12,182 results on '"IRRIGATION"'
Search Results
2. Sunflower grain yield and oil content affected by zinc fertilization and genotype in drought stress conditions
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Mohammad Ali Amin Jafari, Mohammad Reza Naderidarbaghshahi, Ali Soleymani, and Bahram Majd Nasiri
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Infertile seeds ,Irrigation ,Oleic and linoleic acids ,Proline ,Protein ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Context: Drought stress is a major environmental factor limiting sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) growth and productivity, worldwide. Although there has been research on the use of zinc (Zn) to alleviate drought stress in sunflower, more has yet to be indicated on how Zn may affect sunflower yield and biochemical properties in drought stress conditions as the objective of the present research. Methods: The field experiment was a split plot on the basis of a complete randomized block design with 18 treatments and 3 replicates conducted in the province of Fars, Iran, in 2018. The experimental treatments of drought (main plots) including irrigating at 70 (control, S1), 105 (mild, S2) and 140 mm (severe, S3) evaporation from the evaporation pan and the sub plots (factorial arrangement) of sunflower genotypes (Shams and Barzegar) and Zn fertilizer (ZnSO4) at 0, 40 and 70 kgha−1 were tested. Different sunflower, growth, yield and biochemical parameters were determined. Results: Stress significantly affected leaf area index (LAI), tray diameter (TD), grain weight (GW), infertile seeds (I), water use efficiency (WUE) and proline (Pr), and genotype was significant on LAI, TD, number of grains per tray (NGT), GW, WUE, and grain protein (PP). However, Zn significantly increased LAI, PP, GW and WUE by 50, 5.9, 35 and 32 %, respectively. Conclusion: Zn fertilization can alleviate the unfavourable effects of drought stress on sunflower yield and biochemical properties by improving plant growth (LAI), yield (grain weight), and physiology (water use efficiency and protein percentage), and genotype is a determining factor.
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- 2024
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3. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soils Irrigated by Treated Wastewater: A Case Study from the Northwest of the Haut Chelif Plain, Algeria
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Yacine Rata, Abdelkader Douaoui, Ahmed Douaik, and Mohamed Rata
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heavy metals ,treated wastewater ,irrigation ,soil ,haut chelif ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Long-term irrigation by treated wastewater (TWW) can lead to the accumulation of heavy metals (HM) in the soil inducing negative effects on the pedo-environment. In this study, plots irrigated with TWW were studied to estimate the accumulation trends of HM and their impact on the physicochemical properties of the soil over a period of four years under a gravity irrigation system on turf with no fertiliser input. Soil samples were taken at two depths (0 to 20 cm: H1 and 20 to 40 cm: H2). The results of this study show that TWW are a main source of increase in HM in the soil by well-identified conditions, the degradation of the environment in general and on the physicochemical quality of soils in particular. It was concluded that the use of TWW in long-term irrigation enriches the soils with heavy metals, by main factors such as TWW composition, climatic conditions, soil type, and irrigation frequency.
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- 2023
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4. Spatiotemporal Modeling of Soil Water Dynamics for Site-Specific Variable Rate Irrigation in Maize
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Bere Benjamin Bantchina, Kemal Sulhi Gündoğdu, Selçuk Arslan, Yahya Ulusoy, Yücel Tekin, Xanthoula Eirini Pantazi, Konstantinos Dolaptsis, Charalampos Paraskevas, Georgios Tziotzios, Muhammad Qaswar, and Abdul Mounem Mouazen
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irrigation ,maize ,management zones ,variable rate irrigation ,wireless soil moisture sensor ,cloud ,Physical geography ,GB3-5030 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
This study aimed to simulate dynamic irrigation management zones (MZs) in two maize fields for a variable rate hose reel fertigation machine (VRFM) with a four-section boom control. Soil moisture content was measured from nine and four soil moisture sensors in Field 1 (8.2 ha) and Field 2 (2.5 ha), respectively, on different dates during the 2022 crop season. Three and five MZs scenarios were simulated per irrigation and the theoretical maps were processed for implementation. The application maps fitted to the VRFM showed significant spatiotemporal variations in irrigation requirements. For instance, in Field 1, 3-MZ modelling showed that the areas requiring high (H), medium (M), and low (L)-level irrigation on 21 July were 1.60, 4.84, and 1.85 ha, respectively, even though the farmer applied uniform rate over the whole field. H-level sub-areas ranged between 1.22 ha (25 July) and 3.25 ha (7 July), showing a coefficient of variation (CV) of 43.32% for the three MZs, whereas H-level sub-areas for the five MZs varied from 0.41 ha (2 July) to 1.49 ha (7 July) with a CV value of 48.84%. High levels of within-field variability can be addressed using precise and dynamic irrigation MZs fitted to the irrigation technology used.
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- 2024
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5. Tracking Soil Health Changes in a Management-Intensive Grazing Agroecosystem
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Tad Trimarco, Joe E. Brummer, Cassidy Buchanan, and James A. Ippolito
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soil health ,management-intensive grazing ,irrigation ,SMAF ,Physical geography ,GB3-5030 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Management-intensive Grazing (MiG) has been proposed to sustainably intensify agroecosystems through careful management of livestock rotations on pastureland. However, there is little research on the soil health impacts of transitioning from irrigated cropland to irrigated MiG pasture with continuous livestock rotation. We analyzed ten soil health indicators using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) to identify changes in nutrient status and soil physical, biological, and chemical health five to six years after converting irrigated cropland to irrigated pastureland under MiG. Significant improvements in biological soil health indicators and significant degradation in bulk density, a physical soil health indicator, were observed. Removal of tillage and increased organic matter inputs may have led to increases in β-glucosidase, microbial biomass carbon, and potentially mineralizable nitrogen, all of which are biological indicators of soil health. Conversely, trampling by grazing cattle has led to increased bulk density and, thus, a reduction in soil physical health. Nutrient status was relatively stable, with combined manure and fertilizer inputs leading to stabilized plant-available phosphorous (P) and increased potassium (K) soil concentrations. Although mixed effects on soil health were present, overall soil health did increase, and the MiG system appeared to have greater overall soil health as compared to results generated four to five years earlier. When utilizing MiG in irrigated pastures, balancing the deleterious effects of soil compaction with grazing needs to be considered to maintain long-term soil health.
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- 2023
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6. Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems
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Ayman Massaoudi, Abdelwahed Berguiga, Ahlem Harchay, Mossaad Ben Ayed, and Hafedh Belmabrouk
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precision agriculture ,irrigation ,olive ,unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) ,remote sensing ,massive MIMO ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Precision agriculture, also referred to as smart farming, is one of the main pillars of modern society to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Precision agriculture aims to improve the quality and quantity of production while conserving scarce natural resources. Smart farming has grown in recent years thanks to the adoption of modern technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). In this work, we consider an irrigation system for olive orchards based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Specifically, UAVs ensure remote sensing (RS), which offers the advantage of collecting vital information on a large temporal and spatial scale (which cannot be achieved with traditional technologies). However, UAV-based irrigation systems face tremendous challenges due to the various requirements of a powerful computing ability, battery capacity, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency for different connected devices. This paper addresses the energy efficiency and spectral efficiency trade-off problem of UAV-based irrigation systems. We propose to adopt massive multiple input, multiple output (M-MIMO) technology to ensure wireless communication. In fact, this technology plays a significant role in future sixth-generation (6G) wireless mobile networks and has the potential to enhance the energy efficiency as well as the spectral efficiency. We design a network model with a three-layered architecture and analytically compute the achievable spectral efficiency and the energy efficiency of the studied system. Then, we numerically determine the optimal number of ground base station antennas as well as the optimal number of IoT devices that should be used to ensure the maximum energy efficiency while guaranteeing a high spectral efficiency. The numerical results prove that the proposed UAV-based irrigation system outperforms conventional systems and demonstrate that the best spectral and energy efficiency trade-off is obtained by using the M-MMSE combiner.
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- 2023
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7. Adsorption-Based Pretreatment of Irrigation Water to Prevent Water Quality Issues
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Tamás Kucserka, Gábor István Németh, Ivett Pálfi, Zsolt L. Kiss, Etelka Tombácz, and Ildikó Galambos
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irrigation ,water treatment ,adsorbents ,circular economy ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Access to and the use of irrigation water of adequate quality and targeted nutrient supplementation have become more widespread in recent years. Both crop quality and the irrigation system lifetime are affected by the quality of the water used for irrigation. Micro-irrigation (e.g., drip and sprinkle) is becoming increasingly common alongside the more typical irrigation methods, but it requires expertise and pre-treatment to ensure a proper water supply. The most significant problem is clogging, which can greatly reduce irrigation efficiency. Treatment for irrigation purposes mainly depends on the contaminants that are present in the water. The main treatment options available are biological, electromagnetic and electrostatic treatments, but these have a wide range of effectiveness levels compared to membrane separation technologies. In addition, adsorption treatments are also available, which, depending on the adsorbent used, can greatly improve the pre-treatment of irrigation water. This work provides an overview of adsorbents suitable for the treatment of irrigation water and their effectiveness. The separation of interfering components via adsorption is effective and promising for future application as the expected irrigation demands increase.
