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The large-scale and efficient synthesis of MnPO4·H2O is an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, self-assembled dumbbell-shaped MnPO4·H2O particles were successfully synthesized just using KMnO4 and commercial concentrated H3PO4, and then employed as the precursor to prepare LiMnPO4/C composites. The XRD, SEM, TEM, and electrochemical performance tests were used to investigate MnPO4·H2O and the corresponding LiMnPO4/C. The formation mechanism of MnPO4·H2O was discussed. The results showed that temperature and water content have a significant effect on the yield, purity, and morphology of MnPO4·H2O. The synthesized LiMnPO4/C with reduced carbon content at 650 °C delivered a discharge capacity of 109.3 mA h g-1 at 1 C and 104.3 mA h g-1 at 2 C. This green and efficient synthesis method of MnPO4·H2O provides a new idea for the large-scale preparation of LiMnPO4/C cathode materials.

A dumbbell-like Al doped ZnO(AZO) microstructure was successfully synthesized via a facile, controllable and one-pot hydrothermal method. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS and TEM. It showed that all the samples present dumbbell-like structure composed of highly crystalline hexagonal wurtzite ZnO. The dumbbell-like structure is formed through the self-assembly of Al-dopled ZnO nanodisks. Gas sensing tests reveal that the Al-doped dumbbell-like ZnO microstructure (3 at %) shows excellent gas sensing response (5.37 for ethanol with 1 ppm) for ethanol with shorter response-recovery time (53 s/21 s). The notable sensing performance could be mainly attributed to the increased content of oxygen vacancy in ZnO due to the Al doping. Thus, the Al-doped dumbbell-like ZnO microstructures could provide an inspiration for the design and preparation of the highly sensitive ethanol gas sensor with the controllable electronic structure.

Noble metal-Fe3O4 dumbbell-like nanoparticles have aroused considerable attention because of their high potential as heterogeneous nanocatalysts. The designed synthesis of the advanced architecture of noble metal-Fe3O4 dumbbell-like nanoparticles with both improved catalytic activity and stability is still a challenge. Herein, through the combination of yolk@shell and dumbbell-like nanostructures, dumbbell-like Pt-Fe3O4 nanoparticles encapsulated in N-doped carbon hollow nanospheres (Pt-Fe3O4@N-carbon) as a special yolk@shell nanostructure were developed. In comparison with Pt-Fe3O4 dumbbell-like nanoparticles, Pt-Fe3O4@N-carbon yolk@shell nanoparticles showed improved catalytic activity and stability toward the liquid-phase 4-nitrophenol reduction and β-ionone oxidation, making them a promising candidate for catalysis applications.

A novel method for the synthesis of dumbbell-like amine-functionalized bis-C60 fullerene from simple bis-α-silyl tertiary benzyl amines and C60 fullerene is described. The photoreactions between bis-α-silyl tertiary benzyl amines and C60 furnished single-bonded bis-aminomethyl-1,2-dihyrofullerenes and double-bonded 1,2,5-trisubstituted bis-fulleropyrrolidines through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides under mild conditions.

Single electron transfer-mediated photochemical reaction of C60 fullerene with simple bis-α-silyl tertiary alkyl/benzyl amines has been developed for the straightforward and valuable construction of dumbbell-like single-bonded bis aminomethyl-1, 2-dihydrofullerenes under milder condition. In these studies of photoinduced SET reactions, α-amino radicals serve as the reactive key intermediate, which was selectively obtained by using the bis-α-silyl tertiary alkyl amines as starting materials. The present strategy was compatible with various 2, 2′-oxybis (ethane-2, 1-diyl) bis (2-(alkyl/benzyl-substituted ((trimethylsilyl) methyl) amino) acetate) for the synthesis of bis aminomethyl-1, 2-dihydrofullerenes under a photocatalyst-free condition.

