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Through the analysis of the adhesion between the tooth head and axial clearance leakage attributed to vortex tooth shape deformation, an innovative tooth shape design concept has been introduced entitled “progressive change tooth high vortex tooth”. This unique design includes a gradual change in tooth height and an elevated vortex tooth profile, using temperature-sensitive materials to enhance the resolution of temperature loading on the vortex disc. By refining the process of resolving the temperature loading on the vortex disc, the mean temperature function of the fluid domain along the wall of the vortex tooth is calculated, and a steady-state temperature distribution model for the solid domain of the vortex tooth is formulated. Subsequently, a finite element model for the high eddy current disc is constructed using Abaqus 2021 finite element software, which facilitates the calculation of stress–strain distribution within the high eddy current disc under both gas pressure and temperature field loads. The results show that, especially under conditions of low speed and low exhaust pressure, the temperature load mainly influences the maximum deformation and stress distribution of the vortex tooth. Specifically, under the influence of heat-solid coupling, the maximum deformation of the progressive change tooth high vortex tooth occurs in close proximity to the central compression cavity, reaching up to 13 microns. These results provide a crucial theoretical basis for the structural design and performance optimization of the compressor.

Viral infection generally induces polyclonal neutralizing antibody responses. However, how many lineages of antibody responses can fully represent the neutralization activities in sera has not been well studied. Using the newly designed stable HIV-1 Env trimer as hook, we isolated two distinct broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from Chinese rhesus macaques infected with SHIV1157ipd3N4 for 5 years. One lineage of neutralizing antibodies (JT15 and JT16) targeted the V2-apex in the Env trimers, similar to the J038 lineage bnAbs identified in our previous study. The other lineage neutralizing antibody (JT18) targeted the V3 crown region in the Env, which strongly competed with human 447-52D. Each lineage antibody neutralized a different set of viruses. Interestingly, when the two neutralizing antibodies from different lineages isolated from the same macaque were combined, the mixture had a neutralization breath very similar to that from the cognate sera. Our study demonstrated that a minimum of two different neutralizing antibodies can fully recapitulate the serum neutralization breadth. This observation can have important implications in AIDS vaccine design.

In order to solve the problem of imbalance of internal forces in the system caused by the gravity force of the eccentric wheel and the orbiting scroll close to the drive bearing and the rotational inertia force during the operation of the electric scroll compressor, a dynamic model of the rotor system of the scroll compressor that takes into account the effect of the gas force was established using the multibody dynamics software ADAMS/View 2020. Dynamic simulation analysis of the rotor system is carried out, focusing on the force of the drive bearing; a parametric optimization method is adopted to optimize the position of the center-of-mass coordinates of the eccentric wheel of the relevant components, and the relevant parameters are derived after optimization. The results show that by adjusting the center-of-mass position of the eccentric wheel it is possible to optimize the unbalance force and unbalance moment of the main shaft drive system; compared with the pre-optimization, the force fluctuation ranges of the drive bearing in the horizontal and vertical directions are reduced, the peak value is reduced by 18%, and the impact force of the drive bearing during the initial period of compressor operation is effectively relieved. Through optimization calculation, the vibration and noise of the system are reduced, the operating stability of the scroll compressor is improved, and analytical methods and theoretical guidance are provided for the design and prediction of the dynamic behavior of the scroll compressors.

The air conditioning compressor is a critical component in automobile heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. However, compressor noise has long been a problem for automobile manufacturers. In recent years, the development and application of automobile air conditioning scroll compressors has increased significantly due to their low mechanical vibration and noise. However, their limitations in terms of airflow pulse and noise cannot be ignored, especially in low speed and high load conditions where the noise generated has a negative impact on driving and passenger experience. Noise and airflow pulses are important considerations that cannot be ignored. This study innovatively modifies the end cap structure of the scroll compressor, using the principles of expansion muffler and insertion tube structure, with the aim of improving the acoustic quality of the scroll compressor. The results show that the novel valve construction can significantly reduce the sound pressure level of the scroll compressor noise to a maximum of 75.20 dBA. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and practical technical applications for future research and development in the automobile industry.

With the rapid development of terahertz radar technology, the electromagnetic device for terahertz radar cross-section (RCS) reduction is worth investigating. However, the existing research concentrates on the RCS reduction metasurface with fixed performance working in the microwave band. This paper proposes a terahertz dynamic coding metasurface integrated with vanadium dioxide (VO2) for dual-polarized, dual-band, and wide-angle RCS reduction. The simulation result indicates that by switching the state of the VO2 between insulator and metal, the metasurface can realize the effective RCS reduction at 0.18 THz to 0.24 THz and 0.21 THz to 0.39 THz under the left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized incident waves. When the polar and azimuth angles of the incident wave vary from 0° to 40° and 0° to 360° respectively, this metasurface can maintain a 10 dB RCS reduction. This work has potential value in the terahertz stealth field.