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- 2023
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8. CBCT-Based Assessment of Vapor Lock Effects on Endodontic Disinfection
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Francesco Puleio, Angelo Sergio Lizio, Valentina Coppini, Roberto Lo Giudice, and Giuseppe Lo Giudice
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vapor lock ,root canal ,air entrapment ,irrigation ,sodium hypochlorite ,gas bubbles ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Background: The phenomenon of vapor lock, characterized by the formation of gas bubbles, poses challenges in achieving effective cleaning and debridement during endodontic treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of vapor lock and to quantify its volume in the root canal system. Methods: Ten single-rooted teeth were selected, and their root canals were shaped using the Protaper Next system and irrigated with 5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. Then, the canals were irrigated with a solution made of contrast medium (8 M cesium chloride solution) mixed in equal proportions with 5% sodium hypochlorite. CBCT scans were performed to analyze the presence and volume of bubbles in different canal thirds. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the number of bubbles and the percentage of space occupied by them. Results: The results demonstrated the presence of vapor lock in all treated teeth, with a higher concentration of gas bubbles in the apical canal third. The formation of gas bubbles hindered the cleaning and debridement procedures, particularly in the apical region. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of the occurrence of vapor lock and highlights the importance of enhancing the cleaning phase in endodontic treatments to minimize bubble formation or eliminate them once formed. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the challenges posed by vapor lock and suggest avenues for optimizing endodontic procedures.
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- 2023
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9. A Study on the Soil Passivation of Nano-Manganese Dioxide-Modified Biochar under High-Arsenic Water Irrigation
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Yuepeng Li, Shunyu Xiao, Xin Zhang, Jihong Qu, and Yu Ren
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high arsenic groundwater ,irrigation ,nano-manganese dioxide modified ,biochar ,soil remediation ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
[Objective] The irrigation area in northern Henan is an important grain producing area in China. Native high arsenic groundwater exists in the area and has long been used for agricultural irrigation. Increased soil arsenic (As) content under long-term irrigation threatens the quality and safety of crop products. Soil passivation is the use of adding passivators to the soil to fix pollutants to achieve the purpose of limiting their migration. Therefore, the preparation of an efficient and clean passivator and its arsenic fixation effect in soil are important research areas to reduce the risk of high arsenic groundwater. [Method] Firstly, nano-manganese dioxide (MnO2)-modified biochar was prepared via the pyrolysis of sawdust biochar, potassium permanganate and manganese sulfate monohydrate at a mass ratio of 1:0.18:0.29. Secondly, the adsorption characteristics were explored using adsorption kinetics and adsorption isothermal experiments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) feature mapping and other characterization methods were used to study its physical properties and adsorption mechanism. Finally, a potting experiment was designed to explore the changes in arsenic content in soil when the passivator dosages were 0%, 1% and 5%. [Results] (1) The nano-MnO2 modified biochar could reach the adsorption dynamic equilibrium after 180 min, and its maximum adsorption capacity was 58.12 μg/g. (2) When the dosing ratio was 1%, the fixed efficiency of soil effective As content in potted crops of unplanted crops and planted crops was 4.18–5.51% and 1.99–3.83%. When the dosing ratio was 5%, it was 7.48–8.75% and 5.58–9.58%. [Conclusions] The results show that when the addition ratio is 0–5%, the passivation effect of soil effective As is positively correlated with the passivator dosage.
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- 2023
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10. Remote Sensing for Sustainable Pistachio Cultivation and Improved Quality Traits Evaluation through Thermal and Non-Thermal UAV Vegetation Indices
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Raquel Martínez-Peña, Sergio Vélez, Rubén Vacas, Hugo Martín, and Sara Álvarez
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CWSI ,drone ,GNDVI ,irrigation ,multispectral ,NDRE ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) has earned recognition as a significant crop due to its unique nutrient composition and its adaptability to the growing threat of climate change. Consequently, the utilization of remote sensing techniques for non-invasive pistachio monitoring has become critically important. This research was conducted in two pistachio orchards located in Spain, aiming to assess the effectiveness of vegetation indices (VIs) in estimating nut yield and quality under various irrigation conditions. To this end, high-resolution multispectral and thermal imagery were gathered using a Micasense ALTUM sensor carried by a DJI Inspire 2 drone in order to calculate the NDRE (normalized difference red edge index), GNDVI (green normalized difference vegetation index), NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), and CWSI (crop water stress index). Each orchard underwent two flights at distinct growth stages, totaling four flights. In June, NDRE-carbohydrates (r = 0.78) and CWSI-oleic (r = 0.77) showed the highest correlations, while in September, CWSI-carbohydrates (r = 0.62) and NDVI-iron (r = 0.54) Despite NDVI’s limitations due to saturation effects, all VIs had significant yield and quality correlations, with GNDVI proving most effective in both flights. CWSI correlated considerably on both dates in terms of several quality parameters (carbohydrate percentage, magnesium, iron, and fatty acids, namely palmitoyl, stearic, oleic, and linoleic), surpassing non-thermal indices. Finally, it is important to consider the impact of environmental factors, such as the location of the sun, when interpreting the CWSI, as it modifies the temperature distribution pattern within the canopy. This study supports the viability of remote sensing and vegetation indices as potential tools for enhancing the management of pistachio orchards.
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- 2023
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11. Narrative Review on Methods of Activating Irrigation Liquids for Root Canal Treatment
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Martyna Raducka, Aleksandra Piszko, Paweł J. Piszko, Natalia Jawor, Maciej Dobrzyński, Wojciech Grzebieluch, Marcin Mikulewicz, and Katarzyna Skośkiewicz-Malinowska
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activation techniques ,endodontics ,irrigation ,root canals ,root canal treatment ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
As indicated by standards of modern dentistry, the essence of endodontic treatment is chemo-mechanical disinfection of the root canal system. The vital element of this process is the irrigation of canals with designated solutions as well as activating them. This review article summarizes various techniques of activation of irrigants for endodontic treatment such as manual activation, thermal, pressure, sonic, ultrasonic, and laser techniques in order to compare them. Results were gathered using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases by searching keywords: activation, irrigation, irrigation protocols, and sodium hypochlorite.
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- 2023
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12. Biogeochemical State of Salinized Irrigated Soils of Central Fergana (Uzbekistan, Central Asia)
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Avazbek Turdaliev, Kamoliddin Askarov, Evgeny Abakumov, Elyorbek Makhkamov, Gayratbek Rahmatullayev, Gaybullo Mamajonov, Avazbek Akhmadjonov, and Akmal Axunov
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Uzbekistan ,agrosoils ,salinity ,irrigation ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The Central Fergana region is one of the overpopulated regions of Central Asia, which includes parts of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Here, in the dry subtropical climate are the most ancient, irrigated oases used for agriculture. Fergana valley is the key to the food security of the region as a whole. The article provides information on diversity and chemical composition of newly developed, new and old-irrigated Calcisols soils formed on alluvial and alluvial–prolluvial sediments. Soils are poor with organic matter (0.37–0.81% of organic carbon), with high nitrogen content (C/N ratio is 4.92–5.79), and with neutral (7.01–7.30) pH values. Data on the content and the ratio of the key components of soil salinity (Na2CO3, Ca(HCO3)2, CaSO4, MgSO4, Na2SO4, NaCl) and the bulk content of salts in soils under different irrigation regimes are presented. It was shown that Na2CO3 concentration is minimal in all the soils, and this salt presents only in ground waters (0.100–0.135 g L−1). Newly irrigated soils are characterized by higher content of salts than old irrigated soils. All the soils investigated are characterized by increasing salinity rate within the soil depth with the highest content of all salts in ground waters. This chloride–sulfate type of salinization is most pronounced in all the soils studied. Gypsum content in agricultural soils results in limited water and nutrient retention and the potential for dissolution, primarily in response to irrigation. The soils of the Fergana Valley are also subjected to polychemical pollution, so the content of trace elements in them was studied. Irrigated meadow-takyr and meadow-saz soils show low levels of environmental hazard, but irrigation results in accumulation of such trace elements as nickel (30 mg kg−1), arsenic (11.75 mg kg−1), bromine (5.00 mg kg−1), antimony (1.48 mg kg−1), cesium (5.00 mg kg−1), and hafnium (2.97 mg kg−1). Irrigation also affects the soil texture and thus increases fine particle percentages in the superficial soil horizons. Thus, the complex chemical characteristics of salinized soils are presented for numerous irrigated landscapes of the region.
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- 2023
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13. Organic Carbon Storage and Dynamics as Affected by the Adoption of Irrigation in a Cultivated Calcareous Mediterranean Soil
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Rodrigo Antón, Delphine Derrien, Henar Urmeneta, Gregory van der Heijden, Alberto Enrique, and Iñigo Virto
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carbon sequestration ,irrigation ,calcareous soils ,maize ,soil organic C modeling ,stable carbon isotopes ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 ,Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction ,TA703-712 - Abstract
Irrigation is in the spotlight of land-use planning in semi-arid and sub-humid regions. It can be a promising practice to promote soil organic C storage (SOC), although it may also involve an increase in soil GHG emissions. Assessing the impact of its adoption on SOC storage is crucial to better understand its potential role in terms of agricultural sustainability and climate policies. In this study, we measured and modeled the changes in soil organic C storage and dynamics in the tilled soil layer (0–30 cm) of an experimental field on a calcareous soil with two different crops (maize, a C4 plant, and wheat, a C3 plant), cultivated with and without irrigation for 7 years. We hypothesized that changes in SOC storage occur when introducing irrigation and/or different crops in an agrosystem, and that they would be related to changes in the incorporation of crop residues, their partitioning between the labile and the stable fraction, and C losses by mineralization. Our results validated theses hypotheses only partially. Over the 7-year study period, irrigation significantly increased total (TOC) and sand-size (50–2,000 μm) particulate organic C (POC50−2,000) stocks in the tilled layer (0–30 cm): +7.1% TOC and +12.1% POC50−2,000 for maize, and +7.0 and +12.3% for wheat. A parallel two-pool SOC model based on TOC and POC50−2,000 fractions and the C3-C4 plant shift allowed understanding that the observed changes in SOC storage were most likely related to an increase in C inputs from crop residues, and to a more efficient incorporation of these residues with irrigation. The mean residence time of SOC in the two modeled pools did not allow to support our hypothesis of changes in SOC mineralization with irrigation. The limitations of SOC fractionation, which implied that some labile fractions might have been lost from POC50−2,000 and recovered in the fraction identified as slow-turning, together with the interaction of the carbonate-rich mineral phase of this soil can explain at least partially this observation. We conclude that irrigation can contribute to effectively increase SOC storage in the mid-term, but its effect might be dependent upon the type of crops and soil.