In recent years, crystalline polyoxotitanium clusters (PTCs) have attracted increasing attention as a new kind of promising crystalline material. In this work, a PTC stabilized by phenylphosphonate ligands, i.e. hexa-μ-isopropanolato-hexaisopropanolatodi-μ3-oxido-hexa-μ3-phenylphosphonato-heptatitanium tetrahydrate, [Ti7(μ3-O)2(O3P-Phen)6(OiPr)12]·4H2O [PTC-54; H2O3P-Phen is phenylphosphonic acid, C6H5PO(OH)2, and HOiPr is isopropanol, C3H7OH], was obtained successfully through a facile one-step solvothermal reaction. The dumbbell-like core structure of PTC-54 can be described as two trinuclear {Ti3(μ3-O)} building units combined together by six phenylphosphonate ligands and one additional Ti atom, giving rise to a Ti7 cluster. Adjacent molecules of PTC-54 are further connected through π–π interactions between the phenyl groups to form a supramolecular one-dimensional chain.

Four BTD-derivatives 4 , 5 , 7 and 8 were synthesized and characterized by using solution NMR, FTIR and HRMS. In this study, BTD-central cores were supported on trityl type fragments in order to evaluate the influence of these groups prone to aggregation through interdigitation in the consolidation of ordered solids. Structural variation, between compounds 4–5 and 7–8, was selected by introducing aromatic phenyl rings at positions C-4 and C-7 of the BTD central core in order to increase the stackable surface. Crystals of compounds 4 and 5 were obtained and solved in the C 2/ c and P 2 1 / c space groups, respectively. Both crystalline arrays are dominated by C H⋯π and π-stacking interactions, desirable features for the bottom-up construction of highly polarizable organic crystals. The featured compounds with a dumbbell-like structure could be useful as scaffolds for self-assembled crystalline materials such as solid organic semiconductors.

Dumbbell-like Au-Fe3O4 nanoparticles are emerging as attractive nanocatalysts in recent years. However, they still suffer from the instability related activity attenuation. Herein, dumbbell-like Au-Fe3O4 nanoparticles encapsulated in N-doped carbon shell (Au-Fe3O4@Carbon) as novel yolk@shell nanocatalysts were synthesized via template assisted method, with which the yolk@shell scaffolds and even the diameter of the hollow space is totally designable. The yolk@shell structured Au-Fe3O4@Carbon was demonstrated to exhibit high stability and enhanced activity towards the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Moreover, 100% yield was determined for the benzhydrol oxidation reaction taking advantage of the as prepared Au-Fe3O4@Carbon yolk@shell nanocatalysts. Furthermore, the Au-Fe3O4@Carbon nanocatalysts presented herein exhibit superior recyclability, which laid the foundation for its practical application. The mechanism for the enhanced catalytic behavior were clearly addressed. It is anticipated that the elaborate design of this work can lead to the exploration of novel nanocatalysts with superior catalytic performance.

The production of shape-controlled heterometallic nanoparticles (NPs) consisting of Pt and nonprecious metal oxides is crucial to demonstrate the composition–property relationship of NPs. Herein, we report a facile one-pot approach for the controlled synthesis of dumbbell-like Pt–Fe3O4–MnOx and dendritic Pt–MnOx NPs. The key to the success of this synthesis is in changing the quantity of Fe(CO)5 additive to control the reaction kinetics. In the absence of Fe(CO)5, dendritic Pt–MnOx NPs were synthesized through the assembly of small seed NPs. On the other hand, dumbbell-like Pt–Fe3O4–MnOx NPs were obtained in the presence of Fe(CO)5 through controlling the nucleation and growth of Fe and Mn on the Pt NPs, followed by air oxidation. Compared to a Pt/graphene oxide (GO) catalyst, dumbbell-like Pt–Fe3O4–MnOx NPs on GO showed an enhancement of specific activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction owing to the compressive-strain effect exerted on the Pt lattice.

Hierarchical β -NaGdF 4 nanobundles are synthesized through a facile hydrothermal method with the use of sodium acetate (NaAc). A NaGdF 4 -GdF 3 -NaGdF 4 products transformation with the increase of fluoride source (NaF) is observed. Results show that NaAc is the key factor in the synthesis of β -NaGdF 4 at a low NaF/Gd 3+ ratio and NaAc also plays a significant role in the formation of the hierarchical morphology. Meanwhile, the size of nanobundles increases with the increased ratio of NaF/NaAc. With altering the ratio of reactants, dumbbell-like, urchin-like or rod-like β -NaGdF 4 nanobundles are obtained. The photoluminescent properties of β -NaGdF 4 : 2%Eu 3+ are also measured.

