is drained. In the present study, a method is modified to utilize this waste brine solution. Brine was treated with calcium oxide and iron chloride to remove some soluble and insoluble impurities. The treated brine is evaporated in a specially constructed jacketed crystallizer connected with a hot water geyser. Heat is transferred through bottom by counter current flow. The temperature is maintained between 55 to 65oC at pH 3-4. The applied study yield the well shaped pyramidal crystals of salt known as Fluer de sel (flower of salt), that are world famous and used in gourmet foods with a growing market. Fleur de Sel has unique morphology, lower bulk density, large surface area, improved taste and rapid dissolution as compared to the common cubic salt

Tirta Sanita Bogor brine water contains high concentrations of sodium (Na). It also contains calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The purpose of this research is to make the food grade salt with relatively low Ca and Mg content. The process was carried out in two methods, the first method was chemical precipitation which was divided into two stages, the removal of the Mg element using a limestone compound (CaCO3) which has been calcined at 900 ̊C for 6 hours, and the removal of Ca element using Li2CO3 compound. The second method was traditional evaporation which was conducted using prism greenhouse technology. The brine filtrate was reacted with Na2CO3 and the results were analyzed using the ICP-OES. The results showed that the NaCl content was 80% by the chemical precipitation and traditional evaporation methods. Keywords: Brine water, Precipitation, Evaporation, Food grade salt

We simulate two sets of dissolution experiments in which CO2-saturated solutions are injected into calcite formations. We explore the impact of non-linear reaction kinetics and charge-coupled ion transport in systems representing different levels of flow and mineralogical complexity. First, we flow CO2-saturated water and brine through cylindrical channels drilled through solid calcite cores and compare directly with experimental dissolution rates. We find that simulations using a linear saturation model match experimental results much better than the batch-reactor-derived non-linear saturation model. The use of a coupled diffusion model causes only a very small increase in the overall dissolution rate compared to a single diffusion coefficient, due to the increase in transport rates of reaction products, particularly the highly charged Ca2+ ion. We also determine the relative importance of the two calcite dissolution pathways, with H+ and H2CO3, and conclude that the H2CO3 – calcite reaction is by far the more dominant, in contrast with common assumptions in the literature. Then, we compare to the experiments of Menke et al. (2015) in which CO2-saturated brine was injected into a microporous Ketton carbonate, and compare dissolution rates over time. We find that including non-linear saturation behaviour markedly changes the simulated dissolution rate, by up to a factor of 0.7 in the case of the experimentally derived saturation model of Anabaraonye (2017), however neither case matches the experimental result which is several times slower than the simulation. Including the effects of coupled ion transport lead to virtually no change in overall dissolution rate due to the convection dominated behaviour. The model also shows differences in the trend of the dissolution rate over time observed in Menke et al, with an approximately linear relationship with time compared to the experimental square-root dependence on time. We conclude that the geochemical model may need to include other effects such as dissolution inside microporous regions.

The purpose of this study is to identify the major formation processes of the ionic and isotopic composition of chloride brines in the sedimentary basins of the Siberian platform. The object and subject of research are deep-seated strong, very strong and extremely saturated brines as well as their strontium content and the ratio of Sr stable isotopes. The groundwater ionic-salt composition was determined by traditional methods (titrimetric, gravimetric, flame photometry), the 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio was measured using mass-spectrometers (Irkutsk, Russia and Canada). The brines lying at the depth of 1500–3000 m were tapped and classified into saline and subsalt hydrogeological formations. Their feature is high salinity (385–530 g/L) and high content of strontium (2.3–7 g/L). The 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio ranges from 0.708 to 0.713062. By isotopic composition most of the brine samples are close to the waters of the Vendian-Cambrian paleoocean. However, some brine samples from the subsalt part of the sedimentary section of the basin are significantly enriched in the isotope 87Sr compared to the paleoocean waters and other samples. It could be due to the substantial input of 87Sr into the brines during the long-term interaction of groundwater with the host Lower Cambrian sandstones.

In this study, a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed for methane-water and methane-brine systems in the range of 263.15 K∼283.15 K, 1 MPa∼10 MPa with the ion mass fraction u...