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- 2022
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14. Environment- and Genotype-Dependent Irrigation Effect on Soybean Grain Yield and Grain Quality
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Maja Matoša Kočar, Marko Josipović, Aleksandra Sudarić, Hrvoje Plavšić, Ivica Beraković, Atilgan Atilgan, and Monika Marković
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soybean ,grain yield ,crude oil yield ,crude protein yield ,irrigation ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
This four-year study with four elite soybean lines with different maturities was conducted to investigate the impact of deficit (a field water capacity, or FWC, of 60%) and full irrigation (an FWC of 80–100%) on soybean grain yield and grain quality (grain protein and oil contents and crude protein and oil yields), depending on the environmental conditions and genotype. Overall, the irrigation effect was positive for the grain yield and grain protein content but negative for the grain oil content. The differences between the full and deficit irrigation were only 2.9% for the grain yield, 2.8% for the crude protein yield and 1.7% for the crude oil yield. The results indicate that deficit irrigation could be the best option for optimizing soybean production in environments similar to the tested one. In such conditions, further rationalization of soybean production could be achieved by choosing the C2 genotype (0 maturity group), which, combined with deficit irrigation, had the highest grain, crude protein and crude oil yields.
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- 2022
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15. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Irrigation Systems on the Removal of Root Canal Smear Layer: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
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Vincenzo Tosco, Riccardo Monterubbianesi, José Aranguren, Lucia Memè, Angelo Putignano, and Giovanna Orsini
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endodontics ,irrigation ,smear layer ,disinfection ,dental material ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Irrigation represents a crucial step in endodontics for bacteria disinfection and smear layer removal. Several irrigation strategies have been proposed, although their effects are controversial. This study aims to assess the comparison of four different irrigation systems on the smear layer removal utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Forty sound monoradicular teeth were collected and casually allocated into four groups (n = 10): Group A, conventional irrigation; Group B, IrriFlex irrigation; Group C, ultrasonic irrigation system; Group D, apical negative pressure irrigation. After chemo-mechanical preparation and longitudinal root separation, the three root thirds were analyzed by SEM. Micrographs were carried out at ×2000 to analyze the smear layer residual in each third of the root canal. Statistically significant differences were found between Group A and Group D (p < 0.05). Groups B and C showed satisfactory results in the coronal and middle thirds, while Group D was the only system that achieved satisfactory results in the apical third. However, the complete smear layer removal in the root canal was never achieved with any of the four systems tested. In conclusion, among the four tested irrigation systems, the greatest efficacy on smear layer removal was reached by Group D.
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- 2022
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16. Comparison of Surface Water or Treated Municipal Wastewater Irrigation on Alfalfa Establishment, Soil Fertility, and Soil Microbial Conditions
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Leonard M. Lauriault, Nicole Pietrasiak, Murali K. Darapuneni, Andrew J. Dominguez, and Gasper K. Martinez
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alfalfa ,establishment ,irrigation ,microbial biomass ,soil fertility ,treated municipal wastewater ,Physical geography ,GB3-5030 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Water scarcity for agricultural irrigation is increasing globally while generation of treated municipal wastewater (TWW) is increasing due to urban expansion. Municipalities seek uses for their TWW, which is safe to apply to forage crops. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the most important forage crop worldwide being adapted to a wide range of environmental factors, including irrigation with low quality water. A strip plot study with four replications at New Mexico State University’s Rex E. Kirksey Agricultural Science Center at Tucumcari, NM USA, compared the effects of surface water (SW) and TWW on alfalfa establishment and soil fertility and microbial growth. Alfalfa established equally well when irrigated with equal amounts of TWW or SW. After one year, the application of TWW increased soil P and plant N and P more so than SW. Most microbial soil health indicators were positively increased by alfalfa establishment in virgin soil; however, the effect was greater with TWW compared with SW (1147, 1184, 1961, and 4991 nmol g−1 for total microbial biomass of soil irrigated with SW and TWW at seeding and after one year, respectively, LSD0.05 = 710). Thus, TWW irrigation could reduce applied fertilizer P to meet alfalfa’s requirement and increase soil health compared with SW.
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- 2022
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17. Persistent Spatial Patterns of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica Concentrations in Surface Waters: Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis of Data from Maryland
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Seongyun Kim, Manashi Paul, Masoud Negahban-Azar, Shirley A. Micallef, Rachel E. Rosenberg Goldstein, Fawzy Hashem, Salina Parveen, Amir Sapkota, Kalmia Kniel, Amy R. Sapkota, Yakov Pachepsky, and Manan Sharma
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surface water ,irrigation ,pathogen ,rainfall effect ,spatial ,temporal patterns ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
High spatiotemporal variability of pathogen concentrations in surface waters complicates the design and interpretation of microbial water quality monitoring. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis can provide spatial patterns (EOFs) of variability in deviations of concentrations in specific locations from the average concentration across the study area. These patterns can be interpreted to assess the effect of environmental factors on pathogen levels in the water. The first and the second EOFs for Listeria monocytogenes explained 84.4% and 9.7% of the total variance of deviations from average, respectively. That percentage was 50.8% and 45.0% for Salmonella enterica. The precipitation also had a strong explanatory capability (79%) of the first EOF. The first EOFs of Listeria and precipitation were similar at pond sites but were opposite to the precipitation at the stream sites. The first EOF of S. enterica and precipitation demonstrated opposite trends, whereas the second S. enterica EOF pattern had similar signs with the precipitation EOF at pond sites, indicating a relationship between rainfall and Salmonella at these sites. Overall, the rainfall data could inform on persistent spatial patterns in concentrations of the two pathogens at the pond sites in farm settings but not at stream sites located in forested areas.
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- 2022
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18. Subsurface Drip Irrigation As a Methold to Beneficiallly Use Coalbed Methane Produced Water: Initial Impacts to Groundwater, Soil Water, and Surface Water
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- 2009
19. Revascularization of an Immature Permanent Tooth with Periapical Periodontitis Using Concentrated Growth Factor Assisted by Erbium Laser (2940 nm) Irrigation: A Case Report
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Lintong Yu, Yijie Zhou, Jiahui Li, Jing Cheng, and Guangtai Song
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erbium laser ,irrigation ,immature permanent teeth ,periapical periodontitis ,concentrated growth factor ,regenerative endodontics ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Revascularization has been incorporated into endodontic practice and become a viable treatment alternative for immature teeth with pulp necrosis. Thorough disinfection of the root canal is a key factor for successful revascularization. An erbium: yttrium–aluminium–garnet (Er: YAG) laser has been proved advantageous for efficient root canal disinfection. This article reports one case of periapical periodontitis caused by a fractured occlusal tubercle. Revascularization assisted by Er: YAG laser irrigation was carried out with long-term follow up. During the process of treatment, we opened drainage to relieve the acute symptoms first. The necrotic pulp was removed, and then the root canal was rinsed with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution assisted by Er: YAG laser irrigation, dried, and filled with a triple-antibiotic paste. After two weeks, the intracanal medication was removed, and 9 mL of whole vein blood was taken from the patient to prepare concentrated growth factor (CGF) after failing to induce enough blood into the canal system by over-instrumenting. The newly prepared CGF was transferred into the root canal. A 3 mm mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was placed directly on the thrombus of the CGF and then restored with glass-ionomer cement (GIC). The case was followed up for more than four years to record the clinical symptoms and imaging manifestations. Er: YAG irrigation is an efficient root canal disinfection protocol with the advantages of easy operation and minimal risk, which might be applicable to the revascularization of necrotic immature permanent teeth.
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- 2022
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20. Effect of poultry wastewater irrigation on nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents in farmland soil
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Zhang Yan, Fu Chun-Yan, Liu Xue-Lan, Li Xin-Hua, Jing Qing-Chuan, Wei Xiang-Fa, Shi Tian-Hong, Dong Yi-Lei, and Yan Pei-Pei
- Subjects
wastewater ,irrigation ,soil ,maize ,growth ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The goal of this study was to assess the suitability of poultry wastewater for the irrigation of farmland soil as a possible substitute for regular water and fertilizers. The vertical and spatial variability of soil total nitrogen (STN), soil total phosphorus (STP) and soil organic carbon (SOC) was analyzed during the growing season of summer maize in two types of soil: an experimental group (EG) soil, irrigated once only with poultry wastewater, and a control group (CG) soil, irrigated once only with regular water. Results revealed no difference in STP concentration, SOC concentration, nitrogen storage and phosphorus storage between EG and CG soils (all p>0.05); STN concentration in the 5–15 cm layer and carbon storage were higher in EG soil (p
- Published
- 2018
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21. Effect of pH on saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil dispersion
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Grieve, C
- Published
- 2020
22. Redistribution of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and aluminum following lime or gypsum applications to a Brazilian Oxisol
- Author
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Pratt, P
- Published
- 2020
23. Response of cotton to varying CO[sub 2], irrigation, and nitrogen: Yield and growth
- Author
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Mauney, J [Western Cotton Research Laboratories, Phoenix, AZ (United States)]
- Published
- 2020
24. SmartPeach: Smart Farming Practices Enhance the Adaptation of Peach Crops to Climate Change
- Author
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Panagiota Louka, Nikos Kalatzis, and Nikolaos Marianos
- Subjects
smart farming ,climate change ,irrigation ,pest control ,peach productions ,Greece ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Nowadays, peach farms, and agriculture in general, face intensified challenges linked to pest control and irrigation needs, due to the effects of climate change. A contemporary and effective approach to these challenges is presented herein, which is based on the utilization of a smart farming system specialized in peach cultivation, in the framework of the SmartPeach project. A significant feature of the proposed smart farming system is its service-based approach, as its application does require technological investments from the farmers. The current research indicates a potential reduction of up to 25% of the total production cost due to optimization of irrigation and pest control applications, as well as an increase in farmers’ income up to 10% linked to improved product quality and yield.