Gaseous diffusion of n-hexane into the reaction mixture of sodium dicyanamide NaN(CN)2 with 15-crown-5 in tetrahydrofuran leads to a sodium dicyanamide compound [Na(15-crown-5)]N(CN)2 (1). Compound 1 exhibits a centrosymmetric dumbbell-like structure constructed by dicyanamide ligands double-bridging [Na(15-crown-5)]+ moieties with a μ-1,5 coordination mode. Solid-state photoluminescence experiments have shown that compound 1 emits violet luminescence, and its possible emission mechanism was investigated in detail based on theoretical calculations.

We synthesize dumbbell-like FePt–Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and study their electrocatalytic oxidation and sensing of dopamine (DA). The FePt and Fe3O4 NPs are strongly coupled in the dumbbell structure and as a result, the dumbbell FePt–Fe3O4 NPs show the best activity for DA oxidation with the DA detection limit reaching 1 nM. They are used successfully to monitor the DA concentration increase induced by K+-stimulation of PC12 cells. Our data show that an electrode modified with dumbbell-like FePt–Fe3O4 NPs can serve as the most sensitive probe for real-time quantitative detection of DA in a neurological environment.

Au@FeOx dumbbell nanocrystals (NCs) with different sizes of the Au domain (i.e. 4 nm, 6 nm and 10 nm) were successfully synthesized by means of a colloidal synthesis procedure. They were then deposited on γ-alumina and tested in CO oxidation. The use of alumina minimized the contribution of the Au-support interaction in the CO oxidation, thus enabling us to clearly identify a synergy between the Au and the iron oxide that eventually resulted in an enhanced activity in CO oxidation, good sintering resistance and good stability of the catalytic performances. Among the three gold sizes tested, the dumbbells with 4 nm Au domains were found to be the most active ones. Nevertheless, we found that the activity of the 4 nm dumbbells was significantly hampered by the limited exposure of the Au or of the Au/iron oxide interface to the reacting environment.

The first one-step synthesis of dumbbell-like gold–iron oxide nanoparticles has been reported here. Surface functionalization with a biocompatible chitosan matrix allowed us to obtain a novel targetable diagnostic and therapeutic tool.

This work reports the synthesis, self-assembly and light-responsive disassembly of a novel dumbbell-like supramolecular triblock copolymer (DSTC). The DSTC has an amphiphilic hyperbranched-linear-hyperbranched structure and can self-assemble into monolayer vesicles in water. In addition, the vesicles could disassemble into unimers under UV light due to the trans-to-cis isomerization of the AZO groups.

A novel zinc compound with mixed ligands, Zn2(bipy)(bim)4·(ClO4)4·2H2O (1) (bipy = 4, 4′-bipyridine; bim = 2, 2′-biimidazole), was hydrothermally prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, photoluminescence and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 is characteristic of an isolated structure with two five-coordinated zinc ions bridged by a bipy ligand to form a dumbbell-like motif. Compound 1 is of rhombohedral system, space group R-3 with a = 25.7698(5), c = 19.0359(7) Å, V = 10947.8(5) Å3, C34H36Cl4N18O18Zn2, Z = 9, M r = 1257.35, D c = 1.716 g/cm3, S = 1.045, μ(MoKα) = 1.298 mm–1, F(000) = 5742, R = 0.0489 and wR = 0.1337. Photoluminescence investigation reveals that compound 1 displays an emission band in the green region. In combination with the theoretical studies, it is believed that the emission must arise from the ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (LLCT) transition.

In this study, a simple method to generate arrays of dumbbell-like Au-Fe3O4 nanoparticles (DBNPs) via block copolymer self-assembly was developed. Composite films of polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP)/DBNPs were first produced by spin-coating the PS-b-P2VP)/DBNPs mixed solution. After the composite films annealed at high temperature, it was found that both the pre-synthesized DBNPs stabilized by oleic acid (OA-DBNPs) and the modified DBNPs with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (M-DBNPs) can be selectively incorporated into P2VP cylinders in PS-b-P2VP diblock copolymers. The results show that DBNPs can segregate into one of the domains of block copolymers and the incorporation is insensitive to particle surface chemistry during thermal annealing.