Traditional data-driven tool wear state recognition methods rely on complete data under targeted working conditions. However, in actual cutting operations, working conditions vary, and data for many conditions lack labels, with data distribution characteristics differing between conditions. To address these issues, this article proposes a method for recognizing the wear state of milling cutters under varying working conditions based on an optimized symmetrized dot pattern (SDP). This method utilizes complete data from source working conditions for representation learning, transferring a generalized milling cutter wear state recognition model to varying working condition scenarios. By leveraging computer image processing features, the vibration signals produced by milling are converted into desymmetrization dot pattern images. Clustering analysis is used to extract template images of different wear states, and differential evolution algorithms are employed to adaptively optimize parameters using the maximization of Euclidean distance as an indicator. Transfer learning with a residual network incorporating an attention mechanism is used to recognize the wear state of milling cutters under varying working conditions. The experimental results indicate that the method proposed in this paper reduces the impact of working condition changes on the mapping relationship of milling cutter wear states. In the wear state identification experiment under varying conditions, the accuracy reached 97.39%, demonstrating good recognition precision and generalization ability.

Lateral overturns are the most frequent fatal accidents involving tractors. A tractor being able to travel safely on uneven or sloped terrain is still an open field of investigation. The design concept of a four-wheel-drive tractor that can traverse hilly and mountainous areas is described. The tractor’s locomotion system can actively adjust its roll angle by using the attitude adjustment mechanisms equipped on the rear wheels. With double quadrangle mechanisms, the front axle can cooperate with the rear axle to adjust this tractor’s attitude. This tractor can also level its body, steer, and transmit power. The principles and configurations of the two axles are presented. A mathematics/mechanical model of a tractor on lateral slopes was developed. This model considers the relationships of the ground supporting forces when the tractor adjusts its roll angle. Combining the model of specific attitude adjustment mechanisms and the above mechanics model, the lateral stability analysis associated with the active input of the attitude adjustment mechanism is conducted. The reliability of the proposed model is discussed based on a comparison of slope traversing experiments and numerical simulations. This designed tractor has potential application in the fields of hilly and mountainous terrains. The results show that posture/configuration adjustment is a positive way to enhance tractor lateral overturn stability.

Asymmetric hydrogenation of tetrasubstituted alkenes is an important but challenging research topic. Herein, we report an efficient iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of tetrasubstituted α,β-unsaturated ketones for the synthesis of chiral 2-substituted cyclopentyl aryl ketones, an important chiral structural motif for the preparation of chiral pharmaceuticals and bioactive molecules. The reaction proceeded very well with good functional group compatibility and delivered the hydrogenated products in high yields and stereoselectivities (up to 99% yield, >20:1 dr and 99% ee). In addition, the reaction could be carried out on a gram-scale, and all four stereoisomers of the hydrogenated products bearing two contiguous stereocenters were obtained. Furthermore, the hydrogenated product can be transformed into the ERβ agonist Erteberel, and the reaction pathway was also studied via deuterium-labelling experiments.

Disordered reactive oxygen/nitrogen species are a common occurrence in various diseases, which usually cause cellular oxidative damage and inflammation. Despite the wide range of applications for biomimetic nanoparticles with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties, designs that seamlessly integrate these two abilities with a synergistic effect in a simple manner are seldom reported. In this study, we developed a novel PEI-Mn composite nanoparticle (PM NP) using a chelation method, and the curcumin was loaded onto PM NPs via metal–phenol coordination to form PEI-Mn@curcumin nanoparticles (PMC NPs). PMC NPs possessed excellent dispersibility and cytocompatibility, was engineered to serve as an effective nanozyme, and exhibited specific SOD-like and CAT-like activities. In addition, the incorporation of curcumin granted PMC NPs the ability to effectively suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokines in microglia induced by LPS. As curcumin also has antioxidant properties, it further amplified the synergistic efficiency of ROS scavenging. Significantly, PMC NPs effectively scavenged ROS triggered by H2O2 in SIM-A9 microglia cells and Neuro-2a cells. PMC NPs also considerably mitigated DNA and lipid oxidation in Neuro-2a cells and demonstrated an increase in cell viability under various H2O2 concentrations. These properties suggest that PMC NPs have significant potential in addressing excessive ROS and inflammation related to neural diseases.

In the context of Western China’s unique geography, recurrent landslide disasters pose substantial threats to both resident safety and economic stability. The escalating frequency of these incidents emphasizes the critical need for innovative disaster research, particularly focused on the concept of a disaster chain. This research aims to enhance disaster preparedness and management strategies with the ultimate goal of minimizing losses. On the basis of predecessors, this study changes the previous analysis forms of single or partial disaster events, innovatively collects all secondary disaster events derived from the landslide disaster chain, and builds an evolutionary network model. In concrete terms, our study concentrates on the Baige landslide within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, pinpointing sub-hazard events as crucial disaster nodes within the landslide. By establishing directed connections, we have developed a comprehensive landslide disaster chain evolution network model firmly grounded in the principles of disaster chain dynamics and complex network theory. This model encompasses 31 distinct disaster nodes and 77 connecting edges. To assess the inherent risks in the landslide catastrophe chain, we conducted a thorough analysis considering node access degree and clustering coefficients. Critical nodes driving economic losses, such as floods, debris flows, secondary landslides, and downstream water damage, were identified. Additionally, we isolated vulnerable connections within the evolving network, evaluating the susceptibility of each edge. Our research underscores the significance of proactive measures, including pre-disaster monitoring, early warning systems, and timely post-disaster information dissemination. Implementing these actions can play a pivotal role in mitigating the impact of landslide disasters, preserving lives and sustaining regional prosperity.

