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Herbal cosmetics are a valuable gift of nature and their demand is increasing in the world market. They have good activity with no side effects as compared to synthetic cosmetics. Herbal cosmetics are beauty products and because of natural ingredients, they possess desirable physiological activities. The present research work aimed to formulate and characterize cost-effective herbal nourishment cream containing Aloe vera gel and tomato powder. Four formulations i.e. F1, F2, F3, and F4 were prepared with varying concentrations of Aloe vera gel and tomato powder, while the composition of the cream base was kept the same. The oil phase of the cream base consisted of liquid paraffin (5.0 ml), stearic acid (4.8 g) and coconut oil (3.0 ml). The aqueous phase consisted of triethanolamine (1.5 ml), glycerin (5.0 ml), citric acid (0.4 g), methylparaben (0.1 g), water (q.s.) and key ingredients. The concentration of Aloe vera gel was 2.0 ml, 4.0 ml, 6.0 ml, 8.0 ml and the concentration of tomato powder was 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g, 0.8 g in F1, F2, F3, and F4 respectively. The characterization of the formulated creams was carried out by standard methods, such as homogeneity test, smear type, irritancy test, pH test, spreadability test and acid value test. The stability test was carried out at different temperature conditions at 40 °C, below 5 °C and room temperature. All creams were homogeneous, non-irritant and easily removable. The pH of creams was in the range of 7.3–7.6 which is safe for human skin. Spreadability was in the range of 9–13. Acid values of the prepared creams were 5.6, 5.6, 6.4 and 7.2 respectively. Stability was examined by two parameters, homogeneity and pH change. The economical herbal creams prepared by using fewer chemicals are good for skin with moisturizing properties. The efficiency of creams can be improved by increasing the concentration of Aloe vera gel and tomato powder.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of powdered coconut water-based diluent (ACP-101c) associated with extra virgin coconut oil (CO) as an external cryoprotectant in the conservation of cryopreserved buck sperm. For cryopreservation, the ejaculates from four bucks were pooled and divided into three aliquots and diluted at 37°C for treatments T1 (ACP-101c + 2.5% egg yolk +7% glycerol), T2 (ACP-101c + 2.5% CO +7% glycerol), and T3 (ACP-101c + 5% CO +7% glycerol). Then, the samples were packaged and cooled at a rate of 1.07°C/min decrease. Upon reaching 4°C, the samples were stored in a refrigerator at 4°C for 30 minutes for stabilization. After this period, the straws were frozen in nitrogen vapor for 15 minutes and then immersed and stored in liquid nitrogen at -196°C. After thawing, the samples were evaluated for sperm kinetics, plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal integrity, membrane functionality, mitochondrial activity (MA), and sperm morphology. In this study, no statistically significant differences were observed between the three treatments regarding the kinetic parameters (

Various detrimental effects of petroleum-based lubricants have encouraged the use of vegetable oil as a replacement due to its better lubricity and environmental friendliness. This study evaluated the performance of virgin and emulsified vegetable oil as cutting fluid for the turning of titanium alloy with ceramic inserts. The performance was determined using signal to noise (S/N) ratio with few input parameters such as lubricant type, cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Palm oil and coconut oil were used as the vegetable oil. The virgin oil was mixed with a portion of water to produce emulsified oil. The machining operation applied minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) throughout the experiment. The performance of each type of oil was evaluated in terms of S/N ratio for cutting temperature, and chip reduction coefficient, and percentage of cutting tool wear in order to obtain the best cutting condition. Results showed that the virgin palm oil had better performance on the cutting temperature, tool wear, and chip reduction coefficient. Furthermore, the virgin coconut produced better performance compared to emulsified coconut oil. Hence, it is concluded that virgin vegetable oils perform better as cutting fluid compared to emulsified vegetable oil.

Consuming fat results in postprandial lipemia, which is defined as an increase in blood triglyceride (TG) concentration. According to current knowledge, an excessively elevated postprandial TG concentration increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is well known that meal-dependent (e.g., nutrient composition) as well as meal-independent factors (e.g., age) determine the magnitude of the lipemic response. However, there is conflicting evidence concerning the influence of fatty acid (FA) composition on postprandial TG concentration. The FA composition of a meal depends on the fat source used; for example, butter and coconut oil are rich in SFAs, while olive oil and canola oil have a high content of unsaturated FAs. To investigate the influence of meals prepared with fat sources rich in either SFAs or unsaturated FAs on postprandial lipemia, we carried out a systematic literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. Randomized crossover studies were analyzed and the AUC of postprandial TG concentration served as the primary outcome measure. To examine the influence of health status, we differentiated between metabolically healthy individuals and those with CVD risk factors. In total, 23 studies were included. The results show that, in metabolically healthy adults, the FA composition of a meal is not a relevant determinant of postprandial lipemia. However, in individuals with CVD risk factors, SFA-rich meals (>32 g SFA/meal) often elicited a stronger lipemic response than meals rich in unsaturated FAs. The results suggest that adults with hypertriglyceridemia, an elevated BMI (≥30 kg/m(2)), and/or who are older (>40 y) may benefit from replacing SFA sources with unsaturated FAs. These hypotheses need to be verified by further studies in people with CVD risk factors using standardized postprandial protocols. This review was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42021214508 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/).