Introduction. Fluorescence is one of the most promising methods of food quality tests. Fluorescein disodium salt is used as a means of diagnostics in medicine and food production. In particular, fluorophore can determine the ripening stage of boneless turkey meat during brining by defining the penetration depth of the brine. Study objects and methods. The present research featured samples of brined turkey breast and thigh meat. The experiment was based on standard research methods, e.g. macro- and microscopy, statistical method, etc. It also included an original fluorescence method for determining the penetration depth of sodium chloride brine into turkey muscles. Results and discussion. The experimental brine consisted of food salt, white sugar, water, and fluorescein disodium salt, while brine without fluorophore served as control. Regardless of sodium chloride concentration, the changes in the ripening depth of the turkey breast samples were 8 times lower after 5 min, 3 times – after 12 h, and 4 times after 24 h. Complete ripening occurred after 36 h, which was confirmed by visual and fluorophore measurements. The thigh meat samples showed a smaller area of sodium chloride penetration: 8 times lower – after 5 min, 2 times – after 12 and 24 h. Complete salting was also registered after 36 h of brining. Conclusion. The fluorescence method proved quite effective in determining the ripening of boneless turkey parts meat.

In this paper, a lithium-ion sieve (LIS) with different morphologies, such as rod-like (LIS-R), spherical (LIS-S), flower-like (LIS-F), and three-dimensional macroporous-mesoporous (LIS-3D), was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, solid reaction, and hard-template synthesis. The results showed that the LIS with different morphologies presented great differences in specific surface area, pore volume, adsorption selectivity, and structure stability. LIS-3D with highest specific surface area and pore volume displayed the maximum adsorption capacity and adsorption rate, but the stability of LIS-3D was poor because of the manganese dissolution. By comparison, LIS-S has the best structural stability while maintaining a satisfactory adsorption capacity (35.02 mg·g−1) and adsorption rate. The LIS-S remained about 90% of the original adsorption capacity after five cycles of adsorption–desorption process. In addition, in the simulated brine system (the magnesium to lithium ratio of 400), the LIS-S exhibited the highest selectivity (αLiMg) of 425.14. In sum, the LIS-S with good morphology is a potential adsorbent for lithium extraction from brine.

Cost-effective nutrient sources and dewatering are major obstacles to sustainable, scaled-up cultivation of microalgae. Employing waste resources as sources of nutrients offsets costs for nutrient supplies while adding value through simultaneous waste treatment. Forward osmosis (FO), using simulated reverse osmosis brine, is a low-energy membrane technology that can be employed to efficiently harvest microalgae from a dilute solution. In this study, Scenedesmus obliquus, a green microalga, was cultivated with a fertilizer plant wastewater formula and simulated coal-fired power plant flue gas and then separated through either FO, with reverse osmosis reject model water as the draw solution, or sedimentation. Microalgal batches grown with simulated wastewater removed NH4+ within 2 days and reached nitrogen and phosphorus limitation simultaneously on Day 5. Sparging with the flue gas caused S. obliquus to produce significantly greater quantities of extracellular polymeric substances (30.7 ± 1.8 μg mL–1), which caused flocculation and enhanced settling to an advantageous extent. Five-hour FO trials showed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.65) between water fluxes for cultures grown with simulated flue gas and CO2-supplemented air (3.0 ± 0.1 and 3.0 ± 0.3 LMH, respectively). Reverse salt fluxes were low for all conditions and, remarkably, the rate of reverse salt flux was −1.9 ± 0.6 gMH when the FO feed was culture grown with simulated flue gas. In this work, S. obliquus was cultivated and harvested with potential waste resources.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of starter culture addition on the characteristics of raw milk white cheese (Gibna bayda).The cheese was made from raw warmed (45°C) milk, and the starter culture (2% w/v) was added to the first treatment (T1), while no starter culture was added to the second treatment (T2). After the manufacture, cheese was cut into cubes and kept in the brine solution (2% w/v) for 24 hours, followed by storing without whey at 5°C for 45 days. Microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics were evaluated at 1, 15, 30, and 45-day intervals. Results showed that total viable bacteria [TVB] (log106.73 cfu/gm),Staphylococcus aureus(log102.15 cfu/gm),Escherichia coli(log101.11 cfu/gm) and yeasts and moulds (log106.21 cfu/gm) counts were high in T2 cheese. TVB significantly decreased during the ripening period, while the other microorganisms increased. Fat (25.28%) and total solids (44.27%) were high in T1, while protein (18.44%), moisture (55.77), ash (6.51%), and acidity (0.59%) were high in T2. All physicochemical characteristics except fat were significantly influenced by the ripening period. Taste and body scored best in T1, while the rest of the sensory attributes scored best in T2. All sensory properties were significantly affected by the ripening period except the colour. The study concluded that the use of the starter culture improved the microbiological quality and sensory properties of traditional Sudanese white cheese, which might make this starter culture suitable for this type of cheese.