Nanocomposites are promising materials for the development of novel and environmentally friendly fertilizers that can delay the release of nutrients. In this study, a novel high-strength spherical nanocomposite fertilizer was prepared via agglomeration and granulation using montmorillonite, urea phosphate, urea, and potassium chloride as raw materials. The properties and morphology of the prepared fertilizer were characterized by Fourier Transform Tnfrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) techniques. FT-IR analysis identified the formation of polyphosphate in fertilizer and hydrogen bonds between polyphosphate and montmorillonite. XRD analysis showed increased montmorillonite interlayer spacing and confirmed the formation of polyphosphate-montmorillonite nanocomposites. The effects of raw material mass ratio, reaction time, and reaction temperature on the strength and fluidity of nanocomposite fertilizer granules and the optimum preparation process was obtained by the response surface method (RSM-CCD). The optimum preparation process was obtained as follows: reaction temperature, 103 °C; reaction time, 237 min; and mass ratio, 1:1:0.93:1 (urea phosphate: urea: potassium chloride: montmorillonite). Under these optimum conditions, the particle hardness and angle of repose of the prepared fertilizer were 64.75 ± 0.48 N and 30.84 ± 0.95°. Nutrient release and agronomic effectiveness of the fertilizer was evaluated using column leaching and pot experiments, respectively. The column leaching experiment and XCT analysis demonstrated that the nanocomposite structure was responsible for the slow nutrient release. The pot experiment showed that compared with the traditional fertilizer, the soil nitrate and available phosphorus was increased by 28.02% and 43.45%, respectively, and the maize yield was increased by 24.27% with the application of prepared fertilizer. This work provides support for the preparation of high-strength spherical nanocomposite fertilizers and their large-scale applications in modern mechanical agriculture.

Macrophage (MΦ) with different surface marker exhibits diversity effect on the development of atherosclerosis (AS). Recently CD93high MΦ was reported tightly related with inflammatory diseases, however, its effect on the development of AS remains unclear. Here, we adoptive transferred with prepared CD93 high and low expressed (CD93hi, CD93lo) MΦ in establishing ApoE-/- mice AS model at the week of 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, respectively. At w12 and 20, pathology change and the expression of CD93, F4/80, CD31, ApoE in related vessels were detected. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and related signal pathway were also analyzed. Finally, CD93 targeting radionuclide imaging in AS model was performed with prepared 125I-anti-CD93 mAb injection. The results showed that all pathological changes in diseased vessels showed much severe in w20 (the time that AS model was established successfully) than w12. In contrast to group with CD93lo MΦ adoptive transferred, much serious inflammatory infiltration, increased pro-inflammatory factors and elevated CD93, F4/80, CD31 expression in clamped carotid artery were detected, and also higher Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in serum were measured in ApoE-/- model with CD93hi MΦ adoptive transferred in w20. Furthermore, obviously high expressed p-STAT3 and p-NF-κB were detected in CD93hi MΦ, compared with CD93lo MΦ. Ex vivo phosphor-autoradiography showed higher radioactivity accumulation in diseased vessels in ApoE-/- model with CD93hi MΦ adoptive transferred after 125I-anti-CD93 mAb injection, compared with CD93lo MΦ adopted group in w20. In conclusion, CD93hi MΦ subset promoted the development of AS and aggravated the disease severity mainly through p-STAT3/p-NF-κB pathways. CD93 on MΦ may be as a novel target for AS modulation.

Though the anti-miR-301a (anti-miR) is a promising treatment strategy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the degradability and the poor targeting of the intestine are a familiar issue. This study aimed to develop a multifunctional oral nanoparticle delivery system loaded with anti-miR for improving the targeting ability and the therapeutic efficacy. The HA-CS/ES100/PLGA nanoparticles (HCeP NPs) were prepared using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLGA), enteric material Eudragit®S100 (ES100), chitosan (CS), and hyaluronic acid (HA). The toxicity of nanoparticles was investigated via the Cell Counting Kit-8, and the cellular uptake and inflammatory factors of nanoparticles were further studied. Moreover, we documented the colon targeting and pharmacodynamic properties of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles with uniform particle size exhibited pH-sensitive release, favorable gene protection, and storage stability. Cytology experiments showed that anti-miR@HCeP NPs improved the cellular uptake through HA and reduced pro-inflammatory factors. Administering anti-miR@HCeP NPs orally to IBD mice markedly reduced their pro-inflammatory factors levels and disease activity indices. We also confirmed that anti-miR@HCeP NPs mostly accumulated in the colon site, and effectively repaired the intestinal barrier, as well as relieved intestinal inflammation. The above nanoparticle is a candidate of the treatment for IBD due to its anti-inflammatory properties.