The ingestion of excess lipids often produces the accumulation of liver fat. The modulation of diet energy partition affects this process and other metabolic responses, and oestrogens and androgens are implied in this process. Ten-week-old male and female rats were fed with either standard rat chow (SD), SD enriched with coconut oil (high-fat diet, HF), SD enriched with protein (high-protein diet, HP) or a 'cafeteria' diet (CAF) for one month. HF and CAF diets provided the same lipid-derived percentage of energy (40%), HP diet protein-energy derived was twice (40%) that of the SD. Animals were sacrificed under anaesthesia and samples of blood and liver were obtained. Hepatic lipid content showed sex-related differences: triacylglycerol accumulation tended to increase in HF and CAF fed males. Cholesterol content was higher only in the CAF males. Plasma oestradiol in HF and HP males was higher than in CAF. Circulating cholesterol inversely correlated with plasma oestradiol, which levels were proportional to lactate. These changes agreed with the differences in the expression of some enzymes related with lipid and energy metabolism, such as fatty acid synthetase or phosphoglycolate phosphatase. Oestrogen protective effects extend to males with 'normal' diets, i.e. not unbalanced by either lipid or protein, but this protection was not enough against the CAF diet. Oestradiol seems to actively modulate the liver core of 2C-3C partition of energy substrates, regulating cholesterol deposition and lactate production.

Background: Chamomile essential oil contains various kinds of chemical compounds that was useful for skin. One of them was capable to provided good protection against free radicals. Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop topical antioxidant formulation in the form of microemulsion gel that had good stability and safe for skin. Material and Methods: This study began with determined oil concentration to incorporated into microemulsion formula.Furthermore, optimization of the surfactant, cosurfactant and carrier oil concentration to produced clear microemulsion. The evaluation of microemulsion include of organoleptic, pH, viscosity, oil droplet size, oil droplet morphology, freeze thaw test and antioxidant activity test for 28 days. Then microemulsion was incorporated into gel base to form microemulsion gel. The evaluation of microemulsion gel include of organoleptic, pH, viscosity, freeze thaw test, antioxidant activity test and irritation test. Results: Optimization results of surfactant, cosurfactant and carrier oil which can produced clear microemulsion were Tween 80 30%, PEG 400 10% and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) 5%. Microemulsion had good stability indicated by pH range of 5 during stored at room temperature and climatic chamber with 75% Relative Humidity, viscosity range from 11 to 12 cps, stable droplets size below 50 nm, and no phase separation observed in centrifugation and freeze thaw test. Chamomile oil microemulsion IC 50 value of 84.223 ppm. Chamomile oil microemulsion gel was also had good stability indicated by pH value was remain in neutral pH range (7), viscosity from 903 to 967 cps, and no phase separation in freeze thaw test. microemulsion gel IC 50 value of 80,785 ppm. Chamomile oil microemulsion gel was not irritated the skin with primary irritation index 0. Conclusions: The results in this study showed that Chamomile oil microemulsion gel had good stability, had antioxidant activity and does not irritated.

This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the patchouli oil spectrum and changes in its characteristics when mixed with coconut oil. This study was conducted using patchouli oil and coconut oil, with 5 treatments namely: thefirst sample is 100% patchouli oil,, the second sample treatment of coconut oil 100%, the third sample treatment is coconut oil mixed patchouli oil 75%:25%, fourth sample treatment of coconut oil mixed patchouli oil 80%:20%, fifth sample treatment of coconut oil mixed patchouli oil 90%:10%. This research uses the Self developed FT-IR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY T-1516 tool used to acquire spectrum and Unscrambler software ® X version 10.1 used to process data. The results obtained in this study are that patchouli oil and coconut oil have relatively similar characteristics. The more coconut oil content is mixed into patchouli oil then the spectrum produced tends to be the same as coconut oil, while if less coconut oil content is mixed then the spectrum produced also tends to be the same as patchouli oil. The oil spectrum has 7 vibrations that signify the presence of molecules CH, CH2, CH3,ROH and H2O.