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- 2022
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25. The Combined Use of Remote Sensing and Wireless Sensor Network to Estimate Soil Moisture in Golf Course
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Pedro V. Mauri, Lorena Parra, David Mostaza-Colado, Laura Garcia, Jaime Lloret, and Jose F. Marin
- Subjects
Sentinel-2 ,soil texture ,multiple regression model ,water efficiency ,irrigation ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
In gardening, particularly in golf courses, soil moisture management is critical for maximizing water efficiency. Remote sensing has been used to estimate soil moisture in recent years with relatively low accuracies. In this paper, we aim to use remote sensing and wireless sensor networks to generate soil moisture indexes for a golf course. In the golf course, we identified three types of soil, and data was gathered for three months. Mathematical models were obtained using data from Sentinel-2, bands with a resolution of 10 and 20 m, and sensed soil moisture. Models with acceptable accuracy were obtained only for one out of three soil types, the natural soil in which natural vegetation is grown. Two multiple regression models are presented with an R2 of 0.46 for bands at 10 m and 0.70 for bands at 20 m. Their mean absolute error was lower than 3% in both cases. For the modified soils, the greens, and the golf course fairway, it was not feasible to obtain regression models due to the temporal uniformity of the grass and the range of variation of soil moisture. The developed moisture indexes were compared with existing options. The attained accuracies improve the current models. The verification indicates that the model generated with band 4 and band 12 is the one with better accuracy.
- Published
- 2021
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26. Enhancement of a Spent Irrigation Water Recycling Process: A Case Study in a Food Business
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Guillermo Garcia-Garcia and Sandeep Jagtap
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water ,irrigation ,food ,sprouts ,recycling ,filtration ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Food operations use vast amounts of water. To reduce utility costs as well as concerns regarding water depletion in ecosystems, food businesses usually try to reuse their water. However, this often needs a recycling process to ensure the water is of good quality and safe to reuse in a food environment. This paper presents a case study of a grower of beansprouts and other varieties of sprouted seeds that uses six million litres of water weekly. Approximately 60% of their spent irrigation water is recycled using both 50 µm and 20 µm drum filtration. In addition, chlorine dioxide is used as part of the recycling process as a disinfectant. Our analysis demonstrated that the size of suspended solid particles in over 90% of the cumulative sample tested was smaller than the current 20 µm filter in place, highlighting that the existing system was ineffective. We, then, explored options to enhance the water recycling system of the company. After careful analysis, it was proposed to install a membrane-filtration system with ultraviolet technology to increase the finest level of filtration from the existing 20 µm to 0.45 µm absolute and sterilize any remaining bacteria. This not only improved water quality, but also allowed for the removal of chemicals from the recycling system, delivering both financial and technical improvements.
- Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
27. Growth parameters, water productivity and aloin content of Aloe vera affected by mycorrhiza and PGPR application under different irrigation regimes
- Author
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Mohsen Movahhedi Dehnavi, Amin Salehi, Mohammad Amin Kohanmoo, Hooshang Farajee, and Rahil Khajeeyan
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Irrigation ,Biofertilizer ,Drought tolerance ,Aloin ,Plant Science ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Aloe vera ,0104 chemical sciences ,010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Horticulture ,chemistry ,Dry weight ,Mycorrhiza ,Glomus ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) is a perennial drought tolerant medicinal species. This research study investigates the influence of biofertilizers on mycorrhizal fungi colonization, leaf number and width, plant height, offset number, leaf relative elongation rate (RER), leaf dry weight and leaf gel weight, water productivity (WP) for the gel, and aloin content in Aloe vera plants. The experiments were carried out in the warm and dry climate of Bushehr Province, Iran during 2016–2018. Treatments are reported to include irrigation regimes and biofertilizers at four levels. In terms of irrigation regimes, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of water requirement accompanied the following treatments for biofertilizers, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), mycorrhizal fungi (MF), PSB+MF, and control (without any biofertilizers). The PSB includes Pseudomonas putida strain P13 and Pantoea agglomerans strain P5, in addition to Glomus mosseae as MF. The biofertilizer benefits (remarkably PSB+MF) on investigated traits were observed in three harvests. The results confirm the positive impacts of biofertilizers on important traits such as offset number (an economical part of Aloe vera planting), water productivity with less water consumption, and root colonization, which is the main reason of increasing the mentioned traits. Considering the minimal difference between 100%, 75% and 50% of water requirement in terms of gel fresh weight and more aloin content in 50% of our experiments, Aloe vera is reported as a high drought tolerant plant which merely requires an acceptable gel yield and aloin content. Moreover, better water productivity and consumption is possible in warm and arid regions by applying 50% of Aloe vera water requirement as well as biofertilizers.
- Published
- 2022
28. Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Pollutant Levels in Wastewater and the Waters of the Zarqa River, Jordan
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Makoto Shigei, Almoayied Assayed, Ayat Hazaymeh, and Sahar S. Dalahmeh
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Assamra WWTP ,caffeine ,carbamazepine ,irrigation ,ofloxacin ,paracetamol ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Assamra wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is the largest treatment facility in Jordan. Treated wastewater is discharged into the Zarqa River (ZR) and used to irrigate fodder and vegetables. ZR also includes surface runoff, stormwater, and raw wastewater illegally discharged into the river. This study examined pharmaceutically active compounds (PhAC) in water resources in the ZR basin. Samples of WWTP influent and effluent and river water from four sites along ZR were collected. Concentrations of 18 target antibiotics, one stimulant, and 15 other PhACs were determined in the samples. Five antibiotics were detected in WWTP influent (510–860 ng L−1 for ∑Antibiotics) and six in the effluent (2300–2600 ng L−1 for ∑Antibiotics). Concentrations in the effluent of all antibiotics except clarithromycin increased by 2- to 5-fold compared with those in influent, while clarithromycin concentration decreased by around 4- fold (from 308 to 82 ng L−1). WWTP influent and effluent samples contained 14 non-antibiotic PhACs, one simulant, and six antibiotics at detectable concentrations. The dominant PhACs were paracetamol (74% of ∑PhACs) in the influent and carbamazepine (78% of ∑PhACs) in the effluent. At ZR sampling sites, carbamazepine was the dominant PhAC in all cases (800–2700 ng L−1). The antibiotics detected in WWTP effluent were also detected at the ZR sites. In summary, water in ZR is contaminated with PhACs, including antibiotics, and wastewater discharge seems to be the main pathway for this contamination. The occurrence of antibiotics and other PhACs in the irrigated soil requires investigation to assess their fate.
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- 2021
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29. Extreme Weather Events Affect Agronomic Practices and Their Environmental Impact in Maize Cultivation
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Monika Marković, Jasna Šoštarić, Marko Josipović, and Atilgan Atilgan
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extreme weather ,irrigation ,N fertilizer rate ,maize yield ,grain composition ,soil N level ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Sustainable and profitable crop production has become a challenge due to frequent weather extremes, where unstable crop yields are often followed by the negative impacts of agronomic practices on the environment, i.e., nitrate leaching in irrigated and nitrogen (N)-fertilized crop production. To study this issue, a three-year field study was conducted during quite different growing seasons in terms of weather conditions, i.e., extremely wet, extremely dry, and average years. Over three consecutive years, the irrigation and N fertilizers rates were tested for their effect on grain yield and composition, i.e., protein, starch, and oil content of the maize hybrids; soil N level (%); and nitrate leaching. The results showed that the impact of the tested factors and their significance was year- or weather-condition-dependent. The grain yield result stood out during the extremely wet year, where the irrigation rate reduced the grain yield by 7.6% due to the stress caused by the excessive amount of water. In the remainder of the study, the irrigation rate expectedly increased the grain yield by 13.9% (a2) and 20.8% (a3) in the extremely dry year and 22.7% (a2) and 39.5% (a3) during the average year. Regardless of the weather conditions, the N fertilizer rate increased the grain yield and protein content. The soil N level showed a typical pattern, where the maximum levels were at the beginning of the study period and were higher as the N fertilizer rate was increased. Significant variations in the soil N level were found between weather conditions (r = −0.719) and N fertilizer rate (r = 0.401). Nitrate leaching losses were expectedly found for irrigation and N fertilizer treatments with the highest rates (a3b3 = 79.8 mg NO3− L).
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- 2021
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30. Heat Generation and Temperature Control during Bone Drilling for Orthodontic Mini-Implants: An In Vitro Study
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Ibrahim Barrak, Gábor Braunitzer, József Piffkó, and Emil Segatto
- Subjects
orthodontic screw ,mini-implant ,pre-drilling ,heat production ,temperature ,irrigation ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Background: The purpose of our in vitro study was to evaluate the impact of different irrigation fluid temperatures in combination with different drilling speeds on intraosseous temperature changes during mini-implant site preparation. Methods: Porcine ribs were used as bone specimens. Grouping determinants were as follows: irrigation fluid temperature (10 and 20 °C) and drilling speed (200, 600, 900, and 1200 RPM). The axial load was controlled at 2.0 kg. Temperature measurements were conducted using K-type thermocouples. Results: Extreme increments were observed only in the unirrigated groups. Irrigation invariably made a significant difference within groups defined by the same drilling speed. The comparison of the different temperature irrigation fluids (10 and 20 °C) in combination with the same drilling speed (200, 600, 900, or 1200 rpm) resulted in a statistically significant difference between the two different temperatures, whereas the use of irrigation fluid at a controlled room temperature of 20 °C showed significantly higher temperature changes. Conclusions: Based on the results of the study, we conclude that irrigation while preparing a pilot hole for a self-tapping orthodontic miniscrew is of utmost importance, even at low drilling speeds. The temperature of the cooling fluid does influence local temperature elevation to a significant extent.