Recent studies have revealed considerable promise in the antiviral properties of metal nanomaterials, specifically when biologically prepared. This study demonstrates for the first time the antiviral roles of the plant cell-engineered gold nanoparticles (pAuNPs) alone and when conjugated with quercetin (pAuNPsQ). We show here that the quercetin conjugated nanoparticles (pAuNPsQ) preferentially inhibit the cell entry of two medically important viruses—severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) using different mechanisms. Interestingly, in the case of SARS-CoV-2, the pre-treatment of target cells with pAuNPsQ inhibited the viral entry, but the pre-treatment of the virus with pAuNPsQ did not affect viral entry into the host cell. In contrast, pAuNPsQ demonstrated effective blocking capabilities against HSV-1 entry, either during the pre-treatment of target cells or by inducing virus neutralization. In addition, pAuNPsQ also significantly affected HSV-1 replication, evidenced by the plaque-counting assay. In this study, we also tested the chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (cAuNPs) of identical size and shape and observed comparable effects. The versatility of plant cell-based nanomaterial fabrication and its modification with bioactive compounds opens a new frontier in therapeutics, specifically in designing novel antiviral formulations.

In the 21st century, the rapid development of human society has made people's demand for green energy more and more urgent. The high-energy-density hydrogen energy obtained by fully splitting water is not only environmentally friendly, but also is expected to solve the problems caused by the intermittent nature of new energy. However, the slow kinetics and large overpotential of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limit its application. The introduction of Te element is expected to bring new breakthroughs. With the least electronegativity among the chalcogens, the Te element has many special properties, such as multivalent states, strong covalentity, and high electrical conductivity, which make it a promising candidate in electrocatalytic OER. In this review, we introduce the peculiarities of Te element, summarize Te doping and the extraordinary performance of its compounds in OER, with emphasis on the scientific mechanism behind Te element promoting the OER kinetic process. Finally, challenges and development prospects of the applications of Te element in OER are presented.

HIV-1 vaccines have been challenging to develop, partly due to the high level of genetic variation in its genome. Thus, a vaccine that can induce cross-reactive neutralization activities will be needed. Studies on the co-evolution of antibodies and viruses indicate that mimicking the natural infection is likely to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). We generated the consensus Env sequence for each time point in subject CH505, who developed broad neutralization activities, and selected five critical time points before broad neutralization was detected. These consensus sequences were designed to express stable Env trimers. Priming with the transmitted/founder Env timer and sequential boosting with these consensus Env trimers from different time points induced broader and more potent neutralizing activities than the BG505 Env trimer in guinea pigs. Analysis of the neutralization profiles showed that sequential immunization of Env trimers favored nAbs with gp120/gp41 interface specificity while the BG505 Env trimer favored nAbs with V2 specificity. The unique features such as consensus sequences, stable Env trimers and the sequential immunization to mimic natural infection likely has allowed the induction of improved neutralization responses.

Fractures are widely distributed in the subsurface and are crucial for hydrocarbon, CCS, offshore infrastructure (windfarms), and geothermal seismic surveys. Seismic anisotropy has been widely used to characterize fractures and has been shown to be sensitive to background matrix porosities in theoretical studies. An understanding of the effects of background porosity on seismic anisotropy could improve seismic characterization in different fractured reservoirs. Based on synthetic rocks with controlled fractures, we conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the influence that background porosity has on P-wave anisotropy and shear wave splitting. A set of rocks containing the same fracture density (0.06) with varying porosities of 15.3%, 22.1%, 26.1% and 30.8% were constructed. The P- and S-wave velocities were measured at 0.5 MHz as the rocks were water saturated. The results show that when porosity increased from 15.3% to 22.1%, P-wave anisotropy and shear wave splitting exhibited slight fluctuations. However, when porosity continued to increase to 30.8%, P-wave anisotropy declined sharply, whereas shear wave splitting stayed nearly constant. The measured results were compared with predictions from equivalent medium theories. Qualitative agreements were found between the theoretical predictions and the measured results. In the Eshelby–Cheng model, an increase in porosity reduces fracture-induced perturbation in the normal direction of the fracture, resulting in lower P-wave anisotropy. In the Gurevich model, an increase in porosity can reduce the compressional stiffness in parallel directions to a larger extent than that in perpendicular directions, thus leading to lower P-wave anisotropy.