Background Recently, the most commonly used cooking oils in the world are obtained from corn germ, soybean, sunflower and rape seeds. Also, refined flaxseed oil is preferred for low-heat cooking in some countries. Use these oils instead of solid fats (including butter, shortening, lard and margarine) and tropical oils (including palm and coconut oil) can be healthy choice, because of lower saturated fat content. Unfortunately, repeated or high-temperature heating may result in oil decompose to form unwanted hazardous substances which can pose harmful effects to the health. The well-known natural method to limit oil oxidation is the used of herbs and spices, which also can improve the taste and aroma properties of food. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of added herbal extracts on the oxidative stability of two cooking plant oils (refined rapeseed oil, refined flaxseed oil) during low- and high-temperature heating. Methods Hydro- and lipophilic extracts were prepared from popular commercial dried herbs (thyme, parsley, caraway, oregano, basil, dill) using 70% methanol and n-hexane, respectively. Cooking plant oils were characterized by quality indices, fatty acid composition and content of bioactive compounds, while in the herbal extracts' composition and content of pigments, total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tocols and antioxidant capacity were examined. The oxidative stability of cooking plant oils, without and with the addition of herbal extracts, was determined in the Rancimat test at 110 and 150 °C for refined rapeseed oil and 80 and 110 °C for refined flaxseed oil. Results It was found that the addition of herbal extracts had varied effect on oxidative stability of flaxseed and rapeseed oils at low- and high-temperature heating. Flaxseed oil was generally well-protected by thyme hydro- and lipophilic extracts regardless of temperature heating (induction period increase by 18–24%). Also, hydrophilic parsley and lipophilic oregano extracts improved this oil oxidative stability at low temperature (induction period increase by 10–17%), while lipophilic extracts from caraway and dill were more effective at high temperature (induction period increase by 20–26%). In turn, all extracts improved the rapeseed oil oxidative stability under low-temperature heating (induction period increase by 11–24%), but they were ineffective during high-temperature heating. The better additives for this oil were both type extracts obtained from thyme and oregano, which were characterized by the highest content of antioxidants, total phenolic compounds and tocopherols, mainly α-tocopherol. The results suggest a greater difference in content of phenolic compounds for extracts obtained by using of different solvents then from different herbs. In turn, the herb type had a strong impact on the content of pigments and tocopherols. Conclusions Results confirmed the possibility of using herbal extracts to increase the oxidative stability of cooking plant oils during thermal heating. However, the type of solvent and herb should be adjusted individually to cooking oil type and heating temperature.

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) peel has been known as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal, but not yet used as cosmetic ingredients or drugs optimally. This research focuses on the production of organic soap bars from melinjo peel extract, the quality testing, and antimicrobial analysis against selected microbes. The soap making process was done by the saponification reaction between the mixture of palm oil and coconut oil with sodium hydroxide through cold and hot processes. Distilled water and ethanol were used as solvents for melinjo peel extraction. The quality test was done by determining insoluble fraction in ethanol, free alkali, and unsaponified fatty matter. An antimicrobial activity test was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. The result shows that the quality test fit with INS 2016 for all the criteria except for unsaponified fatty acid in the cold process soap bar. Inhibition zone of organic soap bar sequentially decreased against the growth of Tricophytone mentagrophytes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Therefore, the organic soap bar with melinjo peel extract shows a good potential to be used as an antimicrobial soap.

The Melala is a tradition of the Sumbawa people who use coconut milk to obtain Sumbawa oil for traditional medicine. Coconut milk is a colloidal system of stable oil in water (O/W) microemulsion. Within a particular time, the emulsion will split to produce oil (VCO), protein, and water due to the colloid equilibrium on the stability of the coconut milk emulsion. The purpose of this study was to compare the microemulsion stability of the coconut milk colloid system. The VCO was isolated by heating, enzymatically, acidifying, and adding whiting methods for comparison. The physical stability of the O/W microemulsion was measured by the volume of VCO produced from various isolation methods in simple laboratory experiments. The results showed that the physical stability of the O/W microemulsion on VCO isolation by enzymatic method using papain enzyme was the least.

There is a growing demand for bioactive compounds derived from green extraction methods from the food and cosmetic industries. Pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted extraction has been applied for numerous foods but few on macroalgae. The present study examines PEF as part of the extraction process of polyphenols and carbohydrates from the brown macroalga Alaria esculenta. The effect of PEF treatment (0, 720 pulses) and ethanol concentration (0%, 15%) on the extraction of bioactive compounds from Alaria esculenta was assessed. To determine the pigment yield a second extraction was conducted with 60% ethanol or fractionated coconut oil with or without lecithin. The PEF treated aqueous extract had the highest yield for phenolic (10.4 ± 3.7 mg GAE g−1 DW) and carbohydrate content (21.4 ± 1.8 mg GE g−1 DW) as well as ferric reducing activity power and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The 60% ethanol extracts had a higher fucoxanthin content (73 ± 14 mg (100 g)−1 FD pulp) than the oil (2.1 mg (100 g)−1 FD pulp) and oil with lecithin (17 mg (100 g)−1 FD pulp) extracts. We obtained crude aqueous and low ethanolic extracts containing bioactive that show antioxidant activities, with either low temperature or PEF treatment from dried blades of Alaria esculenta. PEF treatment did not influence the pigment extraction with oil or 60% ethanol.

We assessed the ameliorative effect of Virgin Coconut Oil following atrazine-induced metabolic derangement in rats. Adult male wistar rats weighing 180-200g were used; randomly separated into two major groups. Thirty-five rats in the test group were randomly divided into five sub-groups of 7 rats per sub-group and treated thus: Sub-group (SG) 1, 2 and 3 received 10ml/kg of distilled water, 10ml/kg VCO, 123mg/kg of Atrazine respectively, SG4 was diabetic control; SG 5 was the diabetic group treated with 10ml/kg of VCO for 2 weeks, after which the animals were sacrificed and blood collected for analysis. 35 rats for the recovery group were also divided into 5 sub-groups of 7 rats per sub-group and were treated; SG 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 received 10ml/kg distilled water, 10ml/kg VCO, 123mg/kg of ATZ respectively. After 2 weeks, the animals were re-treated thus: SG 1,2,3,4 and 5 received 10ml/kg of distilled water, 10ml/kg of VCO, 123mg/kg of ATZ, 10ml/kg VCO and 10ml/kg distilled water respectively. After 2 weeks, the animals were also sacrificed and blood collected for analysis. ATZ reduced serum insulin and a reduced expression of GLUT4. VCO restored GLUT4 levels but did not significantly restore the insulin to the normal levels