A novel gel-limited strategy was developed to synthesize dumbbell-like Fe3O4-Ag composite microspheres through a simple one-pot solvothermal method. In such a reaction system, a special precursor solution containing oleic, water, ethanol and silver ions was used and transformed into a bulk gel under heating at the very beginning of the reaction, thus all the subsequent reactions proceeded in the interior of the gel. The gel-limited reactions had two advantages, on the one hand, the magnetic Fe3O4 microspheres were fixed in the gel which avoided them aggregating together, whereas on the other hand, the silver ions stored in the gel could be gradually released and tended to diffuse towards the nearest Fe3O4 microsphere, which favored the generation of a dumbbell-like Fe3O4-Ag structure. From the time-dependent experiments under optimal conditions, the typical growth process of dumbbell-like structures clearly demonstrated that a silver seed first appeared on the surface of a single Fe3O4 microsphere, which then grew bigger slowly and finally formed a dumbbell-like Fe3O4-Ag structure. Moreover, the formation of the gel was found to be strongly affected by the ratio of water and ethanol in the precursor solution, which further influenced the morphologies of the Fe3O4-Ag microspheres. Furthermore, the effect of lattice match between Fe3O4 and Ag on the final products was also proven from the control experiments by using a template with a different surface crystalline structure. When used as SERS substrates, the final dumbbell-like Fe3O4-Ag microspheres show fast magnetic separation and the selective detection of thiram for the surface capped oleic chain during the growth process.

End-shape-controlled gold nanorods (GNRs) were synthesized at room-temperature by a seeded-growth method, in which hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was used as a stabilizer and capping agent. The average dimension of the GNRs was 46 nm in length and 15 nm in diameter, which corresponds to aspect ratio of c.a. 3.0. Then, their both ends were further grown at the presence of silver precursor (AgNO3), resulting in formation of arrow-head GNRs. By tuning the amount of the silver precursor, the end-shape of the GNRs was changed to dumbbell like shape. Moreover, the growth rate of gold could be controlled by tuning the amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl). While arrow-headed GNRs having sharp edges were produced without HCl, the GNRs having dog-bone like or round-head shape at both ends were obtained with HCl.

Dumbbell-like Pt(48)Pd(52)-Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles are synthesized and functionalized with oleylamine-polyethyleneglycol to serve as an efficient catalyst for H(2)O(2) reduction and tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation in biological solutions. The Pt(48)Pd(52)-Fe(3)O(4)/TMB kit is even more active than the natural enzyme for H(2)O(2) detection with a detection limit reaching 2 μM, and is successfully used to quantitatively monitor the extracellular H(2)O(2) generated by neutrophils.

The rod-like tetragonal α-MnO 2 , flower-like hexagonal ɛ-MnO 2 , and dumbbell-like tetragonal β-MnO 2 were prepared using the hydrothermal or water-bathing method under different conditions. It is shown that the α-MnO 2 , ɛ-MnO 2 , and β-MnO 2 catalysts possessed a surface area of ca. 53, 30, and 114 m 2 /g, respectively. The oxygen adspecies concentration and low-temperature reducibility decreased in the order of α-MnO 2 > ɛ-MnO 2 > β-MnO 2 , coinciding with the sequence of their catalytic activities for toluene combustion. The well-defined morphological MnO 2 catalysts performed much better than the bulk counterpart. At a space velocity of 20,000 mL/(g h), the temperature for 90% toluene conversion was 238, 229, and 241 °C over α-MnO 2 , ɛ-MnO 2 , and β-MnO 2 , respectively. The apparent activation energies of α-MnO 2 , ɛ-MnO 2 , and β-MnO 2 were in the range of 20–26 kJ/mol. It is concluded that higher oxygen adspecies concentrations and better low-temperature reducibility were responsible for the good catalytic performance of the α-MnO 2 , ɛ-MnO 2 , and β-MnO 2 materials.