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- 2021
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31. Development of a protocol for recognizing sulfidic sediments (potential acid sulfate soils) in freshwater wetlands
- Author
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Gavin N. Rees, Karina C. Hall, Darren S. Baldwin, and Adam Richardson
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Irrigation ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Ecology ,food and beverages ,Sediment ,Wetland ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Structural basin ,Salinity ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Water column ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Soil water ,Environmental science ,Sulfate ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Murray-Darling Freshwater Research CentreMDFRC item.The presence of sulfidic sediments (potential acid sulfate soils) is an emerging problem in the management of inland wetlands. Using data from 81 wetlands in the Murray-Darling Basin, a simple protocol was developed to assess whether a wetland will contain sulfidic sediments at levels that could cause ecological damage. Risk factors include whether or not the wetland receives municipal waste or irrigation return water, elevated salinity in the overlying water (>1750 µS/cm) or sediment (400 µS/cm in a 1:5 soil : water extract) and high levels of sulfate in the water column (>10 mg/L). Neutral or basic sediment pH indicates that, even if the sediment does contain sulfidic sediments, there is a reduced likelihood of acidification if the sediments are oxidized.
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- 2023
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32. Effects of winter irrigation on soil salinity and jujube growth in arid regions.
- Author
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Liu, Zhipeng, Jiao, Xiyun, Lu, Shenghan, Zhu, Chengli, Zhai, Yaming, and Guo, Weihua
- Subjects
- *
SOIL salinity , *ARID regions , *MICROIRRIGATION , *IRRIGATION , *SOIL leaching , *SOIL science - Abstract
The considerably high evapotranspiration and the low leaching fraction of the soil in arid regions are likely the primary causes of the enhanced soil salinity in such regions. Winter irrigation has proven to be very effective for promoting the leaching of salts from the rooting-zone. In this study, we investigated the effects of different irrigation methods (flood irrigation and drip irrigation) and winter irrigation quotas (450, 1350, 2250, 3150, 4050, and 4950 m3/hm2) on soil salinity and plant growth in an arid region. The sum of ECe in the 0–100 cm soil layer was 56.26–29.32 ms/cm under flood irrigation, 61.37–17.90 ms/cm under drip irrigation, and 64.13 ms/cm under no irrigation. The survival rates of jujube trees reached 65% and 77%, respectively, for drip irrigation and flood irrigation with a quota of 2250 m3/hm2. Furthermore, at irrigation quotas in excess of 3150 m3/hm2 the ground diameter and height of jujube trees were significantly greater than those observed under nonwinter irrigation and several other winter irrigation treatments. These findings indicated that winter irrigation significantly reduced soil salinity, changed the soil salt distribution, created a good environment for the growth of jujube trees and improved the survival rate of young jujube trees, especially under winter drip irrigation with a quota of 3150 m3/hm2. In addition, 1-year-old jujube trees emerging in spring may benefit from an ECe lower than 5 ms/cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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33. Improving growth and productivity of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) using chitosan, tryptophan, and potassium silicate anti-transpirants under different irrigation regimes
- Author
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Amira M. El-Tahan, Fathy M.A. El-Saadony, Sarah E.E. Fouda, Ahmed M. Saad, Mohamed El-Sharnouby, Mohamed T. El-Saadony, and Samy Sayed
- Subjects
Irrigation ,Chitosan ,Chemistry ,QH301-705.5 ,Tryptophan ,food and beverages ,Potassium silicate ,Water regime ,Photosynthesis ,Anti-transpiration ,Vicia faba ,Crop ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Horticulture ,Nutrient ,Chlorophyll ,Faba bean ,Biology (General) ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
This work aims to study the effect of foliar spraying of three anti-transpirants i.e., A1: tryptophan (Tri), A2: potassium silicate (KS), A3: chitosan (Chi) as well as A0: control (Tap water) under three irrigation regimes, I1: 2400, I2: 3600, and I3: 4800 m3ha−1 on the quality and production of faba bean crop and its nutrient contents. The study was carried out during two successive winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. Drought stress affected the average performance of all studied traits as it reduced seed yield and traits, as a result of the decrease in chlorophyll related to photosynthesis, protein, carbohydrates, total phenols, amino acids, macronutrients (N, P, and K), micronutrient contents (Fe, Mn, and Zn) and their absorption. The single foliar spraying of faba bean with tryptophan 75 ppm, potassium silicate at 100 ppm, or chitosan at 750 ppm significantly increased all studied traits and reduced the drought stress compared to control under different irrigation systems. We recommended using a foliar spray of chitosan (750 ppm) on faba bean plants under an irrigation level of 4800 m3 led to an improvement in the physiological properties of the plant, i.e., plant height, the number of branches/plants, and the number of plants, pods plant−1, the number of seed pods−1, the weight of 100 seeds and seed yield ha−1 increased with relative increase about 42.29, 89.47, 28.85, 75.91, 24.43, and 306.48% compared to control. The quality properties also improved, as the total chlorophyll, protein, carbohydrates, total phenols, and amino acids were higher than the control with a relative increase of 63.83, 29.58, 27.72, 37.54, and 64.19%. Additionally, an increase in the contents and uptake of macronutrients (N, P, and K), and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn) and their absorption. The increase was estimated with 29.41, 75.00, 16.56, 431.17, 630.48, 72.68%, 22.37, 35.69, 42.33, 397.63, 452.58, and 485.94% about the control. This was followed by potassium silicate (100 ppm), then tryptophan (75 ppm) compared to the control, which recorded the minimum values in plant traits.
- Published
- 2022
34. DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF SALINITY ON GROWTH, NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION AND CHLOROPHYLL IN SUGARCANE VARIETIES MEX 69-290 AND CP 72-2086
- Author
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Miriam Cristina Pastelín Solano, Libia Iris Trejo Téllez, Odón Castañeda Castro, Fernando C. Gómez Merino, and Eduardo Ariel Solano Pastelín
- Subjects
Irrigation ,biology ,Chemistry ,Sodium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,Saccharum ,Salinity ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Horticulture ,Nutrient ,Chlorophyll ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Completely randomized design ,General Environmental Science ,Hybrid - Abstract
ugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) is moderately sensitive to salinity and the effects on plant performance vary according to stress level and genotype. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of salt stress induced by application of different NaCl levels in the irrigation solution on plant height, indirect index of chlorophylls (SPAD), and macronutrients concentration (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and Na in leaves of two sugarcane varieties: CP 72-2086 and Mex 69-290. The experiment was set in a completely randomized design with a 2×5 factorial arrangement. The study factors were sugarcane variety (CP 72-2086 and Mex 69-290) and NaCl concentration (0.0, 71.8, 143.6, 215.4, and 282.7 mM NaCl). Salinity as a single factor negatively affected plant height, SPAD units and N and P concentration in leaves; Ca concentrations increased, while K, Mg and S remained unaffected by the tested NaCl levels. Mex 69-290 grew higher and concentrated greater levels of N and K. Interactions of factors showed that salinity reduced growth in both varieties, but this reduction was more pronounced in CP 72-2086. SPAD units were also significantly reduced by salinity in both varieties. Concentrations of N and P in leaves decreased in both varieties in response to NaCl, while those of K and Ca increased in Mex 69-290. Concentration of Na was higher in Mex 69-290 which exhibited better performance than CP 72-2086. Sodium concentrations in leaves increased in direct relation to the tested NaCl concentrations. Mex 69-290 reached higher concentrations of Na in leave tissues but displayed better health than CP 72-2086. Thus, the variety Mex 69-290 showed more efficient Na-tolerance mechanisms related to Ca and K concentrations, and an indirect chlorophyll index better than CP 72-2086.