Today great attention is paid to development of advanced technologies for production of ecologically safe, nonpolluting and biodegradable products, including without limitation cosmetic-hygiene detergents and household products. One of the main ingredients in formulation of such products is surfactants. For the purpose of widening of the assortment of such products it is essential to create new types of biodegradable surfactants derived from renewable, as a rule, plant raw materials. The object of this paper is development of technology for production of non-ionic surfactant, alkyl polyglycoside (APG), with improved characteristics on the basis of the alternative plant raw material, sunflower husks, being the waste by-product of sunflower processing, which is the most commonly available raw material in our country. The output of sunflower processing aiming at sunflower oil production is growing year by year and takes the leading place in the oil-and-fat industry, therefore processing of the waste product in the form of husks is of particular interest now. In the course of work the existing technologies of APG production were studied and their shortcomings were identified. According to such technologies alkyl polyglycoside is produced by combining glucose or aqueous syrupy solution of glucose with C10- C16 alcohol. As the sources of starch, from which glucose is produced further, there are used rice, corn, potatoes or wheat. Such products represent no wastes and have rather high production cost. Fatty alcohols are produced from imported palm or coconut oil. The new technology suggested by us is based on usage of the available and cheap raw materials. Glucose syrup is made with the help of the method of hydrolysis of sunflower husks cellulose, and fatty acids are derived from the sunflower processing cycle at the stage of alkali refining of sunflower oil, comprising C16-C18 atoms. Analysis of organoleptic, physical-and-chemical characteristics and evaluation of consumer properties of the resulting alkyl polyglycoside were performed. It was established that according to the suggested method it is possible to produce a non-ionic surfactant with improved detergent (CCM) and foaming power (foam height, foam stability), and also having soft dermatological action. The alkyl polyglycoside, created and produced with the help of our technology, can be used as an alternate substitute of expensive foreign non-ionic surfactants, can be helpful for extension of the assortment of biodegradable foam detergents, nonpolluting and safe for the environment.

Maximum biosurfactant production was achieved in an optimised process containing pH 8 and 30°C, with waste coconut oil and ammonium sulphate at carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 1:7. The structural compo...

One of major threat to the environmental pollution is the contamination the by various heavy metals. Cadmium is found to have toxic effects on testis. VCO is increasingly getting the reputation of being the most versatile and healthiest antioxidant. Objective: To study the effect pre-treatment of virgin coconut oil in cadmium induced testicular toxicity in rats. Materials and methods: Institutional ethics committee clearance was obtained before beginning the experiments. Male rats of wistar strain approximately 150-200 gm body weight was used. They were housed in the central animal house under controlled conditions of temperature and light with normal rat feed and drinking water. Animals were divided into four groups with 6 rats in each group. Sperm count and sperm morphology was done. One of the testis was used for histopathological study. The data was expressed as mean  SD. Significance of the test was set at p

The main objectives of this study were to develop a lycopene nanoemulsion as a delivery system for lycopene using an ultrasonication technique and to examine its incorporation into yogurt to enhanc...

The green biorefinery approach is an alternative to the chemical method of production of enzyme-rich hydrolysate from waste biomass. Specifically, feather and coconut oil cake (COC) hydrolysate manifests the generation of bioproducts like dietary fibers, biofertilizers, bioplastics, esters, nanoparticles, etc. We scaled up the production of haloextremozyme-rich hydrolysates using Haloferax lucentensis GUBF-2 MG076878 in an economical bioreactor for valuation as biofertilizer for rice growth and biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), showing antimicrobial activity. The strain solubilizes 10% feather and COC with 78.75 ± 0.717% and 88.35 ± 0.654% degradation after 20 days, respectively. Moreover, tangential filtration aided co-concentration of both protease and lipase from feather/COC hydrolysate to >70% yield. SEM of feather/COC hydrolysate depicted particle size ranging 100-10000 nm. FTIR evidenced the functional groups of >C=O, -CH, -NH, -CH3, OH, and COO−. Priming seeds of rice with feather hydrolysate resulted in 100% germination energy and higher vigor index (1214), alongside increased shoot length (43.2 ± 0.58) under saline conditions. Biosynthesized AgNPs showed absorption maxima at 440 nm and vibrations of -CH, -OH, -NH, >C=C, and >C=O functionality in FTIR. AFM depicted the semi-oval morphology of AgNPs with a maximum height of 22 nm. Also, the presence of silver was confirmed by SEM-EDAX. AgNPs exhibited antimicrobial activity against human pathogens as; C. albicans>S. aureus>S. pyogenes>E. coli ATCC 8439>P.vulgaris, and S.typhi. Conclusively, the production of haloextremozyme-rich feather and COC hydrolysate via the biorefinery approach employing Haloferax lucentensis GUBF-2; is lucrative, considering waste valorization and biosynthesis of bioproducts in biotechnological applications.