Spontaneous fermentation with autochthonous yeasts is the most traditional method used for the production of black table olives, which requires minimal intervention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding a brine starter, developed from one-year spontaneously fermented black table olives, on the microbiological, chemical, and sensory characteristics of naturally fermented Taggiasca table olives. The olives were fermented in brine containing 12% (w/v) NaCl with 0.6% (w/v) citric acid and inoculated with a selected brine starter containing primarily Pichia manshurica (87% predominance) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (10% predominance). Brine and olives samples were analysed at the start of the experiment and after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of fermentation. The P. manshurica and S. cerevisiae present in the brine starter drove the entire fermentation process, along with other autochthonous species that were not included in the starter, including Zygosaccharomyces mrakii. Spoilage microorganisms and undesired off-odours and off-flavours were not present at the end of fermentation. When compared to the control, the use of the brine starter increased the total yeast population in the brine during the first 6 months of fermentation, thus shortening the debittering time of the fruits and improving the taste complexity of the final product.

The Itumbula salt dam of the Rukwa Rift Basin is a depression formed through extraction of spring-derived salt crystals. Brine yield by springs which is the primary cause of significant amounts of salt in the dam required further geological investigations to understand yield controls. In this study, detailed field geological investigations in the salt dam and its surroundings were conducted to ascertain brine discharge controls. These included documentation of lithology and surface manifestations of brine deposition. Geophysical methods (i.e. magnetic and electric surveys) for studying geologic structures associated with brine deposits, and laboratory analysis of cations and anions (e.g. chlorides, bicarbonates or sulphates) essential to characterize composition of waters were also performed. The information on the springs discharge rate was retrieved from the previous studies. The magnetic profile revealed a very low magnetic anomaly across the salt dam, trending NW to SE direction, which is interpreted to be the main structure that controls fluid movements in the dam. Electric resistivity survey results delineated a low resistivity body in the central part of the dam interpreted as porous formation with saline water. Hydro-chemistry of the hot spring brines indicated high levels of sodium and chloride ions contents than magnesium, calcium, potassium, sulphate, and carbonate and bicarbonate ions, interpreted to be mature water with minimal water mixing. The structurally controlled brines of approximately 2.5 kg/s are discharged in the study area. Keywords: Geologic Structures, Brine, Salt Production, Momba, Rukwa Basin.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) play an essential role in the electrification of the transportation sector, and battery demand for lithium compounds will see a significant increase in the coming decade...

The output and grade of liquid potash minerals in Qarhan Salt Lake are decreasing year by year, which has become the main problem restricting the sustainable production of potassium fertilizer. The exploitation and utilization of low-grade solid potash ore, which is in the strata of the Qarhan Salt Lake, represents the fundamental framework for the sustainable development of Qarhan Salt Lake’s potash fertilizer. PHREEQC is a simulation software for hydrogeochemistry. In this paper, PHREEQC was applied to simulate temperature, pH value and solvent chemical characteristics which affect the dissolution process of low-grade solid potash minerals. The simulation results indicate that the optimum temperature for ore dissolution is around 25 °C, because, around this temperature, the dissolving ability of solvents to low-grade solid potash minerals is enhanced, while the dissolving ability to halite remains basically unchanged, which is conducive to selective dissolution of low-grade solid potash. It is recommended the temperature is between 20 and 30 ℃. The simulation results show that, when the pH value of solvents is more than 9, although it is advantageous to selective dissolution of low-grade solid potash minerals, the solvent becomes strong alkali solution, which will cause environmental pollution and seriously corrode materials and equipment in actual production, so it is recommended the pH value of the solvent is adjusted between 6 and 8. The simulation results show that, when the values of K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl− and SO42− in the solvent are 0.1%, 2.9%, 3.77%, 0.05%, 15.72% and 0.13% respectively, the solubility of low-grade solid potash ores is stronger, which is more conducive to selective ore dissolution. It is suggested that in actual production, the chemical composition of solvents prepared with old brine and fresh water should be as close as possible to the above chemical composition characteristics.