- Published
- 2022
35. Effect of straw return on soil respiration and NEE of paddy fields under water-saving irrigation.
- Author
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Yang, Shihong, Xiao, Yanan, Xu, Junzeng, and Liu, Xiaoyin
- Subjects
- *
IRRIGATION , *SOIL respiration , *PADDY fields , *EARTH sciences , *ENVIRONMENTAL chemistry - Abstract
Straw return (SR) and rice water-saving irrigation (WSI) affect the greenhouse gas emission of paddy fields. However, studies on CO2 exchange between paddy fields and the atmosphere with joint regulation of SR and WSI are few. We conducted a two-year field experiment to investigate the effects of SR on soil respiration and net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) in paddy fields under controlled irrigation (CI), which is a typical WSI technique. The rice yields, irrigation water use efficiency, seasonal variations in soil respiration, NEE, and soil organic carbon content were measured. Compared with the control (flooding irrigation and traditional chemical fertilizer), a significant increase in rice yield and irrigation water use efficiency in the paddy fields under CI and SR joint management (CS) was observed. CS increased the soil respiration rate during most of the rice growth stage and increased the net CO2 absorption rate before approximately 80 days after transplanting; afterward, the pattern reversed. Total CO2 emissions through soil respiration in CS paddy fields increased by 43.7% and 182% compared with the control in 2014 and 2015, respectively. However, CS also caused an increase in the total net CO2 absorption by 18.1% and 30.1% in these two years, respectively. The acceleration in the consumption and decomposition of soil organic carbon induced by frequent alternate wet–dry cycles of the CI paddy fields increased the soil respiration and decreased the net CO2 absorption. SR promoted soil respiration but also improved rice growth, increasing the net CO2 absorption. The soil organic carbon content of the CS paddy fields after harvesting increased by 23.2% compared with that before transplanting. The present study concluded that joint regulation of WSI and SR is an effective measure for maintaining yield, increasing irrigation water use efficiency, mitigating CO2 emission, and promoting paddy soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Optical Sensor System for Early Warning of Inflow Organic Matter Breach in Large-Scale Irrigation Systems and Water Treatment Systems
- Author
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David Mendelovich, Iftach Klapp, Sergey Sinitsa, Yulia Kroupitski, Shlomo Sela-Saldinger, Nadia Buchanovsky, Vladimir Yudachev, Mikhail Borisover, Nir Sochen, Beni Lew, and Lavi Rosenfeld
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Irrigation ,Warning system ,business.industry ,Environmental engineering ,Water resources ,chemistry ,Wastewater ,Agriculture ,Farm water ,Environmental science ,Water treatment ,Organic matter ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Instrumentation - Abstract
A growing world population together with a decrease in water resources have resulted in a deficit in water sources for agriculture. Nations with limited water resources are already using recycled treated water as a vital water source for irrigation. In 2019, treated wastewater made up 45% of the overall agricultural water consumption in Israel. Since recycling systems work continuously and are directly connected to irrigation reservoirs, there is a constant risk of irrigation system malfunctions in the treatment process. In cases of fecal origin, this may result in pathogens entering the irrigation water, the soil, and eventually the food chain. Early warning systems for biological water contamination are important in large-scale processing, yet less studied. This work proposes such a system, with a functional prototype for irrigation-water monitoring by measuring fluorescence spectra in the range of 300 – 520 nm at excitation wavelengths of 280 nm and 340 nm, to capture both tryptophan-like fluorescence and humic-like fluorescence. The prototype was successfully tested under simulated field conditions with treated irrigation water as the base substance, and milk injections to simulate dissolved organic matter breaches. Near real-time operation enabled recording biological and chemical dynamics within the substance for the sake of monitoring drift in process control.
- Published
- 2022
37. Evaluation of chemical composition of roots of three sugar beets varieties growing under different water deficit and harvesting dates in Upper Egypt
- Author
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Saleh M. Ismail, M. A. Gameh, Omar M. Yassin, Ezzat M. Ahmed, and F. A. F. Khalil
- Subjects
Irrigation ,Horticulture ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemistry ,Sucrose ,chemistry ,Alpha (ethology) ,General Chemistry ,Sugar ,Chemical composition ,QD1-999 ,Water deficit - Abstract
Field experiments were carried out at Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Sohag, Egypt to study the effects of deficit irrigation and harvesting date chemical composition of three sugar beet varieties. A split block design with three replications was used. Main blokes were assigned to three irrigation water regimes (100%, 85%, and 70% of water requirement). The sub blot was occupied by three harvesting dates (180, 195 and 210 days). Sub- sub plots comprised three sugar beet varieties namely (RAVEL, SV1841and SA1686). Results indicated that reducing water supply reduced alpha - amino N present in the second season, Na present in the second season, and K present and sugar lost to molasses, but increased sucrose present, extractable present, QZ present, purity present, extractability present. Increasing harvesting date increased K present, sucrose present, extractable present, QZ present, purity present, extractability present but reduced alpha - amino N present, Na present and sugar lost to molasses in the second season. Sucrose present, extractable present, QZ present purity present and extractability present of RAVEL and SA1686 varieties were almost comparable but higher than those of SV1841 variety.
- Published
- 2022
38. Nitroxin bio-fertilizer improves growth parameters, physiological and biochemical attributes of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) under water stress conditions
- Author
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Abdolrasool Zakerin, Abdolhamid Zahedyan, Vahid Abdossi, Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand, and Abdolhossein Aboutalebi Jahromi
- Subjects
Irrigation ,Yield ,Electrolyte leakage ,Biofertilizer ,Agriculture (General) ,Titratable acid ,Total phenol ,engineering.material ,Catalase ,S1-972 ,Field capacity ,Horticulture ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Firmness ,Chlorophyll ,Malondialdehyde ,engineering ,Proline ,Fertilizer ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Water content - Abstract
Effect of chemical- and bio-fertilizers (Nitroxin) on growth parameters, physiological and biochemical attributes, and yield of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) under water stress conditions has been studied. Irrigation was done at 3 levels including 50, 75, and 100% of the water requirement of the cantaloupe plant. Water stress had an adverse effect on plant growth and the application of 120 kg ha−1 chemical fertilizer with Nitroxin in 100% water requirement had the highest growth parameters including fruit weight (1.84 kg) and fruit length (20.71 cm). The highest Malondialdehyde content was observed at 60 kg ha−1 of chemical fertilizer using Nitroxin. Application of Nitroxin had a significant effect on electrolyte leakage, proline content, relative water content, colour, vitamin C, titratable acidity, firmness, and total soluble solids (TSS) during water stress. The highest content of total chlorophyll (5.81 mg g−1 fresh weight) was observed at 100% field capacity with 180 kg ha−1 of chemical fertilizer with Nitroxin. The total phenol content of fruit enhanced by increasing drought stress and a significant difference was observed by application of biological and chemical fertilizers compared to control. Antioxidant enzyme activity including ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase increased during water stress and the application of chemical fertilizer with Nitroxin enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity during stress. Overall, the application of chemical fertilizers and Nitroxin improved growth parameters, physiological and biochemical attributes and yield of cantaloupe plants during water stress.
- Published
- 2022
39. Orchard Floor Management Affects Tree Functionality, Productivity and Water Consumption of a Late Ripening Peach Orchard under Semi-Arid Conditions
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Pasquale Losciale, Liliana Gaeta, Luigi Manfrini, Luigi Tarricone, and Pasquale Campi
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mulching ,flattening ,irrigation ,photosynthesis ,transpiration ,soil quality ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Semi-arid conditions are favorable for the cultivation of late ripening peach cultivars; however, seasonal water scarcity and reduction in soil biological fertility, heightened by improper soil management, are jeopardizing this important sector. In the present two-year study, four soil managements were compared on a late ripening peach orchard: (i) completely tilled (control); (ii) mulched with reusable reflective plastic film; (iii) mulching with a Leguminosae cover-crop flattened after peach fruit set; (iv) completely tilled, supplying the water volumes of the plastic mulched treatment, supposed to be lower than the control. Comparison was performed for soil features, water use, tree functionality, fruit growth, fruit quality, yield and water productivity. Even receiving about 50% of the regular irrigation, reusable reflective mulching reduced water loss and soil carbon over mineralization, not affecting (sometimes increasing) net carbon assimilation, yield, and fruit size and increasing water productivity. The flattening technique should be refined in the last part of the season as in hot and dry areas with clay soils and low organic matter, soil cracking increased water evaporation predisposing the orchard at water stress. The development and implementation of appropriate soil management strategies could be pivotal for making peach production economically and environmentally sustainable.
