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Phytochemical investigation of the stem of Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl led to the isolation of 13 lignans (4–12, 14–17) and four phenolic compounds (1–3, 13), in which a new lignan (14) was isolated from this plant and compounds 5 and 6 were found for the first time in the genus Syringa. Lignans are major compounds in this plant, which may be used as chemotaxonomic markers for the genus Syringa.

Malva verticillata L. (M. verticillata) is an edible medicinal plant. Its dry, mature seeds are used in Traditional Mongolian Medicine. Nevertheless, detailed information regarding its chemical composition remains scarce. In this study, nineteen compounds were identified preliminarily using a UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE method. All of the compounds from M. verticillata are reported for the first time. M. verticillata is shown to be a rich source of phenolics, and the total phenolic content in the leaves, stems and seeds is 110.32 ± 3.45 mg GAE/g extract, 97.98 ± 4.19 mg GAE/g extract and 40.85 ± 7.63 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. The leaves are ideal for scavenging ABTS free radicals and possess ferric reducing antioxidant power, and the seeds are ideal for scavenging DPPH free radicals. M. verticillata is a rich source of natural antioxidants. These findings support the notion that M. verticillata is a functional food and can be used in nutraceutical applications.

An investigation of ethyl acetate extracts from Syringa pinnatifolia has led to the isolation of one new lignan (1) together with three known compounds (2–4). The structures of compounds 1–4 were identified by UV, IR, ESI-MS, and 1D NMR and 2D NMR. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the compounds for the radical scavenging capacity. All of the compounds showed strong antioxidant activity.

A new megastigmane glycoside, together with two known compounds, has been isolated from the flowers of Hosta plantaginea. The structure elucidation of the new compound was carried out by 1D (1H and 13C NMR) and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY) spectral analysis. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the three compounds were evaluated against various bacteria, and their radical scavenging capacity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH).

Urtica L. has been long used for gout in traditional Tibetan medicine and is closely related to the effect of reducing uric acid. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Urtica hyperborea Jacq. ex Wedd. (UW) on lowering uric acid and its mechanism by using HK2 cells and hyperuricemia mouse model. Petroleum ether extract (UWP), ethyl acetate extract (UWE), n-butanol extract (UWB), and alcohol-soluble extract (UWA) from UW were prepared, and HK2 cells were treated with various parts extracts to observe the expression of uric acid transporter at 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL for 24 h. Moreover, hyperuricemia mice were administered orally various parts extracts at 0.78 and 2.34 g/kg (crude drug dose converted by extraction rate) to observe the change of hepatic XOD, serum ADA, renal function, and uric acid transporter. In vitro experiments showed that UWA can remarkably elevate OAT1 expression and decrease URAT1 expression in HK2 cells. In vivo experiments showed that UWP, UWE, UWB, and UWA showed remarkable activity in reducing uric acid, rendering a substantial decline in the SUA level in hyperuricemia mice. Compared with the hyperuricemia and allopurinol groups, UWB and UWA had significant protective effects on renal injury. At the same time, UWA can significantly reduce the activity of XOD and ADA, reduce the expression of URAT1, and increase the expression of OAT1. These results indicated that UWA had an outstanding uric acid lowering effect and did not affect renal function. This may be related to increased uric acid excretion and decreased uric acid production, mediated by renal OAT1, URAT1, liver XOD, and serum ADA. UWA may be a potential drug against hyperuricemia.