People’s lifestyles nowdays tend to want healthy-practical food that is strongly supported by a healthy diet. Cassava as whole food is considered as a healthy food and has the potential to become rice substitute but needs an appropriate technology to facilitate food serving. In this research, ready-to-eat cassava products then called "cassava chunk" were made by applying canning technology using retort pouch packaging. The achieved value of the heat adequacy (F0) is very important in the canning process to ensure food safety. Therefore, this study aimed to produce cassava chunk product as a whole food, optimize the size and amount of brine in the sterilization process, determine the F0 value after blanching and non-blanching treatments, as well as to analyze the chemical characteristics of fresh cassava and cassava chunk. The sterilization was done by using a pressure cooker with a specially designed basket using hermetic retort pouch packaging. The initial characterizations showed that fresh cassava had a pH of 6.70 and 0.9 aw at 24.6°C. The addition of 20% (b/v) 1% brine solution in the sterilization process with 3 x 2.5 cm cassava chunk was the most preferred by the panelists. The sterilization process with blanching treatment before being packaged reached an F0 of 3.43 minutes, which was safe to consume, and with non-blanching treatment before being packaged reached an F0 of 2.73 minutes. The proximate analysis of cassava chunk showed an increase in the water content from 60.89% to 68.44%, the starch content increased from 74.43% to 80.41%, the soluble dietary fiber decreased from 6.78% to 3.34%, but the fat content decreased from 1.54% to 0.65%. Meanwhile, ash, protein, and insoluble dietary fiber did not show any significant differences after the sterilization. Sterilization technology could produce ready-to-eat cassava chunk as a whole food and was acceptable by 45 organoleptic panelists. Keywords: cassava chunk, whole food, proximate analysis, F0

The marble deposits at Ubo and Ikpeshi areas of Edo state, Southwestern Nigeria, were studied in order to determine the major elements and the paleo-depositional environment of the original sediments using standard methods. Results obtained using test of difference between Ubo and Ikpeshi marbles showed that CaO (51.977±0.922 & 54.726±0.23), MgO (3.034±0.829 & 0.499±0.115), Na2O (1.7±0.73 & 0.024±0.008), MgCO3 (6.337±1.734 & 1.034±0.238), Cu (24.589±0.692 & 27.447±0.711), Ni (23.907±0.854 & 30.979±0.494), all for Ubo and Ikpeshi respectively; with Ni showing highest significance with P

Softening of cheese surface is a common problem especially in brined cheeses. In this study, the effects of the brine calcium concentrations on the texture of fresh perline Mozzarella cheese were investigated. The compositions of cheeses were analyzed 2 weeks after production. Brine protein content were monitored at 2 and 4 week of storage. The effect of the brine calcium concentration on the texture and meltability of cheeses were monitored Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) and Schreiber meltability test at 2 and 4 weeks of storage. The decrease in brine calcium concentration increased the protein transfer from cheese to brine, leading to an increase in the moisture content of cheese. As the calcium concentration increased in brine, an increase in the hardness, and decrease in adhesiveness and meltability of the cheeses were observed during storage. In conclusion, softening/solubilization of the surface of fresh perline Mozzarella cheese can be prevented with increasing the brine calcium concentration.

Chemical enhanced oil recovery aims to increase the oil recovery of mature oil fields. The interfacial tensions (IFTs) between the aqueous solution, the oil phase, and other possible phases are important for designing and estimating a chemical formulation effectiveness. Ultralow (

The aim of the study was to (1) investigate the distributions of sulfur (S), iron (Fe), and phosphorus (P) in coastal surface sediments under the stresses of high salinity and heavy metals; (2) identify potential sources and the environmental geochemical process of S–Fe mineral accumulation; and (3) elucidate the coupling mechanisms of S–Fe–P in coastal sediments under environmental stresses. The distributions of reduced inorganic sulfur (RIS), inorganic P, and reactive Fe (RFe) in surface sediments in two coastal rivers with heavy metals and high salinity (~50 psu, brine drainage) and in offshore areas in the Bohai Sea were investigated. Pyrite sulfur (CRS) was the predominant fraction of RIS in two rivers (Jiaolai River (JL), 56%; Jiehe River (JH), 72%), whereas acid volatile sulfur (AVS) dominated RIS in their offshore sediments (L, 66%; J, 45%). RFe(II) dominated RFe in JH (70%) and JL (66%), while RFe(III) dominated the fractions in their offshore areas (53%). Coastal surface sediments under the stresses of high salinity and heavy metals were dominated by HCl-P (Ca-bound P) and NaOH-P (Fe- and Al-bound P), respectively. Accumulated Fe sulfide was limited by elemental sulfur (ES) availability under high salinity, while it was limited by total organic carbon (TOC) availability when the river was heavily polluted. High salinity produced sulfide-dominated environments, which could reduce the NaOH-P and facilitate HCl-P immobilization. However, the presence of heavy metals resulted in Fe-dominated environments, which could promote metal sulfides formation and increase the NaOH-P fixation.

