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DLK is a key regulator of axon regeneration and degeneration in response to neuronal injury. To understand the molecular mechanisms controlling the DLK function, we performed yeast two-hybrid screening analysis and identified FKBPL as a DLK-binding protein that bound to the kinase domain and inhibited the kinase enzymatic activity of DLK. FKBPL regulated DLK stability through ubiquitin-dependent DLK degradation. We tested other members in the FKBP protein family and found that FKBP8 also induced DLK degradation as FKBPL did. We found that Lysine 271 residue in the kinase domain of DLK was a major site of ubiquitination and SUMO3-conjugation and responsible for FKBP8-mediated degradation. In vivo overexpression of FKBP8 delayed progression of axon degeneration and neuronal death following axotomy in sciatic and optic nerves, respectively, although axon regeneration efficiency was not enhanced. This research identified FKBPL and FKBP8 as new DLK-interacting proteins that regulated DLK stability by MG-132 or bafilomycin A1-sensitive protein degradation.

Quality and sensory characteristics such as microbial count, pH, acidity, flavor, taste, color and overall acceptance of bamboo shoot pickle cured with red pepper paste and bamboo shoot pickle cured with soy sauce paste made of Maengjong bamboo shoots were investigated during a long-term storage at different temperature (at 25℃, 35℃ and 45℃). Microbial contamination was not observed, and water content did not showed significant change in all samples of both pickles during the whole storage period of 30 days, regardless of storage temperature. At 25℃, all sensory characteristics of bamboo shoot-red pepper paste pickle did not show a significant change for 30 d. However, at 35℃ and 45℃, the flavor, taste and color of bamboo shoot-red pepper paste pickle did not change remarkably, but the overall acceptance significantly changed from the beginning of storage. Bamboo shoot-soy sauce pickle did not give a significant change in flavor, taste and overall acceptance at 25℃, 35℃ and 45℃. However a remarkable change in color started to be shown at 25 d in case of storage at 45℃. Overall acceptance and color were selected as indicating parameters for the shelf-life estimation of bamboo shoot-red pepper paste pickle and bamboo shoot-soy sauce pickle, respectively. Based on room temperature storage and delivery at 20℃, the shelf-life of bamboo shoot-red pepper paste pickle and bamboo shoot-soy sauce pickle were determined as 308 d (about 10 month) and 447 d (about 14 month), respectively.

The effects of ultra-high pressure (UHP, 100 MPa, 40, 24 h) processing and enzyme treatment on the physicochemical properties and anticoagulant activity of fucoidan obtained from Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll (UPS) were investigated. Crude UPS fucoidan (FUPS) with an average MW of 877 kDa was slightly depolymerized by UHPassisted Tunicase treatment, yielding fucoidan with a lower MW (600–800 kDa). UHP-enzyme treatment decreased the sulfate, fucose and galactose contents of FUPS but increased its glucose content. From FT-IR spectrum, UHP-enzyme treatment was found not to cause a structural change on S=O and C-O-S. After UHP-enzyme treatment, the sulfate content and average MW of FUPS decreased with the increase of Tunicase concentration. It was found that among the UHP-enzyme-treated fucoidans, FUPS-T0.3-U (Tunicase 0.3% treatment+UHP treatment) possessed the highest anticoagulant activity. FUPS-T0.3-U appeared to inhibit blood coagulation via intrinsic pathway. With the increase of sulfate content in FUPS, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) showed a tendency of increase. APTT and TT had the highest values in FUPS-T0.3-U in which the sulfate concentration was 24%, but on the contrary decreased at a sulfate concentration of above 24%. This result indicates that there is an optimum sulfate concentration for the anticoagulant activity of fucoidan. Consequently, UHP-assisted enzymatic treatment was found to be helpful for the improvement of anticoagulant activities of fucoidan.

To expand the industrial applications of astaxanthin in the food and cosmetic sectors, inclusion complexes (ICs) of astaxanthin were prepared with various types of cyclodextrins (CDs) and characterized by HPLC with respect to water-solubility and stability. Also, their characteristics were determined through SEM scanning electron microscopy and Furier transform infrared spectrometry. Among the various CDs, β-CD was selected as the host material for the inclusion of astaxanthin. The optimum ratio of astaxanthin and β-CD for IC formation was determined as 1:200. The water-solubility of the IC of astaxanthin and β-CD (As-β-CD) was enhanced up to 110-fold compared to free astaxanthin at pH 6.5 and 25°C. The stability of the β-CD-encapsulated astaxanthin against heat, light, and oxidation was greatly enhanced by over 7-9 folds compared to free astaxanthin. Furthermore, the β-CD-encapsulated astaxanthin had high stability even at 100°C. Compared to free astaxanthin, the IC formation of free astaxanthin greatly enhanced its stability under various storage conditions such as pH, temperature, ultraviolet irradiation, and the presence of oxygen.