Conventional ship mooring in ports has many shortcomings such as a high safety risk, low efficiency and high labor intensity. In order to explore and develop the theory and key technologies of intelligent automatic mooring systems, this paper takes an intelligent mooring system based on a parallel anti-rolling mechanism as the research and development object. A new mooring method integrating ship hydrodynamics, mechanism kinematics and intelligent algorithms is proposed. Through numerical simulation and comparative analysis of the model, the motion inhibition effect of mooring ships under different working conditions is obtained. The results show that the control strategy and intelligent algorithm of the system can realize the active control of the wharf mooring ships and achieve the goal of improving wharf stability conditions through an intelligent mooring system.

A new strategy for the early diagnosis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is urgently needed however specific targets are lacking. EphA2 has been reported to be over-expressed in a variety of tumors, including TNBC, and is closely related to tumor progression. In this study, we designed a novel peptide, SD01, and tested its potential in the diagnosis of TNBC. FITC-SD01 and FITC-YSA were prepared and found to bind to the 4T1 TNBC cell line, the former showing greater affinity. 125I-SD01 and 125I-YSA were obtained with high radiochemical yield and radiochemical purity, and both showed a high binding affinity to 4T1 cells, with a higher Bmax in 125I-SD01. Whole-body phosphoautoradiography showed clearer imaging of tumors in the group of 125I-SD01 than in 125I-YSA. Biodistribution demonstrated higher tumor accumulation in the 125I-SD01 group. In group of 125I-SD01, the tumor to the opposite muscle tissue (T/NT) ratio was 5.998 ± 0.37, in contrast to 4.69 ± 0.18 in 125I-YSA group. Our results indicated that 125I-SD01 could selectively and specifically target 4T1 cells in vitro and in vivo, and showed higher binding affinity and better imaging compared to 125I-YSA. Therefore, SD01 was deemed to be a novel peptide with more favorable properties in terms of targeting EphA2.

Summary: Preparation of highly efficient and stable perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with reproducible device performance is challenging. This protocol describes steps for fabrication of high-performance and self-healing PeLEDs. These include instructions for synthesis of charge-transporting zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals, step-by-step device fabrication, and control over self-healing of the degraded devices.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Teng et al. (2021). : Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.

Four homodinuclear lanthanide complexes, Dy2 (LOEt)2(OAc)4 (1), Tb2 (LOEt)2(OAc)4 (2), Ho2(LOEt)2(OAc)4 (3), and Gd2 (LOEt)2(OAc)4 (4), have been synthesized and characterized based on a tripodal oxygen ligand Na [(η5-C5H5)Co(P(O)(OC2H5)2)3] (NaLOEt). Structural analyses show that the acetate anions bridge two symmetry-related Ln3+ ions in the μ2:η1:η1 and μ2:η1:η2 coordination patterns, and each lanthanide (III) ion owns a twisted square antiprism (SAPR) conformation. Static magnetic measurements reveal the weak intramolecular ferromagnetic interaction between dysprosium (III) ions in 1 and antiferromagnetic Ln3+···Ln3+ couplings in the other three complexes. Through the analysis of the ligand-field effect and magnetic anisotropy axis orientation, the reasons for the lack of dynamic magnetic behavior in 1 were identified.

With the purpose to improve antiproliferative activity, 26 new betulonic acid-diazine derivatives were designed and synthesized from betulinic acid. The anticancer activity of these semi-synthetic compounds was evaluated by MTT assay in both tumor cell lines and normal cell line. The results indicated that majority of new compounds exhibited improved antitumor activity compared with the parent compound betulonic acid. Compound BoA2C, in particular, had the most significant action with IC50 value of 3.39 μM against MCF-7 cells, while it showed lower cytotoxicity on MDCK cell line than cisplatin. Furthermore, we discovered that BoA2C strongly increased MCF-7 cell damage mostly by influencing arginine and fatty acid metabolism. In addition, the structure-activity relationships were briefly discussed. The results of this study suggested that the introduction of different diazines at C-28 could selectively inhibit different kinds of cancer cells and might be an effective way to synthesize potent anticancer lead compound from betulonic acid.

A series of novel 4-aminoquinazoline derivatives were designed, synthesized and biological properties on nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κb) pathway inhibitory and potential in vitro anti-proliferation against breast cancer lines were also evaluated. Among them, LU1501 exhibited potent inhibition with IC50 values in SK-BR-3 (10.16 ± 0.86 µM) and HCC1806 (10.66 ± 1.01 µM) cell lines. In vivo studies in breast cancer tumor model proved the correlation between anticancer activity of LU1501 and proliferation inhibition through the NF-κb signal pathway. The molecular docking studies also portrayed the potential binding mechanism between LU1501 and the key proteins of p65 and IkBα in NF-κb pathway. Accordingly, compound LU1501 could serve as a potent agent against breast cancer for further investigation.