Lactic acid bacteria are assumed to act as a biopreservative in virgin coconut oil (VCO) products, even under stress conditions. Lactobacillus plantarum COY 2906 and Lactobacillus sakei were isolated from VCO. L. plantarum COY 2906 showing greater ability than L. sakei to inhibit indicator bacteria and were selected for further study. Under saline stress conditions, L. plantarum COY 2906 did not inhibit E. coli K12 JM109 and showed greater inhibition of B. subtilis than of S. aureus JCM 20624. High saline content reduced lactic acid production, but the copy number of plnA, plnEF, plnN, plnJ and plnK genes associated with plantaricin, was not significantly changed. L. plantarum COY 2906 had its optimum anti-bacterial effect at pH 4.5 – 7.5, while alkaline conditions increased lactic acid production and reduced the multiplication of plantaricin plasmid genes. However, in acidic conditions, the number of plantaricin genes on the plasmid was multiplied. The genes: plnW, plnV, plnU, plnH, plnG, plnE, plnF, plnD, plnC, plnB, plnA, plnR, plnL, plnK, plnJ, plnM, plnN, plnO and plnP were found in the draft genome of L. plantarum COY 2906. This research clearly shows that lactic acid production and multiplication of plantaricin genes are affected by environmental salinity and pH.

In this study, beeswax is studied as a phase change material (PCM) to store heat due to its high latent heat. The disadvantages of using beeswax were its low thermal conductivity and high melting point. To enhance the thermal conductivity of beeswax, nanoparticles (of Al2O3, ZnO, and FeO) and other phase change materials are used to decrease its melting point. In the present investigation, the melting point of beeswax was lowered by the addition of other organic PCMs like lauric acid, capric acid, and coconut oil. FeO nanoparticles (3 wt%) were found to give the best result for thermal conductivity enhancement of 112% compared to Al2O3 and ZnO with enhancements of 18.78% and 15.56%, respectively, at 5 mass%. Coconut oil was used to decrease the melting of the beeswax as it was the most stable and easily available one resulting in a melting point of 52 °C. An investigation was performed to study the effect of hot fluid flow rates (1 LPM and 2 LPM) and inlet temperatures (60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C) on the charging time of beeswax composite. The study showed that 50:50 mass% of beeswax and coconut oil and its composite with 1 mass% of FeO nanoparticle give us the best result out of all the other composites. The charging time of the material was found to be 15 min less than the composite without nanoparticles.

Virgin coconut oil (VCO), prepared from fresh coconut kernel without any chemical refining, is an emerging functional food. The pharmacological benefits of VCO are believed to be due to the natural combination of phenolics. Although cell culture studies have demonstrated the antioxidant activity of VCO under different oxidative stress conditions, a valid in vivo demonstration of the antioxidant activity of VCO is yet to come. Sodium fluoride (NaF), an environmental pollutant, is widely used to induce oxidative stress in cell culture models and rodents to test the antioxidant potential of several compounds. Herein, VCO and its polyphenolic (VCOP) and non-phenolic oil fraction (VCOF) were individually tested in fluoride-exposed normal intestinal cells (IEC-6) and mice to address their contribution to the documented antioxidant potential. It was found that pretreatment of VCOP (40 µg/mL) was effective in mitigating the fluoride-induced cell death when compared to VCO (200 µg/mL) and VCOF (160 µg/mL). Further, exposure to fluoride (10 mM), increased the intracellular ROS measured based on the dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence, and this, in turn, was significantly reduced when the cells were supplemented with VCOP. Oral administration of VCO (2 mL/kg bwt) reversed the drop in the hepatic catalase and SOD activities to near normal with a minimal level of lipid peroxidation in fluoride intoxicated mice. However, VCOP and VCOF were less effective in lowering the fluoride-induced increase in hepatic oxidative stress markers. It is reasoned that the oil components of VCO complement the natural antioxidant molecules resulting in an overall increase in their bioavailability.

Objectives: To understand the potency of herbal formulation of virgin coconut oil (VCO) and andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) fruit activity against microbes, effects of ethylene acetate and hexane extracts of fruit of andaliman on viability and ions leakages of Mycobacterium smegmatis dan Staphylococcus aureus treated with VCO has been investigated. Methods: Antibacterial activity of extracts of andaliman fruit, or VCO, or andaliman and VCO against M. smegmatis and S. aureus was investigated using MTT assay method. Membrane disruption of bacterial cells treated with the plant extract and VCO was determined by measuring potassium and sodium ions leakages using Atomic Adsorbtion Spectrophotometer. Results: VCO of 512 μg/ml did not have antibacterial activity. In M. smegmatis treated with andaliman hexane extract, presence VCO decreased both ions leakage whereas in S. aureus treated with ethyl acetate extract only sodium ion was decreased. In both microorganisms, VCO could not protect cells of both M. smegmatis and S. aureus from death caused by andaliman extracts. Conclusions: VCO prevented ions leakages of the bacteria treated with extract of andaliman but did not protects cells from death.