The dumbbell-like calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals were synthesized in the presence of trisodium citrate. Different morphologies were obtained by changing the reaction temperature and the trisodium citrate concentration. The obtained samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the morphology of CaCO3 crystals was markedly affected by the reaction temperature and citrate anion concentration. The possible growth mechanism of CaCO3 crystals was proposed. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Dumbbell-like ZnO hollow architectures have been achieved on a large scale by a facile solution-based method by using water-soluble polymer (poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)) as crystal growth modifier. The as-prepared ZnO architectures were in fact assembled by numerous sheet-like particles with an average size of ~ 10 nm. Studies found that the existence of PSS played an important role in the formation of these unique ZnO microstructures. The possible formation mechanism has been discussed based on the experimental results and the function of organic molecules. The hollow ZnO architectures exhibit unique photoluminescence characteristics at room temperature, suggesting promising potential for optoelectronic applications.

As water is gradually added, a p -terphenyl derivative with dumbbell-like amphiphilic and rod-coil characteristics can hierarchically self-assemble to metastable rectangle columns architecting sheets first and then to stable quasi-hexagonal columns architecting rolled sheets, and finally to rod-like nanostructures in MeOH/H 2 O solution. Interestingly, the formed sheet, rolled sheet, and nanorod possess blue-light emitting property.

In this paper, we report a simple and novel coordination compound precursor route to synthesize the hierarchical dumbbell-like CoOOH nanostructures in high yield. A possible growth mechanism governing the formation of such nanostructures is discussed. The CO-gas-sensing properties of the as-synthesized nanostructures are investigated in detail. The dumbbell-like CoOOH nanostructures have a large active surface area of {110} facets, which can provide sufficient space for the interaction between CoOOH and the detected gases. As a result, the as-prepared dumbbell-like CoOOH nanostructures exhibit a superior sensitivity to CO at room temperature, as well as good reproducibility and short response/recovery times. The as-prepared CoOOH nanostructures could have potential applications in nanosensors.

A recently synthesized new molecule C131 (C60 C C70) is studied using the MNDO, AM1, PM3 and B3LYP methods. [6.6]-8 isomer is the most stable structure of C131. To create C60 C C70, the C70 cage thermodynamically prefers to open bond at the equatorial region. The strain analysis performed for the pristine C70 (D5h) and C70 in C131 revealed that the cycloaddition reaction occurring with the equatorial C–C bond can lead to a larger strain release than occurring with the polar C–C bond of C70. The results provide new insights to understand the observations of C60 C C70 as well as the previously reported C70 C C70 and C70O.

A facile ligand replacement induced chemiluminescence method is developed for selective detection of the organophosphorus pesticide parathion-methyl based on the use of bifunctional Au–Fe3O4 dumbbell-like nanoparticles to overcome the interference from coexisting substances in a real sample.

The dimeric [Cu(bipy)(μ2-OH)]4 [(H2O) (bipy)2HPW11Cu2O39] 2·2EtOH·10H2O Keggin polyoxometalate is prepared by solvothermal reaction of Cu(NO3)2, H3PW12O40, and bipy in H2O/EtOH (2:1) solution (pH 4.6 adjusted with H3PO3, autoclave, 150 °C, 3 d; 38% yield).

A dimeric Keggin polyoxometalate, [Cu(bpy)(μ2-OH)]4[(H2O)(bpy)2HPW11Cu2O39]2·2CH3CH2OH·10H2O (1), constructed from two dicopper(II)-substituted monovacant Keggin polyoxoanions bridged by a Cu4 cluster, has been hydrothermally synthesized. Magnetic analysis indicates predominantly an antiferromagnetic interaction between copper(II) centers. Compound 1 also shows very high catalytic activity for the esterification of phosphoric acid with equimolar lauryl alcohol to monoalkyl phosphate ester.

A novel dimeric pentamolybdate [4,4′-H2bipy]3[4,4′-Hbipy]2[(Mo5O17)2(4,4′-bipy)], the first example of a 4,4′-bipyridine bridging dumbbell-like polyoxomolybdates, has been prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and characterized by X-ray crystallography.