Abstract Alkyl chains engineering plays an important role in photovoltaic materials for organic solar cells. Herein, three A‐DA'D‐A (acceptor–donor–acceptor'–donor–acceptor) type acceptors named Y6, Y6‐C4, and Y6‐C5 with different branching position on the pyrrole motif are discussed and the relationship between molecular aggregation, crystalline, and device performance are systematically investigated. The distance between the branching position and the main backbone affects their optical absorption and energy levels. Y6‐C4 and Y6‐C5 with the branching position at the fourth and fifth carbon of the alkyl chain show blue‐shifted absorption and increased electrochemical bandgaps, compared with Y6 with the branching position at the second carbon of the alkyl side chain. In addition, this distance influences the molecular aggregation and crystalline behavior of the donor/acceptor blends. Compared with Y6‐C4, Y6‐C5 possesses a stronger crystalline and aggregate ability in the blends with a lower non‐radiative energy loss, which results in a higher open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.88 V. Finally, Y6‐C5‐based binary device achieved a high power conversion efficiency up to 16.73% with afill factor (FF) of 0.78. These results demonstrate that the side chain engineering is an effective strategy for tuning the molecular aggregation and crystalline to improve photovoltaic performance of the A‐DA'D‐A type acceptors.

Abstract Considering the robust and stable nature of the active layers, advancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) has long been the priority for all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs). Despite the recent surge of PCE, the photovoltaic parameters of the state‐of‐the‐art all‐PSC still lag those of the polymer:small molecule‐based devices. To compete with the counterparts, judicious modulation of the morphology and thus the device electrical properties are needed. It is difficult to improve all the parameters concurrently for the all‐PSCs with advanced efficiency, and one increase is typically accompanied by the drop of the other(s). In this work, with the aids of the solvent additive (1‐chloronaphthalene) and the n‐type polymer additive (N2200), we can fine‐tune the morphology of the active layer and demonstrate a 16.04% efficient all‐PSC based on the PM6:PY‐IT active layer. The grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements show that the shape of the crystallites can be altered, and the reshaped crystallites lead to enhanced and more balanced charge transport, reduced recombination, and suppressed energy loss, which lead to concurrently improved and device efficiency and stability.

Conditional phrases provide fine-grained domain knowledge in various industries, including medicine, manufacturing, and others. Most existing knowledge extraction research focuses on mining triplets with entities and relations and treats that triplet knowledge as plain facts without considering the conditional modality of such facts. We argue that such approaches are insufficient in building knowledge-based decision support systems in vertical domains, where specific and professional instructions on what facts apply under given circumstances are indispensable. To address this issue, this paper proposes a condition-aware knowledge extraction method using contextual information. In particular, this paper first fine-tunes the pre-training model to leverage a local context enhancement to capture the positional context of conditional phrases; then, a sentence-level context enhancement is used to integrate sentence semantics; finally, the correspondences between conditional phrases and relation triplets are extracted using syntactic attention. Experimental results on public and proprietary datasets show that our model can successfully retrieve conditional phrases with relevant triplets while improving the accuracy of the matching task by 2.68%, compared to the baseline.

In medical texts, temporal information describes events and changes in status, such as medical visits and discharges. According to the semantic features, it is classified into simple time and complex time. The current research on time recognition usually focuses on coarse-grained simple time recognition while ignoring fine-grained complex time. To address this problem, based on the semantic concept of complex time in Clinical Time Ontology, we define seven basic features and eleven extraction rules and propose a complex medical time-extraction method. It combines probabilistic soft logic and textual feature feedback. The framework consists of two parts: (a) text feature recognition based on probabilistic soft logic, which is based on probabilistic soft logic for negative feedback adjustment; (b) complex medical time entity recognition based on text feature feedback, which is based on the text feature recognition model in (a) for positive feedback adjustment. Finally, the effectiveness of our approach is verified in text feature recognition and complex temporal entity recognition experimentally. In the text feature recognition task, our method shows the best F1 improvement of 18.09% on the Irregular Instant Collection type corresponding to utterance l17. In the complex medical temporal entity recognition task, the F1 metric improves the most significantly, by 10.42%, on the Irregular Instant Collection type.

When constructing tunnels in mountainous areas, the drilling and blasting method is the most commonly used because of its economy. Ordinary reinforced concrete itself has defects such as poor crack resistance and brittleness. Therefore, when using the drilling and blasting method for ordinary reinforced concrete double-line tunnels, vibration phenomena will occur and cause cracks in the first-line tunnels, which will have adverse effects on the durability and safety of the tunnel. As a response, scholars have proposed the use of steel fiber-reinforced concrete as tunnel lining. In this paper, the LS-DYNA software is used to establish three models of plain concrete, ordinary concrete, and steel fiber-reinforced concrete, and numerical analysis is conducted with different amounts of explosives. The results show that the steel fiber-reinforced concrete tunnel lining has better performance than the other two concretes in tunnel construction.