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- 2020
- Full Text
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40. Assessment of physico-chemical parameters of Tsaeda Agam River in Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia
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K. Mezgebe, A. Gebrekidan, A. Hadera, and Y. Weldegebriel
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Physico-chemical ,Pollution ,Irrigation ,Tsaeda Agam River ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The present work was conducted to assess the physico-chemical parameters of Tsada Agam River found in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia and determine its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes. Water samples were collected monthly for two consecutive months (February to March, 2013) at four sampling sites and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. The study indicated that the mean value of studied parameters, except electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, total alkalinity, calcium ion, sulphate ion, and total phosphorus of the river water samples were within the permissible limit of WHO for drinking water. The findings also showed the mean value of studied parameters, except sulphate ion concentration, were within the permissible limit of FAO for irrigation water. Therefore, the river water was found to be unfit for human consumption and was found to be safe and utilizable for irrigation purposes. If the quality management was properly maintained, the Tsaeda Agam River water could be utilized for a wide range of applications such as drinking and irrigation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v29i3.5
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Effect of different irrigation levels on quality parameters of ‘ <scp>Honeycrisp</scp> ’ apples
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Xiaolong Ji, Qingqing Peng, Qiang Peng, Jiachuan Yang, Tianhui Huang, Fei Qi, and Min Wang
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Flavonoids ,Irrigation ,Agricultural Irrigation ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,biology ,Water ,Titratable acid ,biology.organism_classification ,Honeycrisp ,Field capacity ,Water conservation ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Horticulture ,Phenols ,Chlorogenic acid ,chemistry ,Fruit ,Malus ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Water content ,Water use ,Food Science ,Biotechnology ,Mathematics - Abstract
BACKGROUND Water shortage is the main factor affecting agricultural production in the vast arid and semi-arid areas of northern China. Using proper irrigation methods can optimize the efficiency of water use and improve the quality of agricultural products. This study investigated the effect of different irrigation levels on the quality of 'Honeycrisp' apples grown in the Loess Plateau of northern China. RESULTS Different irrigation levels were applied to the 'Honeycrisp' apple trees via root irrigation using ceramic emitters that provide saturation levels of 75%θf -90%θf (S1, where θf is the field capacity), 60%θf -75%θf (S2), 45%θf -50%θf (S3), and no irrigation treatments (CK). Compared to the apples from the CK group, the water content, transverse diameter, individual fruit weight, and titratable acid content of S1 and S2 group apples increased significantly. However, their hardness, soluble solids, and total sugar content decreased significantly. The phenolic acid content of apples also changed with the irrigation levels. The chlorogenic acid content of apples increased with increased irrigation volume, while the hyperoside, protocatechuic acid, and caffeic acid content decreased. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of fruits were the highest in S2 group apples. They also had the strongest ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging capacities. CONCLUSION The volume of irrigation applied through ceramic emitters significantly impacted the quality of 'Honeycrisp' apples grown in loess areas. Considering water conservation and improving fruit quality, the most suitable ceramic root irrigation level was observed to be 60%θf -75%θf (S2). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2021
42. Amaranth irrigation frequency in northeast Patagonia, Argentina
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Roberto Simon Martínez, Maria Fany Zubillaga, Ricardo Camina, Gustavo Adolfo Orioli, Maite Alder, Daniel Alejandro Barrio, and Mauricio Failla
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Irrigation ,water use efficiency ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Economic Yield ,Amaranth ,Plant Science ,phenology ,Deficit Irrigation ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,deficit irrigation ,biomass ,GE1-350 ,Ciencias Agrarias ,Biomass ,Protein ,Forestry ,Environmental sciences ,Geography ,Phenology ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,economic yield ,grain amaranth ,Water use Efficiency ,Rain Amaranth ,protein ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Fil: Zubillaga, María Fany. Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro. CIT Rio Negro. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Martínez, Roberto Simón. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Valle Inferio. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Martínez, Roberto Simón. Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro. CIT Rio Negro. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Camina, Ricardo. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Bahía Blanca. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fil: Orioli, Gustavo Adolfo. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Bahía Blanca. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fil: Orioli, Gustavo Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fil: Failla, Mauricio. Proyecto Patagonia Noreste. Balneario El Cóndor. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Alder, Maite. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Valle Inferio. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Barrio, Daniel Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro. CIT Rio Negro. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Barrio, Daniel Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Introduction. The production potential of grain amaranth has recently been demonstrated in northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. This crop under irrigation and in a temperate semi-arid climate showed an adequate development of the plants in their different phenological stages with high economic performance. Objectives. This study explored the response of Amaranthus cruentus cv Mexicano to different irrigation frequencies in the lower valley of Río Negro river, Patagonia, Argentina. Method. The experimental design was of three blocks with randomized treatments (subplots), each one corresponding to a different irrigation frequency. The first six irrigations were performed every 7 days for all the treatments, to ensure the establishment of the crop. Then the following treatments were applied: irrigation every 7 days (FI), every 14 days (FII), and every 21 days (FIII). The following biometric variables and their components were measured: height of plant, number of leaves, biomass and economic yield. Results. The results suggest that the optimum irrigation frequency was FII (14 days), resulting in an adequate plant stand at panicle initiation and allows a proper development of plant with optimal biological and economical yields and the highest efficiency of water use (4.02 kg·m-3). Conclusions. The contributions of this study demonstrated the production potential of A. cruentus crop in the lower valley of the Río Negro river under irrigation, representing the southernmost study on irrigation frequency made for this grain crop in the world. A management of irrigation water of 7 days for the establishment of the crop and then with a frequency of 14 days showed the highest yield and the best water use efficiency Introducción. El potencial productivo del amaranto en grano ha sido demostrado recientemente en el noreste de la Patagonia, Argentina. Este cultivo bajo riego y en un clima templado semiárido mostró un adecuado desarrollo de las plantas en sus diferentes estados fenológicos con un alto rendimiento económico. Objetivos. Este estudio exploró la respuesta de Amaranthus cruentus cv Mexicano a diferentes frecuencias de riego en el valle inferior del río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina. Método. El diseño experimental fue de tres bloques con tratamientos al azar (subparcelas), cada uno correspondiente a una frecuencia de riego diferente. Los primeros seis riegos se realizaron cada 7 días para todos los tratamientos, para asegurar el establecimiento del cultivo. Luego se aplicaron los siguientes tratamientos: riego cada 7 días (FI), cada 14 días (FII) y cada 21 días (FIII). Se midieron las siguientes variables biométricas y sus componentes: altura de planta, número de hojas, biomasa y rendimiento económico. Resultados. Los resultados sugieren que la frecuencia de riego óptima fue la FII (14 días), que da lugar a un adecuado stand de la planta en el momento de la iniciación de la panoja y permite un correcto desarrollo de la planta con óptimos rendimientos biológicos y económicos y la mayor eficiencia en el uso del agua (4,02 kg-m-3). Conclusiones. Los aportes de este estudio demostraron el potencial productivo del cultivo de A. cruentus en el valle inferior del río Negro bajo riego, representando el estudio más austral sobre frecuencia de riego realizado para este cultivo de grano en el mundo. Un manejo del agua de riego de 7 días para el establecimiento del cultivo y luego con una frecuencia de 14 días mostró el mayor rendimiento y la mejor eficiencia en el uso del agua.
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- 2021
43. Phytochemical and physiological changes in Salvia officinalis L. under different irrigation regimes by exogenous applications of putrescine
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Fatemeh Sefidkon, Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy, Saeid Hazrati, Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, and Maryam Mohammadi-Cheraghabadi
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Irrigation ,Chemistry ,QH301-705.5 ,Field experiment ,Water stress ,Salvia officinalis ,APX ,Sage ,food.food ,Regression ,Horticulture ,food ,Dry weight ,Distilled water ,Phenolic ,Soil water ,Original Article ,Antioxidant enzymes ,Proline ,Biology (General) ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
Water stress is the major factor limiting plant productivity and quality in most regions of the world. In the present study, a two-year field experiment was conducted to determine the influence of putrescine (Put) on phytochemical, physiological, and growth parameters of Salvia officinalis L. under different irrigation regimes. The highest stem dry weight (56.05 and 65.21 g m−2) plus leaf dry weight (124.51 g m−2) were predicted in irrigation regimes of (20 and 40%) plus 20% available soil water was depleted (ASWD), respectively. Total phenolic content (TPC) was increased significantly under the irrigation regime of 80% with the application of distilled water in spring. TPC showed an increasing trend with increases in Put concentration under all irrigation regimes in both spring and summer. The highest total flavonoids content (TFC) in wavelengths of 415 and 367 nm were predicted in 2.25 mM Put. The highest ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity (0.13 μmol mg−1 protein) was predicted in the irrigation regime of 20% with the application of distilled water in spring and summer. There was a significantly negative correlation coefficient between APX, TPC, and TFC. Indeed, there was a decreasing trend in APX and an increasing trend in TPC and TFC with increases in Put concentration under the irrigation regime of 20% ASWD. The highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA) values were obtained under irrigation regimes of 49.27% and 20% ASWD in spring and summer, respectively. There was an increasing trend in endogenous Put with increases in the Put concentration. The responses of compatible osmolytes to irrigation regime can be expressed by quadratic model, suggesting maximum proline (0.52 mg g−1), total reducing sugars (TRS) (0.37 mg g−1), xylose (0.68 mg g−1), and mannose (0.37 mg g−1) values would be obtained in irrigation regimes of 68.33%, 48.33%, 53.75%, and 56.25% ASWD, respectively.
- Published
- 2021
44. Multifactor effects on the N2O emissions and yield of potato fields based on the DNDC model
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Kai Zhang, Kangjun Guo, Xuefei Yan, Xining Gao, Tao Zhang, Mingjie Xu, Liwei Wang, and Limin Liu
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Irrigation ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Environmental engineering ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Medicine ,Soil carbon ,Nitrous oxide ,Pollution ,Bulk density ,Nitrogen ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Greenhouse gas ,Yield (chemistry) ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Precipitation - Abstract
Maintaining or increasing grain yields while also reducing the emissions of field agricultural greenhouse gases is an important objective. To explore the multifactor effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and the yield of potato fields and to verify the applicability of the DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model when used to project the N2O emission load and yield, this research chooses a potato field in Shenyang northeast China from 2017~2019 as the experiment site. The experiment includes four nitrogen levels observed the emission of N2O by static chamber/gas chromatograph techniques. The results of this study are as follows: (1) DNDC has a good performance regarding the projection of N2O emissions and yields. The model efficiency index EFs were 0.45~0.88 for N2O emissions and 0.91, 0.85 and 0.85 for yields from 2017~2019. (2) The annual precipitation, soil organic carbon and soil bulk density had the most significant influence on the accumulated N2O emissions during the growth period of potato. The annual precipitation, annual average temperature and CO2 mass concentration had the most significant influences on yield. (3) Under the premise of a normal water supply, sowing potatoes within 5 days after the 5-day sliding average temperature in this area exceeds 10 °C can ensure the temperature required for the normal growth of potatoes and achieve the purpose of maintaining and increasing yield. (4) The application of 94.5 kg·hm-2 nitrogen and 15 mm irrigation represented the best results for reducing N2O emissions while also maintaining the yield in potato fields.
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- 2021
45. Water Quality Assessment for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Mahananda River Basin of Bangladesh
- Author
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Zhixiao Xie, Pankaj Kumar, Jesus Simal-Gandara, Fei Zhang, Zia Ahmed, Tasnim Abdary Anonna, Rafiul Alam, and Md. Masud Karim
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Hydrology ,Global and Planetary Change ,geography ,Irrigation ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,business.industry ,Drainage basin ,Water ,Geology ,Weathering ,Environmental pollution ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Agriculture ,Sodium adsorption ratio ,Environmental science ,Carbonate ,Economic Geology ,Water quality ,Computers in Earth Sciences ,business - Abstract
This study aims to assess the water quality of the Mahananda River in Bangladesh and its suitability for drinking and agricultural uses. For water quality determination, 15 samples were collected from different sites of the Mahananda River to calculate Water Quality Index (WQI) and Entropy Water Quality Index (EWQI). Result shows that among different Hydrochemical parameters, carbonate and bicarbonate concentrations crossed the maximum limit in all the samples, while fluoride concentration exceeding in Sample-15 with the highest value found in Baroghoria area. From WQI result, water quality for the Baroghoria area was found unsuitable for drinking with WQI − 309.22, whereas another two samples of Mollikpur and Namo Neemgachi fall under ‘poor’ category with WQI of 184.49 and 198.99, respectively. EWQI reveals medium to excellent water quality. Result from different irrigation indices (Na%, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), total hardness, Kelly ratio (KR), and permeability index (PI) values) showed their suitability for irrigation. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained a total of 89.71% of variances in the dataset. Significant positive association within EC–Na, EC–sulfate, Ca–TH, nitrate–sulfate, etc., were reported indicating prominence in terms of both geogenic as well as anthropogenic processes such as silicate weathering and the release of untreated sewerage, respectively, which governs the water quality evolution in the study area. Cluster analysis (CA) classifies all water samples in five different clusters based on five different characteristics. Mahananda River water is found safe for both drinking and agricultural purposes, except for few samples near the dense human settlement areas. Result from this study is useful for decision makers to design management plans for the river water quality, environmental pollution and human well-being.