Food spoilage during storage occurs physically, chemically and biologically which is related to the activity of bacteria. One of the natural preservation that is currently developing is the application of edible coating on perishable food, such as fishball. Addition of antibacterial agent is important to improve edible coating. Virgin coconut oil contains medium chain fatty acids which have antimicrobial properties, particularly monoglycerides and free fatty acids that produced by hydrolyzing partially triglycerides at the Sn-1 and Sn-3 position using Lipozyme. The aim of this research was to test the effect of edible coating carrageenan enriched with virgin coconut oil hydrolysis (HVCO) (concentrations 1%,3%,5%) on fishball quality.The method was an experimental with factorial completely randomized design.The samples were analyzed for sensorial assessments, Total plate Count, Total Volatile Base-Nitrogen, Water content, and pH for 5 days at room temperature. The study demonstrated that fish meatball coated with carrageenan based-edible coating fortified with HVCO showed the best result compared to controls (Uncoated fishball, coated without HVCO). Sensory attributes were still accepted by panelists until 3 days. Meanwhile, the same pattern depicted by TPC and TVB-N parameters. HVCO5% had inhibited microbial growth and retarded the increase of TVB-N number on fishball, the results were Log 5,08cfu/gr, 29,69 mg/100 gr respectively.

Introduction: Wounds are a breakdown of tissue integrity / continuity that can lead to infection. Virgin Coconut Oil is a processed coconut product made by processing fresh coconut flesh at low temperature and has a high nutritional content. Ozone therapy is an alternative therapy that has disinfectant properties and can induce strong oxidative stress. Methods: This study was conducted on 50 Sprague-Dawley rats that had injuries. We performed full thickness wounds and administered ozonated doses of VCO to mice. We looked at shrinkage of wounds and TGF Beta levels in mice. Assessment was carried out on day 7 and day 14 to assess the wound and TGF-beta immunohistochemically. Results: There was a significant difference in the wound shrinkage variable between the negative control group and the group that received VCO offerings both on day 7 and day 14. We also found a significant difference in the TGF-beta variable between the negative control group and the group that received VCO offerings both on day 7 and day 14. Conclusion: The administration of ozonated virgin coconut oil was effective in increasing the expression of TGF-? in the full thickness defect of Sprague Dawley rats and was effective in increasing the reduction in wound size in the full thickness defect of Sprague Dawley rats.

Breastmilk (ASI) is the best food produced by the breast glands, containing all the nutritional elements needed by infants aged 0-6 months. Apart from nutrients, breast milk also has other non-nutritional components that act as immune factors for babies. Babies who are not exclusively breastfed will be more susceptible to chronic diseases, such as heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes as adults and can suffer from malnutrition and obesity. Dietary intake significantly affects milk production. The mother's diet can affect the composition of her milk through several metabolic pathways, especially the concentration of fatty acids and vitamins that are soluble in fat and water, including vitamins A, C, B6, and B12. Lauric acid contained in breast milk can help your minor fight infection and increase immunity to protect from various diseases. Not only for the baby, but virgin coconut oil is also starting to be commonly used by dieters. Virgin coconut oil contains lauric acid CH3 (CH2) 10COOH 50% and caprylic acid CH3 (CH2) 6COOH 7%. Both of these acids are medium-chain saturated fatty acids that are quickly metabolized and have anti-microbial properties. The benefits of virgin coconut oil (VCO) are that it is beneficial for the health of the body, including being antibacterial, antiviral, anti-fungal, and natural anti-protozoa; helps relieve symptoms and reduces health risks associated with diabetes, helps protect against osteoporosis, helps prevent high blood pressure, helps prevent liver disease, keeps the heart and blood vessels healthy, helps prevent cancer, helps you lose weight, maintain stamina, maintain healthy skin and hair.Keywords: Breastmilk, Lauric Acid, VCO

Background Momordica. charantia is popularly used as a medicinal herb in ethnomedicine for the management of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we evaluated the beneficial effects of the ethanolic extract of M. charantia (Linn.) in experimentally induced cardiovascular disorders using cholesterol-fed Wistar rat. Methods Seventy-two experimental rats were randomly assigned into nine 9 groups of 8 rats each and treated as follows: Rats in group A (control) were given distilled water only; Rats in group B were given 30 mg/kg of cholesterol dissolved in coco-nut oil (cholesterol solution); Rats in group C were given cholesterol solution and 100 mg/kg Atorvastatin; Rats in group D were given 250 mg/kg of M. charantia and cholesterol solution; Rats in group E were given 500 mg/kg of M. charantia and cholesterol solution; Rats in group F were given 250 mg/kg. M. charantia; Rats in group G were given 500 mg/kg M. charantia; Rats in group H were given 1 ml of coconut oil; Rats in group I were given 100 mg/kg of Atorvastatin. Results Mean LDL-cholesterol was significantly (P Momordica charantia and Atorvastatin as compared with the control groups. Conclusion Our findings indicate the possible cardiovascular benefits of M. charantia.