Currently, there are no biomarkers to predict lethal lung injury by radiation. Since it is not ethical to irradiate humans, animal models must be used to identify biomarkers. Injury to the female WAG/RijCmcr rat has been well-characterized after exposure to eight doses of whole thorax irradiation: 0-, 5-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 14- and 15-Gy. End points such as SPECT imaging of the lung using molecular probes, measurement of circulating blood cells and specific miRNA have been shown to change after radiation. Our goal was to use these changes to predict lethal lung injury in the rat model, 2 weeks post-irradiation, before any symptoms manifest and after which a countermeasure can be given to enhance survival. SPECT imaging with 99mTc-MAA identified a decrease in perfusion in the lung after irradiation. A decrease in circulating white blood cells and an increase in five specific miRNAs in whole blood were also tested. Univariate analyses were then conducted on the combined dataset. The results indicated that a combination of percent change in lymphocytes and monocytes, as well as pulmonary perfusion volume could predict survival from radiation to the lungs with 88.5% accuracy (95% confidence intervals of 77.8, 95.3) with a p-value of < 0.0001 versus no information rate. This study is one of the first to report a set of minimally invasive endpoints to predict lethal radiation injury in female rats. Lung-specific injury can be visualized by 99mTc-MAA as early as 2 weeks after radiation.

Nineteen propylene tethered dihydroartemisinin-isatin hybrids 5a-g and 6a-l were designed, synthesized, and screened for their in vitro antiproliferative activity against three lung cancer cell lines, inclusive of drug-sensitive (A549), doxorubicin-resistant A549 (A549/DOX) and cisplatin-resistant A549 (A549/DDP) cell lines. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized hybrids towards normal lung epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) was also assessed to evaluate the selectivity. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) elucidated that (1) alkyloxylimino fragment at C-3 position of isatin moiety were more favorable than the carbonyl and benzoxylimino, and the relative contricution order was methoxylimino > ethoxylimino > carbonyl > benzoxylimino; halogen atom at C-5 or C-6 position of isatin fragment could enhance the activity. Among them, hybrid 6f (IC50: 21.7–28.9 μM) showed promising activity against the three tested lung cancer cell lines, and the activity was not inferior to that of cisplatin (IC50: 19.7 and 66.9 μM) and doxorubicin (IC50: 54.3 and 15.1 μM) against multidrug-resistant A549/DOX and A549/DDP lung cancer cell lines. In addition, hybrid 6f (IC50: >100 μM) was non-cytotoxic towards normal lung epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B), and the RI values of hybrid 6f were 1.12 and 1.33. Further, hybrid 6f also possessed acceptable stability in mouse and human microsomes. Accordingly, hybrid 6a was a promising anti-lung cancer chemotherapeutic candidate and merited further evaluations.

Three series of artemisinin-isatin hybrids 8a-i, 10a-c and 11a-e were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/DOX)), as well as the cytotoxicity towards normal MCF-10A breast cells. The preliminary results showed that a significant part of the synthesized hybrids (IC50: 20.7–99.9 µM) were active against both drug-sensitive and doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cell lines. The structure–activity relationship illustrated that the linker between artemisinin and isatin moieties as well as the substituents on C-3 and C-5 position of isatin motif had great influence on the activity. In particular, hybrids 11c,d were found to be most active against all tested breast cancer cell lines, and their activity was not inferior to that of doxorubicin. Therefore, hybrids 11c,d could serve as useful templates for the development of novel anti-breast cancer agents.

Dearomatisation of indoles allows efficient access to indolines, but often is incompatible with electron-withdrawing substituents. Here a photoredox Giese-type dearomatisation of indoles yields 2,3-disubstituted indolines bearing electron-withdrawing groups.

Event detection (ED) aims to detect events from a given text and categorize them into event types. Most of the current approaches to ED rely heavily on the human annotations of triggers, which are often costly and affect the application of ED in other fields. However, triggers are not necessary for the event detection task. We propose a novel framework called Type Hierarchy Enhanced Event Detection Without Triggers (THEED) to avoid this problem. More specifically, We construct a type hierarchy concept module using the external knowledge graph Probase to enhance the semantic representation of event types. In addition, we divide input instances into word-level and context-level representations, which can make the model use different level features. The experimental result indicates that our proposed approach achieves better improvement. Additionally, it is significantly competitive with mainstream trigger-based models.

Back focal plane (BFP) ellipsometry, which acquires the ellipsometric parameters of reflected light at different incident and azimuthal angles through a high-NA objective lens, has recently shown great potential in industrial film measurement. In on-line metrology cases for film manufacturing, the film vibration, which is caused by equipment vibrations or environmental disturbances, results in defocus blur and distortion of the received BFP images. Thus, subsequently extracted ellipsometric spectra and film parameters significantly deviate from the ground truth values. This paper proposes a cost-effective method for correcting vibration-induced BFP ellipsometric spectral errors. The method relies on an initial incident angle calibration of BFP radii at different defocus positions. Then, corresponding ellipsometric spectral errors are corrected by inserting a calibrated Jones compensation matrix into a system model. During measurement, the defocus position of the vibrational film is first determined. Then, BFP ellipsometric spectral errors, including incident angle mapping distortion and ellipsometric parameter variations, are corrected for a bias-free film analysis using the previous calibration results. Experimental results showed that this method significantly improved measurement accuracy without vibrational defocus compensation, from over 30 nm down to less than 1 nm.