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- 2021
46. Evaluation of Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency, Digestibility and Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Forage Beet Cultivars Under Different Irrigation Methods and Nitrogen Levels
- Author
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Abbas Maleki, Mohammad Mirzaeiheydari, Lida Hosseini, Afshin Mozafari, and Mehdi Sadeghi-Shoae
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Irrigation ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Dry matter ,Forage ,Cultivar ,Water-use efficiency ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Sugar ,Nitrogen ,Surface irrigation ,Mathematics - Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the water and nitrogen use efficiency and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage beet cultivars under the influence of different irrigation methods and nitrogen levels in two cropping years, 2017–18 and 2018–19, at Agricultural Research Station in Karaj, Iran. Experimental factors included the first factor with four irrigation methods (normal leakage, alternate furrow irrigation, fixed furrow irrigation, type (drip-strip)), the second factor was the amount of nitrogen fertilizer with three levels (150, 200 and 250 kg N ha−1) and the third factor included three forage beet cultivars (Sbsi052, Jamon and Kyros). Among irrigation treatments, alternate furrow irrigation and fixed furrow irrigation had the highest sugar content with 9.28% and 9.17%, respectively. The highest yield of digestible organic matter was obtained in leakage irrigation treatment, nitrogen fertilizer of 250 kg ha−1 and in Kyros at the rate of 19.45 t ha−1. The highest yield of root digestible dry matter, potassium, sodium and free nitrogen was observed in leakage irrigation treatment and consumption of 200 kg ha−1 nitrogen was observed in foreign cultivars. The highest crude protein was observed in alternate furrow irrigation conditions with a consumption of 200 kg ha−1 nitrogen in cultivar Sbsi052 at 13.08%. Leakage irrigation and type tape had the highest consumption efficiency and efficiency of nitrogen uptake with application of 150 and 200 kg ha−1 N, and the highest water use efficiency was also observed in leakage irrigation and type tape with application of 250 kg ha−1 N in domestic and foreign cultivars. The type irrigation method showed better quantitative and qualitative yield than the furrow irrigation methods.
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- 2021
47. Changes in Yield and Essential Oil Compositions of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss in Response to Azocompost, Vermicompost, Nitroxin, and Urea Under Water Deficit Stress
- Author
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Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy, Ali Heidarzadeh, and Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli
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Irrigation ,Soil Science ,Plant Science ,engineering.material ,Biology ,law.invention ,Soil conditioner ,Field capacity ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nutrient ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,law ,engineering ,Fertilizer ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Vermicompost ,Geraniol ,Essential oil - Abstract
Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss has safe anticancer properties, and is regarded as an endangered plant in Iran. The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and the resulting environmental damages made it essential to shift to utilizing organic fertilizers and soil amendments for increasing the water and fertilizer efficiency in sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the changes in yield and essential oil compositions of Dracocephalum kotschyi in response to azocompost, vermicompost, nitroxin, and urea under different irrigation regimes. To investigate the effects of both nutrient inputs and water availability on yield and essential oil composition of D. kotschyi, at a semiarid site of Iran, a split-plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018–2019. The main plots were four irrigation regimes including irrigation up to field capacity after depletion of 20% (unstressed control), 40% (mild stress), 60% (moderate stress), and 80% (severe stress) soil available water. The subplots consisted of unfertilized control and four fertilizer sources (urea, nitroxin, vermicompost, and azocompost). The highest biomass was observed through vermicompost application in unstressed treatment at the third harvest (4058.9 kg ha−1). Moreover, the highest essential oil content was obtained under water deficit stress in the first harvest. The highest essential oil yield was also produced with application of vermicompost (40.90 kg ha−1) and azocompost (40.42 kg ha−1) under unstressed conditions at the third harvest. In harvest summations, urea fertilizer had the highest essential oil yield under unstressed control (75.19 kg ha−1), mild (64.79 kg ha−1), and severe (65.63 kg ha−1) stress conditions, while it was produced from nitroxin treatment under moderate stress (53.63 kg ha−1). Geraniol, dl-limonene, cis-sabinene hydrate, neral, geranial, methyl geranate, and geranyl acetate were the main components of the essential oil profile. D. kotschyi showed different responses to water availability in conjunction with various fertilizer sources. Therefore, we can say that it tries to make better response to different conditions for its survival and development by changing essential oil content and compounds. Our findings suggest that organic fertilizers, especially vermicompost, can improve soil properties and essential oil yield. Finally, based on the results of this study, urea is recommended for unstressed, mild, and severe water stress conditions, and nitroxin for moderate conditions.
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- 2021
48. Groundwater Quality Evaluation for Potable Use and Associated Human Health Risk in Gaobeidian City, North China Plain
- Author
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Xiaogang Fu, Shuang Gan, Zihan Dong, Zhe Wang, and Aihua Wei
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Irrigation ,Article Subject ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Industrial production ,Sewage ,General Chemistry ,Human health ,Urbanization ,Water quality ,Groundwater quality ,business ,Water resource management ,QD1-999 ,Groundwater - Abstract
The groundwater in Gaobeidian city is used for drinking, irrigation, industrial production, and other purposes. With the rapid development of the economy and urbanization, groundwater quality has been seriously affected. The main purposes of this paper are to evaluate the groundwater quality in the study area on the basis of understanding the hydrochemical characteristics of the study area and assess the possible health risks of groundwater to children and adults. In this paper, the entropy weight method was used to determine the weight of each evaluation parameter, and on this basis, groundwater quality evaluation was carried out, and the spatial distribution map of groundwater quality was drawn according to the evaluation results. The results show that the weight values of the five parameters of NO2–, Fe, As, Cr6+, and NO2–N are more than 0.1 among the total of fifteen parameters, and the concentration of these five parameters can be considered as the main influencing parameters of groundwater quality. The calculation results of the entropy weighted water quality index (EWQI) show that all the groundwater quality in the study area is class 1 water, which is Excellent Water. However, the EWQI value is the highest in the southwest of the study area, showing a trend of deterioration of groundwater water quality. Since all groundwater samples were evaluated as “excellent water,” it was speculated that the natural environment had more influence on groundwater chemical characteristics than human factors. The study found that 7.407% and 55.556% of the water samples posed a noncarcinogenic health risk to adults and children, respectively. The main responsible parameters for noncarcinogenic risk are F−, NO2−, NO3−, and Cr6+. The carcinogenic risk for adults ranged from 0 to 6.91E-04, with a mean of 1.00E-04. The carcinogenic risk for children ranged from 0 to 1.03E-03, with a mean of 1.55E-04. These toxic elements are mainly from industries. Therefore, the deterioration of groundwater quality can be prevented by strengthening the sewage management of various industries.
- Published
- 2021
49. Seasonal Variation in Water Quality: A Study with Reference to River Kuwano, Basti, (U.P.), India
- Author
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Gopal ji Kushwaha, Shivendra Mohan Pandey, and Pradip Kumar
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Hydrology ,geography ,Irrigation ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Drainage basin ,General Medicine ,Seasonality ,medicine.disease ,River water ,Fecal coliform ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Nitrate ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Nitrite - Abstract
Kuwano river is one of the important rivers flowing through the Basti District, (U.P.), India. Recently, district witnessed rapid urbanization and industrialization, in catchment of river, leading to pressure on surface water quality. The present study aimed to find out the effect of seasonal changes on physico-chemical characteristics of river Kuwano water. The seventeen parameters i.e., pH, TDS, EC, DO, BOD, COD, Total Hardness, Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate total, Ca, Mg, Fe, E. Coli, Fecal Coliform and Total Coliform, were included in the study. The higher microbial presence in river water is a health concern. The study reveals that river water quality affected seasonally and is only suitable for bathing and irrigation purpose.
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- 2021
50. Dry Matter Production and Nitrogen Uptake as Influenced by Irrigation and Nitrogen Levels in Maize
- Author
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M. Uma Devi, Anima Biswal, Balaji Naik, T. L. Neelima, and B. Soujanya
- Subjects
Irrigation ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Materials Chemistry ,Environmental science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Production (economics) ,Dry matter ,Nitrogen - Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at Agro Climate Research Center, Agricultural Research Institute, P.J.T.S Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India during rabi 2019-20. The field experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. The treatments comprising of three irrigation scheduling based on (Depletion of Available Soil Moisture) at 60% DASM, 40% DASM and 20% DASM as main plots and three nitrogen levels viz., 90, 180 and 240 kg N ha-1 as sub-plots. The experiment was laid out in split plot design. The results indicated that, among the different treatment combinations, the crop irrigation scheduled at 20 % DASM in conjunction with 240 kg N ha-1 accumulated significantly more dry matter of 34.2 g, 149.2 g, 233.7 g and 284.8 g plant-1, at 6th leaf, silking, dough and physiological maturity stages, respectively. The nitrogen uptake was found to be more when the crop was irrigated at 20 % DASM in conjunction with 240 kg N ha-1 (67.1 g, 231.8 g, 294.7 g and 305.3 g plant-1) at 6th leaf, silking, dough and physiological maturity stages, respectively.
- Published
- 2021
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