In order to increase the shelf-life of Phyllostachyspubescens sap heating conditions were investigated. To evaluatethe quality changes of Phyllostachys pubescens sap before andafter heating at 70 o C for 30 min, pH, total microbial number andsensory characteristics were measured during storage periods at2 o C. During 10 days, the quality and sensory characteristics ofPhyllostachys pubescens sap were maintained.Keywords heat treatment · Phyllostachys pubescens sap · totalmicrobial count중국 하남지방이 원산지인 대나무는 400여 종류가 세계적으로,70여 종이 우리나라를 포함한 동남아시아에 분포하고 있다. 우리나라에서 자생하는 대나무는 왕대, 솜대, 맹종죽, 조릿대, 오죽, 신의대 등이 대표적이며, 특히 우리나라 남부지방에서 주로서식하는 맹종죽은 전체 대나무 재배면적의 83%를 차지하고 있다. 대나무는 중풍, 발한, 고혈압 치료용 등에 효과가 있는 한약재로 이용되어 왔으며, 최근에는 항균, 항암 및 지질대사 개선 효과도 보고되어 있다(Kweon 등 2001; Kim 등 2001; Shin과 Han, 2002). 특히 맹종죽 추출물은 in vitro에서 강력한 항산화 효과 및 LDL 산화억제효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다(Lee와 Moon, 2003). 예로부터 대나무는 껍질, 가지, 잎, 순, 죽여등이 질병치료용으로 이용되어 왔으나 최근에는 고로쇠나무와같이 수액을 채취하여 음용하는 수요도 증가하고 있다. 수액이란 나무의 도관을 통해 유동하는 액체로 무기염, 질소화합물,탄수화물, 효소, 식품 호르몬 등이 용해되어 있는 묽은 용액을지칭한다. 국내에서 수액 채취가 가능한 수종은 고로쇠나무와대나무(맹종죽, 왕대, 솜대)를 포함하여 8종이며, 그 중 식품원료 사용할 수 있는 수액은 고로쇠 수액, 다래나무 수액, 대나무수액, 자작나무 수액 4종이다(KFIA, 2009a). 대나무수액은 2−3년생 맹종죽, 왕대, 솜대의 지상 20 cm 부위에서 5−6월 경 채취한 것으로 칼슘, 칼륨, 마그네슘 등 미네랄과 필수 아미노산등이 함유되어 동의보감과 본초강목에 이뇨작용, 신경통 등의예방과 심신을 안정시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있으며,일본, 중국 등지에서도 이미 음용되고 있다. 그러나 대나무수액에 대한 연구는 수액의 성분조성(Chung 등, 1995), 항산화 활성(Cho 등, 2008) 및 간장용수로 활용(Chung 등, 2001) 정도가보고되어 있을 뿐 생리활성에 대한 과학적 규명뿐만 아니라 가공방법에 관한 연구는 매우 미미한 실정이다. 특히 수액은 물이 99% 이상으로 미생물 증식이 용이한 조건이므로 고로쇠 수액은 한외여과 처리(Lee 등, 2010; Jeong 등, 2011), 자작나무수액은 유산균 발효(Kim 등, 2009)를 이용하여 저장성을 향상시키는 연구가 보고되어 있으나 대나무 수액의 저장성 증진에관한 노력은 미미하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 저장성이 열악하여 한시적으로만 음용되는 맹종죽 수액의 저장성을 증진시키기위하여 관능적인Institute of Bio and Health Science, Chungwoon University, Hongseong 변화가 최소화되는 열처리 조건을 확립하고자하였다.우선적으로 열처리 없이 맹종죽 수액의 저장성 향상을 위하여 천연 항균제로 다양하게 사용되는 자몽 종자 추출물을 첨가하는 방법을 검토하였다. 자몽 종자 추출물은 식품첨가물공전에등재되어(KFIA, 2009b) 사용량 및 사용대상의 제한이 없는 첨가물이며 100−300 ppm 범위로 사용하는 것이 일반적이므로 맹

Osteoblasts play a pivotal role in load-driven bone formation by activating Wnt signaling through a signal from osteocytes as a mechanosensor. Osteoblasts are also sensitive to mechanical stimulation, but the role of RhoA, a small GTPase involved in the regulation of cytoskeleton adhesion complexes, in mechanotransduction of osteoblasts is not completely understood. Using MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells under 1 hr flow treatment at 10 dyn/cm(2), we examined a hypothesis that RhoA signaling mediates the cellular responses to flow-induced shear stress. To test the hypothesis, we conducted genome-wide pathway analysis and evaluated the role of RhoA in molecular signaling. Activity of RhoA was determined with a RhoA biosensor, which determined the activation state of RhoA based on a fluorescence resonance energy transfer between CFP and YFP fluorophores. A pathway analysis indicated that flow treatment activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling as well as a circadian regulatory pathway. Western blot analysis revealed that in response to flow treatment phosphorylation of Akt in PI3K signaling and phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in MAPK signaling were induced. FRET measurement showed that RhoA was activated by flow treatment, and an inhibitor to a Rho kinase significantly reduced flow-induced phosphorylation of p38, ERK1/2, and Akt as well as flow-driven elevation of the mRNA levels of osteopontin and cyclooxygenase-2. Collectively, the result demonstrates that in response to 1 hr flow treatment to MC3T3-E1 cells at 10 dyn/cm(2), RhoA plays a critical role in activating PI3K and MAPK signaling as well as modulating the circadian regulatory pathway.