The key role of ice in cooking has been neglected. Here, we found negatively charged bulk nanobubbles (BNBs: average size ~60 nm and zeta potential

The unique and open large frame structures of prussian blue analogues (PBA) enables it for accommodating a large number of cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, etc.), thus, PBA are considered as promising electrode materials for the rechargeable battery. However, due to the chemical composition, there are still many alkaline metal ions in the gap within the framework, which puts multivalent metals in PBA in a low valence state and affects the sodium storage performance. To improve the valence of metal ions in PBA materials, precursors prepared by co−precipitation method and hydrothermal method are used to synthesis KxCo1.5−0.5xFe(CN)6 through further chemical oxidation. Through the introducing of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with excellent conductivity by a simple physical mixing method, the cycle stability and rate performance of the PBA material can be further improved. The K0.5Co1.2Fe(CN)6·2H2O/rGO anode prepared with 2 h hydrothermal time and further chemical oxidation, named as KCoHCP−H2−EK/rGO, exhibits a super electrochemical performance, delivering initial charge/discharge capacities of 846.7/1445.0 mAh·g−1, and a capacity retention of 58.2% after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA·g−1. The KCoHCP−H2−EK/rGO outstanding electrochemical behaviors are attributed to the unique dual−active site structure properties and the improved surface conductance of materials by rGO components.

Herein, three types of graphene oxides (GOs, GO-M1, GO-M2 and GO-M3) have been successfully prepared from graphite by three different methods and utilized for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Further, the effects of initial concentration and pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature on the adsorption performance of GOs were investigated by batch adsorption experiments. Furthermore, the adsorption mechanisms for Cr(VI) adsorption by GOs are mainly the redox reaction and electrostatic attraction, while there are also pore filling, ion exchange and complexation involved in these adsorption processes. The adsorption kinetic and isotherm data indicate that these adsorption processes of GOs on Cr(VI) are dominantly monolayer chemisorption and equilibrium can be reached in 30 min. The saturation adsorption capacities (Qm, 298.15 K) of GO-M1, GO-M2 and GO-M3 for Cr(VI) are estimated to be 3.5412 mg⋅g−1, 2.3631 mg⋅g−1 and 7.0358 mg⋅g−1, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption thermodynamic study showed that these adsorption processes of Cr(VI) by the three types of GOs at 298.15 K to 323.15 K are endothermic, entropy-driven and thermodynamically spontaneous and feasible. Overall, these findings provided vital insights into the mechanism and application of Cr(VI) removal by GOs.

Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein extracted from the tuberous root of the plant Trichosanthes. TCS shows promising potential in clinical drug abortion, anti-tumor and immunological regulation. However, the molecular mechanisms of its anti-tumor and immune regulation properties are still not well discovered. In the present study, we investigated the anti-tumor activity of TCS in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), both in vitro and in vivo. Both HCC cell lines and xenograft tumor tissues showed considerable growth inhibition after they were treated with TCS. TCS provoked caspase-mediated apoptosis in HCC cells and xenograft tumor tissues. The recruitment of CD8+ T cells to HCC tissues and the expression of chemokines, CCL2 and CCL22, were promoted upon TCS treatment. In addition, TCS induced an upregulation of Granzyme B (GrzB), TNF-α and IFN-γ in HCC tissues, which are the major cytotoxic mediators produced by T cells. Furthermore, TCS also resulted in an increase of mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR), the major receptor of GrzB, in HCC tissues. In summary, these results suggest that TCS perhaps increases T-cell immunity via promoting the secretion of chemokines and accelerating the entry of GrzB to HCC cells, which highlights the potential role of TCS in anti-tumor immunotherapy.

In dairy goat farming, increasing the female kid rate is beneficial to milk production and is, therefore, economically beneficial to farms. Our previous study demonstrated that alkaline incubation enriched the concentration of X-chromosome-bearing sperm; however, the mechanism by which pH affects the motility of X-chromosome-bearing sperm remains unclear. In this study, we explored this mechanism by incubating dairy goat sperm in alkaline dilutions, examining the pattern of changes in sperm internal pH and Ca2+ concentrations and investigating the role of the sAC/cAMP/PKA pathway in influencing sperm motility. The results showed that adding a calcium channel inhibitor during incubation resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in the proportion of spermatozoa with forward motility, and the sperm sAC protein activity was positively correlated with the calcium ion concentration (r = 0.9972). The total motility activity, proportion of forward motility, and proportion of X-chromosome-bearing sperm decreased (p < 0.05) when cAMP/PKA protease activity was inhibited. Meanwhile, the enrichment of X-chromosome-bearing sperm by pH did not affect the sperm capacitation state. These results indicate that alkaline dilution incubation reduces Ca2+ entry into X-sperm and the motility was slowed down through the sAC/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, providing a theoretical foundation for further optimization of the sex control method.