From the leaves of Isatis indigotica Fortune, one new alkaloid, namely (2E)-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(1-hydroxy-3-oxoindolin-2-ylidene) acetamide (1), together with four known ones, such as phaitanthrin D (2), methyl quindoline-11-carboxylate (3), cephalandole B (4) and 2,2-di (3-indolyl)-3-indolone (5) were isolated and identified. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by means of spectroscopic analysis, including HRESIMS together with 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Compounds 1, 2 and 5 were obtained from this genus for the first time. Chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds is described herein.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between dendritic cells (DCs) and small intestinal bacteria overgrowth (SIBO) in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B. Methods: Flow cytometry was used to analyze the phenotype of peripheral blood DCs in 47 cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B and 15 healthy controls. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was determined by lactulose hydrogen breath test (LHBT). A basal breath hydrogen >20 ppm or arise by >12 ppm above baseline following lactulose administration was taken as positive test. LHBT aggregate value, as another indicator to evaluate the growth of the small intestinal bacteria, is the sum of the LHBT within 90 min. Plasma total bilirubin and plasma albumin were measured in all subjects. Data analysis was using SPSS 17.0. Results: Of the 47 cirrhotics, 22 (46.8%) had SIBO, compared to healthy controls (6.7%; P= 0.005).The prevalence of SIBO increased with Child Pugh classification of cirrhosis (A18.2%, B 43.8% and C65.0%). The prevalence of SIBO in cirrhotic patients of Child Pugh class B and C was significantly higher than that of healthy controls (P=0.037; P=0.001). While the prevalence of SIBO in cirrhotic patients of Child Pugh class A was no statistically significant than that of healthy controls (P=0.556). The prevalence of SIBO in cirrhotic patients of de compensatory phase was significantly higher than that of compensatory phase (χ2 = 4.727, P=0.030). The plasma total bilirubin was positively correlated with LHBT aggregate value (r=0.907, P=0.000), While plasma albumin was negatively correlated (Ir= 0.810 P=0.000). The expressions of CD1a, CD80, CD83 on the surface of DCs in cirrhotic patients were all significant lower than that in healthy controls (P

Two isoflavane glycoside had been isolated from the EtOAc-soluble fraction of the roots of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge) Hsiao. This is the first report on the structure elucidation of 2′,5′-dicarbonyl-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavanequinone-7- O -β- d -glucoside ( 1 ) based on spectroscopic methods including UV (Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry), IR (Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy), ESI-MS (Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry), 1D NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) and 2D NMR techniques. At the same time, antimicrobial activity of the two compounds was evaluated against various bacteria and fungi.

Flavonoid and biflavonoid glycosides have been isolated from the n-BuOH extract of Artemisia frigida Willd. This is the first report on the structure elucidation of two new compounds based on spectroscopic methods including ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), ESI–MS, 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The new compounds were investigated for their effect against inflammation induced by egg albumin and carrageenan in rats. .

Phytochemical study of the ethanol extract of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge) Hsiao resulted to the isolation of two new compounds, 1-hydroxy-5-methylolbenzol-2- O -β- d -glucoside ( 1 ) and (3R, 4R)-4,7-hydroxy-2′,3′-dimethoxyisoflavane-4′- O -β- d -glucoside ( 2 ). The structure of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of the spectroscopic methods including UV, IR, ESI–MS, 1D NMR and 2D NMR techniques, and by comparison with those reported in the literature. The new compounds were investigated for its effect against inflammation induced by egg-albumin and carrageenan in rats.

An investigation of the EtOAc-soluble fraction from the aerial parts of Artemisia frigida Willd.(A. frigida) led to the isolation of three new flavonoid glycosides together with three known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectral experiments. At the same time, high-performance liquid chromatographic(HPLC) method was used for the simultaneous determination of the six flavonoid glycosides from the aerial parts of A. frigida. The separation by gradient elution was performed on a Hypersil ODS-2 column(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) at 30 °C with acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase, and monitored by absorbance at 276 nm. The parameters of linearity, precision, accuracy and specificity of the method were evaluated. The recovery of the method is 96.50%–98.01%, and linearity(r>0.9992) was obtained for all the flavonoid glycosides. A high degree of specificity as well as repeatability and reproducibility(relative standard deviation values less than 2.0%) were also achieved. This assay was applied to the determination of six flavonoid glycosides in ten samples. The results indicate that the developed assay method was rapid, accurate, reliable and could be readily utilized as a quantitative analysis method for A. frigida.

