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A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the nutritional value of tropical browse legumes. The presence of possible deleterious substances in freeze-dried leaf meal produced from Leucaena leucoceohala, Calliandra calothrvsus, Albizia chinensis, Tiouana tiou, Acacia saliana and Gliricidia sepium was evaluated using female rats. Each of the legume leaf meals were included in a commercial rat diet at a level of 0.20. Rats fed the diets containing Leucaena leaf meal and Gliricidia leaf meal exhibited significantly reduced intakes. Apart from those fed the commercial diet the rats fed the experimental diets lost liveweight. Greatest liveweight losses were recorded in rats fed the diet containing Gliricidia (-5.8 g/d) and Calliandra (-2.2 g/d). Rats fed these diets also exhibited reduced foetal numbers. This parameter was also reduced in rats fed the diet containing Tipuana tipu. In a subsequent experiment, an investigation of the extent to which different methods of tannin estimation are reliable was made in order to evaluate the nutritional effects of tannins on feed quality of 12 species of tropical browse legumes. Large variation existed in total phenolic content of the species examined (2.3-20.0%, freeze dried). Drying at 60o C resulted in a lower total phenolic content in most species, but the extent of the depressions was highly variable (2.7-90.0%). Condensed tannin content was also variable between species depending on the analytical method. Acacia angustissima which did not register an anthocyanidin content using butanol-HCl method was found to have condensed tannins (6% DM) when assayed by vanillin-HCl.

To evaluate the effect of the 4 major rivers restoration project in the Nakdong River to water quality of the river, the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) and Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP), are applied in series. Results showed overall decrease in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) concentrations and increase in chlorophyll-a concentrations, while total nitrogen and total phosphorous concentrations did not show significant changes, relatively. Decrease in BOD 5 concentrations seems to be influenced by an increased hydraulic residence time, which may allow more time for the degradation of organic material. Changes in Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, due to the project were more significant for the upper stream areas that show relatively low Chl-a concentration ranges (less than 20 g/L). After the introduction of the Geumho River in the middle part of the Nakdong River, rapid growth of phytoplankton was observed. However, in this middle part of the Nakdong River, the ratio of Chl-a concentration change are less significant, compared to the upper stream areas, due to the project. In the lower stream area, Chl-a concentration decreased after the project. This seems to be resulted from the decreased light availability, due to increased depth, while the nutrient concentrations have been high enough to support phytoplankton growth.

*ABSTRACTThis study examined the effects of feeding whole-crop barley silage(BS), corn silage(CS) and the mixture of BS and CS(CB) on feed consumption, daily gain, nutrients apparent digestibilities and blood parameters in order to investigate the feed evaluation in Korean black goats. BS, CS, and CB were fed to twelve Korean black goats, which were allocated into three groups in metabolic cages according to the latin-square design. As a result, dry and organic matter intakes for goats per day have shown a tendency to decrease in the order of CS, CB and BS, but there were no significant differences. We also found a similar tendency when the intakes of crude protein, crude fat, and non-fiber carbohydrates(NFC) were examined. However, ADF and NDF consumptions showed a decreasing tendency in the order of CB, BS and CS. Dry matter intakes per metabolic body weight showed the decreasing tendency in the order of CS (57.6g), CB(53.8g) and BS(52.7g), however with no statistical differences. Average daily gain of 64.2g in CB was significantly higher than the other groups(42.0g to 46.0g). Nitrogen intakes and nitrogen retention showed a decreasing tendency in the order of CS, CB and BC. Nevertheless, nitrogen retention in CS group was higher by 30% than that of the BC group with p

This study was conducted to determine effects of dietary herbaceous peat on invitrofermentation andmilk production in dairy cows. Ruminal pH, gas production, VFA(volatile fatty acid), Ammonia-N, andrumen degradability were examined by the addition of three times over 0, 1, and 5% herbaceous peat withsubstrate of timothy hay, and the change of rumen fermentation characteristics were evaluated. In 0, 3, 12and 24 hours cultivation, all treatments did not show a significant difference but the control at 6 hoursappeared significantly lower pH compared to 1 and 5% treatments(p

