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The way the colloidal properties of surfactants respond to insertion of non-hydrocarbon functionalities within chains that are normally entirely hydrocarbon is described. On examination of monomolecular films of 10-hydroxysteraric acid, it was found that the hydroxyl and polar headgroup maintain contact with an aqueous subphase while the intervening chains form 'loops' above it.

[super 23]Na NMR evidence is provided showing that sodium ions can locate itself inside the actual phospholipid bilayer. A vesicular membrane composed of a conventional phospholipid (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine or POPC) admixed with a lesser amount of a 'designer' phospholipid that possesses ester groups along its normally all-hydrocarbon chains is used to show that the ester groups create membrane 'pockets' in which sodium ions reside.

A study on ice formation from saline at concentrations near that of seawater, by cryo-etch high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, is presented. The study reveals some surprising morphologies.

The shell phase forms when certain picolinates are subjected to energy input while exposed to a water/toluene mixture. A shell, about 600 angstrom thick and containing the picolinate and toluene, surround the water droplets that are always produced during the mixing process.