A novel complex [Ag3(titmb)2]2[1,4-C6H4(COO)2]3·23 H2O [titmb = 1,3,5-tris(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene] contains two M3L2 cages and three terephthalate anions, one of which is embedded in the two cages to form a dumbbell-like architecture and shows photoluminescence in the solid state when the titmb reacts with [Ag(NH3)2]NO3, an individual M3L2 cage [Ag3(titmb)2][NO3]3·5 H2O without luminescent properties was obtained.

Novel kinetic models for both Dumbbell-like and rigid-rod like polymers are derived, based on the probability distribution function $f(t, x, n, \dot n)$ for a polymer molecule positioned at $x$ to be oriented along direction $n$ while embedded in a $\dot n$ environment created by inertial effects. It is shown that the probability distribution function of the extended model, when converging, will lead to well accepted kinetic models when inertial effects are ignored such as the Doi models for rod like polymers, and the Finitely Extensible Non-linear Elastic (FENE) models for Dumbbell like polymers., 23 pages, 2 figures

In geschlossenen Cu-Rohren wurden Einkristalle von Sr9Zn4Cu2O14 dargestellt. Moderne Rontgenmethoden fuhren zu monokliner Symmetrie [Raumgruppe CC2/m; a = 22,22; b = 3,61; c = 11,29 A; β = 98,6°, Z = 2]. Die Kristallstruktur enthalt ein Sr/O-Gerust mit Sr2+ in oktaedrischer und trigonal prismatischer Koordination. SrO6-Oktaeder treten partiell flachenverknupft auf. In das Sr/O-Gerust sind Zn2+-Ionen in Tetraederlucken und Cu+-Ionen mit hantelformiger Koordination eingelagert. A New Strontium-Oxometallate: Sr9Zn4Cu2O14, Containing Sr2+ in Face Connected Octahedra Single crystals of Sr9Zn4Cu2O14 were prepared in closed Cu-tubes. Modern X-ray investigations lead to monoclinic symmetry (space group CC2/m, a = 22.22; b = 3.61; c = 11.29; β = 98.6°; Z = 2). The crystal structure is characterized by a threedimensional Sr/O network, containing Sr2+ in octahedral and trigonal prismatic coordination. The SrO6 octahedra are partly face connected. Incorporated Zn2+ and Cu+ Ions show tetrahedral and dumbbell like coordination.

Large-scale uniform dumbbell-like ZnO microcrystals were successfully synthesized via a facile solution method under mild conditions. The as-prepared dumbbells, with lengths of 3.5-5.4 microm and diameters of 1.3-1.8 microm, possess a single-crystal hexagonal structure and grow along the [0001] direction. The influence of the reactant concentration on the size and shapes of the ZnO samples had been studied, and the results revealed that the reactant concentration plays a crucial role in determining final morphologies of the samples. Moreover, the evolution process of the dumbbell-like ZnO microcrystals was viewed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) characterization, and a possible formation mechanism was proposed. In addition, optical properties of the ZnO samples prepared at different reaction times were also investigated by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The room-temperature PL spectrum of the dumbbell-like ZnO microcrystals shows a strong UV emission peak. The UV emission is further identified to originate from the radiative free-exciton recombination by the temperature-dependent PL.

The rational synthesis and design of three-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrids still remain a challenge. A new ZGO-based 3D architecture was successfully fabricated via a facial and controllable hydrothermal method. Influence factors, e.g., feeding ratios, reaction temperature, reaction time show an obvious effect on the morphology of the obtained product. A solvent-coordination molecular template (SCMT) mechanism was proposed to understand the formation of three-dimensional nanobundles based on time-dependent experiments. The composites display a strong and wide emission in 405 and 431 nm, potentially applied in optoelectronic devices and other nanodevices.

Single crystals of Sr2CuO2Cl were prepared in a closed system of Ag- and quartz-tubes. The colorless crystals are extremly sensitive against moisture. X-ray investigation proves a trigonal symmetry (a=400.3;c-2767.9 pm, space group P3121-D34). Sr2+ has a distorted octahedral coordination of 3 O2− and 3 Cl−. Cu+ shows a dumbbell like O2− surrounding. The O-Cu-O bond angle (176.5°) differs from the usually value (180°).