Aim To study the chemical constituents of Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. and their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Methods The CHCl 3 -soluble fraction was separated by chromatography, and the structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectral experiments. Antimicrobial activity of the compounds was evaluated against various bacteria and fungi. Results Two new sesquiterpenes, guai-9-en-4β-ol ( 1 ) and 14, 15-dinorguai-1, 11-dien-9, 10-dione ( 2 ) were isolated from the stem of Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. var. alashanensis . Compound 1 is more active against Bacillus coagulas , while being less active against Proteus vulgaris . Compound 2 shows good activity against Escherichia coli , and is less active against Staphylococcus aureus . Conclusions Compounds 1 and 2 are new compounds, and when evaluated against various bacteria showed good results.

Two new neolignans, syripinnalignins A and B (1 and 2, resp.), were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of the stem of Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. var. alashanensis. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, and extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques.

Two new lignans, syripinnalignans A and B (1 and 2), together with two known lignans, were isolated from the stem of Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. Var. alashanensis. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques.

The investigation of EtOAc-soluble fraction from the aerial parts of Artemisia frigida has led to the isolation of two new sesquiterpene lactone glycosides, named as artemofriginoside A and artemofriginoside B. Their structures were characterized as 3β-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-8β-(p-hydroxyphenylacetyloxy)-4(15),10(14),11(13)-guaiatrien-1α,5β,6β,7αH-12,6-olide (1) and β-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-8β-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyloxy)-4(15),10(14),11(13)-guaiatrien-1α,5β,6β,7αH-12,6-olide (2), on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis.

An investigation of the n-BuOH-soluble fraction from the aerial parts of Artemisia frigida has led to the isolation of two new flavonoid glycosides, named friginoside A and friginoside B. Their structures were characterized as 5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',5'-trimethoxy flavone 7-O-β-d-glucuronide (1) and 5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone 7-O-β-d-glucuronyl-(1 → 2)O-β-d-glucuronide (2) on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis.

Two new compounds, namely 5-methyl-4,2′,3′,5′-tetrahydroxy-4′-methoxy-2-aldehyde biphenyl (1) and 1,8-dioxo-1,8-dihydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3,6-dicarboxyl acid, diethyl ester (2), were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques.

Objective To study the chemical constituents of the volatile oil from the stems of Syringa pinnatifolia var. alashanensis. Methods The volatile oil from the stems of S. pinnatifolia var. alashanensis was obtained by steam distillation. They were isolated by chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 columns and TLC, etc. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Results Five sesquiterpenes were isolated from the volatile oil. Conclusion Compound 1 is a new sesquiterpene.

AIM: There is still no accepted conclusion regarding the clinical features and related risk factors of patients with fatty liver. The large-scale clinical studies have not carried out yet in Guangzhou area. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical features and related risk factors of patients with fatty liver in Guangzhou area. METHODS: A total of 413 cases with fatty liver were enrolled in the study from January 1998 to May 2002. Retrospective case-control study was used to evaluate the clinical features and related risk factors of fatty liver with logistic regression. RESULTS: Obesity (OR: 21.204), alcohol abuse (OR: 18.601), type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR: 4.461), serum triglyceride (TG) (OR: 3.916), serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (OR: 1.840) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (OR: 1.535) were positively correlated to the formation of the fatty liver. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) increased mildly in the patients with fatty liver and were often less than 2-fold of the normal limit. The higher abnormalities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (42.9%) with AST/ALT more than 2(17.9%) were found in patients with alcoholic fatty liver (AFL) than those with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) (16.9% and 5.0% respectively). The elevation of serum TG, cholesterol (CHOL), LDL-C was more common in patients with NAFL than with AFL. CONCLUSION: Obesity, alcohol abuse, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia may be independent risk factors of fatty liver. The mildly abnormal hepatic functions can be found in patients with fatty liver. More obvious damages of liver function with AST/ALT usually more than 2 were noted in patients with AFL.