Jong Ho Ahn* and Jung Kil ParkDepartment of Dairy Science, Hankyong National UniversityABSTRACTIn this study, feeding fermented colostrum to Holstein calves was investigated to find out the effects on their growth and inhibition of diarrhea. The results of this study showed that the mixture of L. rhamnosus and E. faecium would be proper bacteria for fermentation of colostrum because of favorable odor, inhibition of coliform bacteria and high number of lactic acid bacterial count. Among the groups of calves fed 0, 5, 10 and 20% of fermented colostrums, average body weight gain for 28 days on feeding fermented colostrum were 16.6, 16.6, 17.4 and 18kg, respectively showing that calves fed 20% fermented colostrum achieved the highest body weight gain. Occurrence of diarrhea due to feeding various levels of fermented colostrum was also recorded. Three calves out of 5 suffered diarrhea in 0%, 5%, and 20% group, on the other hand, all 5 calves suffered diarrhea in 10% group. Diarrhea persisted for durations were 2.7, 2.4, 4.0, and 2.4 days in 0, 5, 10, and 20% group, respectively. Fermented colostrum did not prevent the occurrence of diarrhea.In overall, addition of fermented colostrum above 10% level showed favorable effects in gaining body weight under the conditions of adding more portions of the fermented colostrum either for 14 days or longer feeding period of the fermented colostrum. On the other hand, fermented colostrum showed no beneficial effect in prevention of diarrhea in this study.(Key words :Fermented colostrum, Holstein calves, Growth, Diarrhea)

Jong Ho Ahn and Bo Ra KimDepartment of Dairy Science, Hankyong National UniversityABSTRACTThe aim of this study was tofind out the effects of supplementation of vitamin A to the diets of high or low amounts of concentrates for ruminants. In the first experiment, ruminal fermentation patterns with the data of pH, VFA production and cellulose disappearance rates in the rumen in vitro were investigated. In the second experiment, enzyme activities, gas production and dry matter degradabilities using cellulolytic bacteria, Ruminococcus flavefaciens were investigated.Ruminal pH was higher in low amounts of concentrates than in high amounts of concentrates as expected, however, no significant differences were found. Cellulose disappearance rates improved in vitamin A addition particularly in early incubation time(before 24h) and also the production of volatile fatty acids increased in vitamin A addition. These trends were more evident in diets containing high amounts of concentrates than in low amounts of concentrates and it may indicate that vitamin A is more required in the diets of high amounts of concentrates. In the second experiment, gas production, enzyme activities and dry matter degradabilities using cellulolytic bacteria, Ruminococcus flavefaciens were not different between vitamin A added and non-added diets. Ruminococcus flavefaciens may not require additional vitamin A for its own growth.(Key words : Vitamin A, Ruminal fermentation, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Concentrates)

The objective of this study was to investigate antimicrobial activity, during the storage period, of animal feed and any effects on in vitro rumen digestion by supplementing different levels (5.55, 11.1, and 22.2 g/kg) of freeze dried citrus peel (FDCP) to the feed compared to untreated feed and feed treated with an antifungal agent (AA) at 0.05 g/kg. In a preservation test, feed supplemented with FDCP showed no deterioration over 21 days. Untreated feed and AA-treated feed, however, showed signs of deterioration after 16 days storage. Yellow colour and red colour, measured by spectro chromameter, decreased in the untreated and AA-treated feeds, but not in feed supplemented with FDCP. Aflatoxin was detected in untreated and AA-treated feeds at 16 days (8 ppb and 2 ppb) and 21 days (8 ppb and 4 ppb), but aflatoxin was not detected in the feed supplemented with FDCP. In a second experiment, fermentation by rumen microorganisms of FDCP (22.2 g/kg) and AA (0.05 g/kg) supplemented feeds was studied in vitro. Feeds were incubated with buffered rumen fluid for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were affected by treatment, but ammonia-N, total, and individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) were not adversely affected by treatment. In conclusion, the results indicated that FDCP might be useful for inhibiting microbial growth of animal feed during storage without disrupting rumen fermentation.