Objectives This study aimed to determine the effect of different components and ratios of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant on E. palmifolia extract-loaded SNEDDS. Methods E. palmifolia extract loaded SNEDDS was formulated from virgin coconut oil, Miglyol 812 as oil, using Tween 80 and Transcutol as surfactants, as well as propylene glycol and PEG 400 as cosurfactants. The optimization design formula consisted of eight design formulas in five ratio formulas, thus a total of 40 formulas were optimized using different components and ratios of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant. These ratios used were 1:1:1, 1:2:1, 1:3:1, 1:4:1, as well as 1:5:1, and the formula’s components were determined based on the optimization results. Results The optimal formula of E. palmifolia extract loaded SNEDDS had the ratio 1:1:1 (formula A) of Miglyol 812:Tween 80:PEG 400 and 1:3:1 (formula E) of Miglyol 812:Tween 80:propylene glycol. Meanwhile, the optimal formulation characteristics showed a transmittance value above 90%, pH range of 5.10–5.20, 2.21–14.51 cP viscosity, emulsification time below 120 s, and particle size of 24.71–136.77 nm. Conclusions The optimal formula of E. palmifolia extract-loaded SNEDDS, were obtained using different components and ratios. These are Miglyol:Tween 80:PEG 400 at a component ratio of 1:1:1 (formula A) and Miglyol 812:Tween 80:propylene glycol at a component ratio of 1:3:1 (formula E).

Background Increased frequency of using alcohol‐based hand sanitizers (ABHS) by consumers during COVID times have resulted in increased incidences of skin issues on palms. Objective (1) To quantify skin damage with increased usage frequency of ABHS by consumers and (2) To evaluate Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as natural prophylactic agent to counter the adverse effects. Methods In‐home usage study was carried out with 60 volunteers for a 15‐day intervention—Control Group: 6 applications per day of ABHS and Test Group: Overnight VCO use (6–8 drops) followed by 6× usage per day of ABHS. This leg included dermatological evaluation and WHO Self‐Assessment Scale for skin health. Another leg of measurement included non‐invasive instrumental study (Moisture & TEWL Probes, Tape Strip for protein content and IR spectroscopy for protein & lipid content) on forearm of 12 subjects (25–60 years age) with and without VCO application and repeated alcohol exposure. Results In‐home usage study established consumer experiencing skin protective effect of VCO in the context of ABHS onslaught. 25% increase in perceived moisture content was recorded for VCO users, using WHO Self‐Assessment Scale. Instrumental studies confirmed an increase in TEWL and decrease in lipids & protein content. Overnight VCO application resists the extraction which builds up with repeated application. Conclusions Current work provides evidence of compromised hand skin barrier with ABHS daily usage. Overnight VCO application helps prepare the skin for next day alcohol use. Based on the findings, a regimen of overnight VCO application on hands as a natural prophylactic is recommended.

La pulpa y aceite de coco son altamente valorados por los efectos sobre la salud, éstas propiedades son atribuidas a compuestos bioactivos, principalmente a los ácidos grasos de cadena media, compuestos fenólicos y vitamina E. La concentración de los compuestos bioactivos, depende del cultivar, las condiciones bióticas y abióticas de la zona de cultivo. Se determinó el efecto del cultivar y zonas productoras, sobre los compuestos bioactivos en el coco y su aceite. Se analizaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas y los perfiles de componentes bioactivos en cultivares cosechados en Guerrero, Alto Pacifico-saladita, Enano Verde, e Hibrido y de Yucatán, Alto Pacífico-2, Enano Verde. Se encontro que las propiedades fisicoquímicas son diferentes dependiendo de la región de cultivo y el cultivar. En relación al perfil de ácidos grasos principalmente los ácidos laúrico, mirístico y palmítico, en los cultivares y las regiones no hay diferencia, pero si en el contenido de compuestos fenólicos y a-tocoferol. El cultivar Enano Verde de Yucatán, es superior en el contenido de compuestos fenólicos (767.44 mg acido galico/100g), mientras que Alto Pacífico -Saladita en α-tocoferol ( 151.03µg/100g).Estos cultivares podrían significar un gran potencial en el contenido de compuestos fenólicos y α-tocoferol, además de los ácidos grasos de cadena media, en las regiones correspondientes.

In the present study, HFD/STZ-mediated type 2 diabetic rodent model was used to comparatively evaluate coconut oil (CO) and thermally oxidized CO (TCO) as fat sources for the development of NAFLD. Female Wistar rats (six in each group; average bwt 200 g) fed HFD containing either CO or TCO for 2 months along with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg bwt) at the end of 1-month feeding were found to develop fatty liver and subsequent inflammatory changes when compared to the normal laboratory diet-fed animals over 2-month period. Dyslipidemia as well as enhanced activities of serum hepatic marker enzymes (e.g., AST, ALT, and ALP) were prominent in TCO-fed animals. Further, HFD-fed animals showed alterations in their hepatic redox equilibrium. Hepatic GSH and antioxidant enzyme activities that form the part of a protective mechanism against oxidative/carbonyl stress were found to be increased in HFD-fed rats. Supporting this, CO- and TCO-containing-HFD-fed animals had enhanced lipid peroxidation (increased TBARs). Thus, fatty liver with heightened antioxidant defense, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation indicate hepatosteatosis. Histological details of the hepatic tissues corroborated sufficiently with these observations and showed an increased incidence of macrovesicles, inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning in the TCO-fed rats than in CO-fed animals. Further, in support of this proposition, hydroxyproline, an index of collagen formation, was found to be significantly increased in TCO-fed rats than in the CO-fed group. Overall, the study shows that the formulation of HFD incorporated with TCO as a fat source, combined with STZ injection, is an efficient dietary model for developing hepatosteatosis with fibrotic stage in rats within 2 months. Administration of this modified diet for a more extended period may be a good model for cirrhotic and hepatocellular carcinoma studies, which need to be further assessed.