Structures of pore-throat and permeability alteration caused by precipitation and the dissolution of rock matrix are serious problems during CO2 flooding into reservoirs for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Experiments were conducted under pressure boost and reduction conditions, which simulate CO2-brine scaling in different parts of the reservoir during CO2 flooding. And experiments on the dissolution and scaling of CO2-brine-rock were carried out. The results show that the pH of brine with CO2 under high pressure is small, and no precipitation is formed, so there is no precipitation generated near the gas injection well. Pressure drops sharply near the production well, CO2 dissolved in the formation fluid escapes in large quantities, pH increases, carbonate precipitates are generated, so inorganic scale is formed near the production well. The increase of permeability of core saturated high scale-forming ions is smaller than that of saturated no scale-forming ions brine after CO2 flooding. The accumulation and attachment of salt crystals were found in some large pores of the core with scale-forming ions water after CO2 flooding. The ratio of medium size pores decreased, while that of large and small pores increases, and the pore radius distribution differentiates toward polarization.

As the highest agrocultural product, cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) remain consider as perishable vegetable and also known to contain an antinutritional compound, called oxalate. The oxalate salts is non-soluble compound in water, and thus settle on human kidney. The preservation and improvement of the nutritional aspect of cabbage can be achieved by fermentation through the enzyme production. Therefore, we study the effect of salt addition and incubation time, as the two important factor in commonly cabbage-based fermentation, combined with someoxalate-degrading bacteria, which wasL. plantarum, L. plantarum – S. cerevisiae, and A. aceti – S. cerevisiae on the oxalate and total acid level in cabbage fermentation. The fermentation was conducted in submerged system at room temperature (25 – 27 °C) with the NaCl concentration addition ranging from 0 – 5% until 10 days. Those condition was carried out for the three types of the tested cultures. The oxalate and total acid level was measured using the permanganometric and acid base titration, respectively. The results indicated that L. plantarum-induced fermentation combined with 3% NaCl during 10 days gave the lowest oxalate level in the fermented cabbage biomass,which was 0.005 mg/100 g FW. Moreover, these single-cultured fermentation was able to produce the highest total acid level in the brine solution, 1.270% at the 8 days of fermentation. This fermentation serves as an alternative method to improve cabbage consumption.

HIGHLIGHTS Growth and leaf area of mini watermelon in hydroponic cultivation are reduced at electrical conductivity above 4.00 dS m-1. Electrical conductivity of up to 6.90 dS m-1 does not reduce the net photosynthesis of mini watermelon in hydroponic cultivation. Coconut fiber is the best hydroponic substrate for mini watermelon. RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento e os aspectos fisiológicos da mini melancieira ‘Sugar Baby’ em sistema hidropônico com diferentes substratos e misturas de rejeito salino no preparo da solução nutritiva. Para isso, o experimento foi desenvolvido em estufa plástica, usando delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, correspondentes à combinação de cinco misturas de rejeito salino (condutividade elétrica - CE = 9,50 dS m-1) e água de torneira (CE = 0,54 dS m-1) e quatro tipos de substratos (fibra de coco, areia lavada, 70% areia lavada + 30% casca de arroz e 40% areia lavada + 60% casca de arroz), com quatro repetições. O uso da mistura de rejeito salino e água de torneira com CE acima de 4,00 dS m-1 no preparo da solução nutritiva da mini melancieira reduziu de forma acentuada o crescimento das plantas. O aumento da eficiência de carboxilação e da atividade na cadeia transportadora de elétrons, atuam como mecanismos de tolerância para compensar a fotossíntese líquida da mini melancieira sob estresse salino. A fibra de coco proporcionou o melhor crescimento e atividade fotossintética da mini melancieira, e o substrato com 100% areia lavada proporcionou o menor desempenho.

Safe and cost-effective geologic carbon storage will require active CO2 reservoir management, including brine extraction to minimize subsurface pressure accumulation. While past simulation and experimental efforts have estimated brine extraction volumes, carbon management policies must also assess the energy or emissions penalties of managing and disposing of this brine. We estimate energy and CO2 emission penalties of extracted brine management on a per tonne of CO2 stored basis by spatially integrating CO2 emissions from U.S. coal-fired electric generating units, CO2 storage reservoirs, and brine salinity data sets under several carbon and water management scenarios. We estimate a median energy penalty of 4.4-35 kWh/tonne CO2 stored, suggesting that brine management will be the largest post capture and compression energy sink in the carbon storage process. These estimates of energy demand for brine management are useful for evaluating end-uses for treated brine, assessing the cost of CO2 storage at the reservoir level, and optimizing national CO2 transport and storage infrastructure.