본 연구는 보호아미노산 추가 공급이 비유중기 착유우의 반추위 발효 성상 및 유생산량과 유성분 등의 생산성 변화를 알아보기 위하여 in vitro 시험과 in vivo 시험을 각각 실시하였다. In vitro 시험은 각각 4g의 공시사료를 이용하였으며, 처리구에는 보호라이신(PRLys, 2.71 %)과 보호메치오닌(PRMet, 0.90%)을 3:1로 혼합하여 첨가한 후 48시간동안 배양한 후 처리구와 대조구의 pH와 건물소화율을 확인하였다. 또한 In vivo 시험은 3:1로 혼합한 보호라이신 (PRLys, 2.71%)과 보호메치오닌(PRMet, 0.90%) 100g을 1일 2회로 나누어 비유 중기 착유우에 오전과 오후 착유 시 정량급여 한 후 생산되는 우유의 양 그리고 유성분의 변화를 조사하였다. 아미노산의 추가 급여로 인한 in vitro 반추위 pH와 건물소화율은 배양시간이 경과함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으나 대조구에 비하여 유의성은 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서 사용된 보호아미노산은 반추위 미생물의 건물분해 능력 등 반추위 발효성상에 악 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 비유중기 착유우에 보호아미노산 급여기간에 따른 유생산량은 시간이 지남에 따라 대조구와 처리구에서 모두 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 이는 시험기간이 경과함에 따른 착유일수 증가로 인한 자연감소로 보여지며, 대조구에서 보다 처리구에서의 유량감소율이 적었다. 4% FCM과 유단백생성량은 대조구에서 각각 11.25%, 11.09% 그리고 처리구에서 6.16%, 5.47%의 감소를 나타내어 대조구보다 처리구에서 감소 비율이 낮았다. 보호아미노산 첨가 시 우유중 지방생성량은 대조구(0.79kg)에 비하여 처리구(1.10kg)에서 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(P 【This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of ruminally protected amino acids (Methionine and Lysine) on in vitro ruminal parameters, and in vivo milk yield and milk composition in mid-lactating cows. In the first in vitro experiment, there were no statistical significances between treatments in ruminal pH and dry matter digestibility during various incubation times. In the second in vivo experiment, milk yield decreased by 11.92% in control and 5.68% in the treatment respectively, but decrease rate of milk yield in the treatment was lower than control. Milk yields naturally decreased as time goes by since the DIMs(Days in milk) of the cows in experiment were in mid-lactation period. 4% FCM(Fat corrected milk) and milk protein yields also, respectively, decreased by 11.25% and 11.09% in control and 6.16% and 5.47% in the treatment as compared with the intial. Milk protein and milk fat production were higher in the treatment(0.90kg, 1.10kg) than those of control(0.66kg, 0.79kg). Milk fat content significantly increased with supplementing protected amino acids as compared to control(P】

Long-term storage of feeds or feedstuffs in high temperature and humid conditions can be difficult because of microbial contamination. Essential oil isolated from industrial waste citrus peel could be used as a preservative because it is likely to have anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity. Our objective was to determine whether different levels (0.028, 0.056 and 0.112 g/kg) of citrus essential oil (CEO) would provide anti-microbial activity and enhance preservation of animal feed without influencing rumen fermentation. At 0.112 g/kg, CEO inhibited growth of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Salmonela enteritidis (IFO 3313). Growth of E. coli recovered after 24 h of incubation, but S. enteritidis continued to be inhibited for 72 h. Preservation of antibiotic-free diets for swine was assessed by observing anti-aflatoxin activity. Aflatoxin was detected in control feed samples on days 16 (8 ppb) and 21 (8 ppb) and in anti-fungal agent (AA) treated samples on days 16 (2 ppb) and 21 (4 ppb). However, aflatoxin was not detected in feed samples treated with CEO. Treatment with CEO and AA did not influence ruminal pH, dry matter digestibility (DMD) or organic matter digestibility (OMD) over 48 h of incubation in rumen fluid. Acetate and propionate were slightly higher with CEO treatment (p

The in sacco digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen content of the leaf material from 12 species of tropical browse legumes were measured in rumen-fistulated goats fed on a diet of rice straw supplemented with lucerne chaff. Freeze-dried samples of Albizia lebbek, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Samanea saman and Sesbania sesban did not contain condensed tannins. These browse species also exhibited high digestibilities of both dry matter and nitrogen. Highest condensed tannin contents (vanillin-HCl method) were recorded in Calliandra calothrysus (11.07%) and Codariocalyx gyroides (7.12%). In species which contained tannins, however, there was poor correlation between nitrogen digestibility and total condensed tannin content (measured either by vanillin-HCl or butanol-HCl assay). Drying the browse at 60°C in a forced-draught oven resulted in variable losses in both total phenolics and condensed tannin content in all species. In particular, Gliricidia sepium and Tipuana tipu lost all apparent tannin content during oven drying. Lowest digestibilities of nitrogen (

Santonin-kainic acid complex was evaluated as a chemotherapeutic of the mass treatment of the Ascaris lumbricoides infection in Korea. The results could be summarized as follows: 1) The negative conversion rate was 82.9% in average in 4 treated groups. Some variations of negative conversion rate among the treated groups were noticed. 2) The egg reduciton rate was 97.7% in average and the results were rather uniform among the three evaluated groups. 3) By the analysis of egg reduction, it seems that the lightly infected cases whose E.P.G. were under 5,000 were resistant to treatment with the less reduced egg output. 4) After the treatment with this complex, the number of egg discharged cases were reduced to 1.84% and the average number of discharge eggs per incompletely treated or untreated cases were reduced to 12.5% compared with the level of before-treatment egg output. 5) The successive observations of the pattern of worm expulsion after drug intake was made. The worms were mostly expelled in the stool within 3 days, and 58.9% of total expelled worms were collected within 24-hour stool. 6) The minimum length of the immature worms expelled was 7.6cm. Among the 659 Ascaris collected in the first-day stool from 91 rural people, 8.5% were in the range of 7.6-12.2 cm-long, immature worms. The sex ratio, male: female= 0.69: 1.