This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of subcritical ethanol extraction for recovering oil from coconut meal. Dried coconut meal with an oil content of 19.85% (w.b.) was treated with subcritical ethanol at various ethanol concentrations (80, 90, and 100% v/v), solvent to solid ratios (5:1, 8:1, 10:1, and 15:1 v/w), temperatures (80, 100, and 120 °C), and holding times (0, 15, 30, and 45 min) in a batch-type vessel. The highest oil recovery (81.49%), which was obtained from the extraction with 100% ethanol and solvent-solid ratio of 8:1 (v/w) at 100 °C for 45 min did not significantly differ from those obtained at 120 °C for 15–45 min. The chemical properties, including free fatty acid content, peroxide value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, and fatty acid profile of the oils conformed to the standard values for crude coconut oil. Gas chromatography showed the higher ratios of caprylic and capric acids in the subcritical ethanol-extracted oils than those in hexane extracted oil, approximately 1.05–1.4 times. Additionally, the total phenolic content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity of the oils extracted with the subcritical ethanol extraction were significantly higher (up to 3.5 and 6 times, respectively) than those of the oil Soxhlet-extracted with hexane. The present study showed that subcritical ethanol extraction is an effective method for extracting oil with good qualities and antioxidant properties from coconut meal.

Summary Background & aims Parenteral nutrition (PN) can supply all essential nutrients to a patient with gastrointestinal insufficiency. However, the sensitivity to lipid peroxidation might increase in those receiving PN, especially home parenteral nutrition (HPN). This study aimed to investigate whether PN affects the antioxidant balance of plasma of HPN patients without comorbidities and whether this balance is influenced by comorbidities and according to the type of lipid emulsion included in the PN. Methods Adult patients on HPN (n = 86) received one of three types of lipid emulsion (based on 1) soyabean oil, 2) olive and soyabean oil or 3) soyabean, coconut, olive and fish oil) in all-in-one mixtures; in addition healthy controls (n = 66) were studied as comparators. HPN patients were classified to the following subgroups: 1) patients without (n = 58) or with (n = 28) comorbidities 2) patients on Intralipid (GINTRA, n = 53), ClinOleic (GCLIN, n = 17) or SMOFlipid (GSMOF n = 16). The activities of total glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSHPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in plasma were determined spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant potential of plasma was determined using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA) was analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography. Results MDA concentration was the highest in GINTRA and the lowest in GSMOF (p Conclusions Patients on HPN have lower antioxidant defenses than healthy controls. The type of lipid emulsion used in HPN affects lipid peroxidation (even after taking into account comorbidities which often involve oxidative stress) being the highest in GINTRA and the lowest in GSMOF. Thus, to minimize the risk of oxidative stress, SMOFlipid can be considered in patients in HPN especially for those with comorbidities. ClinOleic can be considered in HPN patients without comorbidities. The observation should be confirmed in larger studies.

Summary Background A high concentration of energy substrate in circulation will suppress appetite and subsequent food intake. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) is a natural exogenous ketone source that can act as an energy substrate, increase blood ketone and suppress appetite. MCT emulsification increases its ketogenic properties. Interestingly, Isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO), a form of dietary fiber, can absorb and retain water, induce the stomach wall distention, and therefore could induce the afferent signal that causes appetite suppression. Despite those facts, there are no data available on whether a food supplement contains a combination of IMO and emulsified MCT (FC-MCT) could induce more appetite suppression. Objectives This research investigated the effect of FC-MCT on blood glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), and calorie intake in male Wistar rats. Methods A total of 31 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. 1) The MC group (n = 8) - MCT 10 ml/kg of body weight; 2) the FC group (n = 8) - combination of IMO and emulsified coconut oil or FC-CO 100% (w/v) 15 ml/kg of body weight; 3) the FM group (n = 7) - FC-MCT 100% (w/v) 15 ml/kg of body weight; and 4) the SU group (n = 8) - sucrose solution 20% (w/v) 15 ml/kg of body weight. Emulsified coconut oil acted as an isocaloric adjustor for IMO to balance MCT. Blood glucose and βHB were observed for 4 h, with 1 (one) hour measurement interval, presented as the area under the curve (AUC). The food intake was measured 4 h post supplementation. Results Compared with other groups, we observed low Blood glucose AUC (p = 0.000), total calorie (p = 0.000) and food intake (p = 0.000) and high βHB AUC (p = 0.000) in the FM groups. Conclusion We could successfully demonstrate that FC-MCT supplementation before a meal could suppress appetite and calorie intake. The caloric suppression seems to be mediated through the increased blood βHB concentration.